激光成形熔覆工艺及制备刀具材料

分析了激光成形熔覆涂层的发生机理，介绍了熔覆系统的组成、工艺参数和作用效果，探讨其在刀具制备中的应用。     

激光成形熔覆工艺及制备刀具材料

分析了激光成形熔覆涂层的发生机理,介绍了熔覆系统的组成、工艺参数和作用效果,探讨其在刀具制备中的应用。     

选区激光熔化成形铝合金材料体系研究进展

铝合金是工业生产中运用最为广泛的金属材料,高比强度、良好的耐蚀性使其适用于生产各种复杂结构件。选区激光熔化技术不仅具有定制化成形能力,高加工精度与短生产周期也可大幅推进铝合金构件的成形与应用。本文介绍了近年来选区激光熔化铝合金的研究进展,简述了选区激光熔化技术所生产铝合金的工艺缺陷及形成机理,聚焦于不同合金的组织演变和力学性能,着重分析不同合金体系下元素对微观形貌的影响及强化效应。针对选区激光熔化铝合金的应用现状与存在壁垒,指出实现普及的关键在于通过成分设计实现成形性能与力学性能的平衡。     

激光熔覆技术的研究进展

综述了激光熔覆技术的原理、工艺特点和熔覆材料的选择,分析了激光熔覆技术的应用范围,对其未来的发展方向作了展望.     

梯度复合材料激光熔化沉积成形的研究进展

高性能梯度复合材料是为克服现有单一均质材料无法满足某些特殊性能要求或为充分发挥不同材料的性能潜力而发展的一类新型复合材料,其显著特征是材料的组分、结构及物性参数根据需要呈连续或梯度变化。激光熔化沉积成形技术采用逐点连续添加材料成形,赋予了该技术在材料组成、凝固组织、外形尺寸等控制上的极大柔性,是未来发展集材料设计、制备、成形及组织性能控制于一体的材料智能制备与成形技术的重要方向。着重介绍采用激光熔化沉积成形技术制备镍系、钛系梯度复合材料方面取得的最新研究进展,通过分析存在的问题和面临的挑战,指出了未来工作的主要方向。     

激光熔覆自润滑复合涂层研究进展及发展趋势

结合激光熔覆自润滑涂层实例,从材料设计、制备工艺、性能优化等方面综述了激光熔覆自润滑涂层的研究现状、存在的问题及发展方向。总结了常用固体润滑材料的摩擦学性能特点,并就如何选择自润滑材料、包覆技术和宽温域润滑的研究进展进行了简要阐述。讨论了激光熔覆制备自润滑复合涂层中软质润滑相和硬质耐磨相之间的关系,以及熔覆材料成分对涂层摩擦学性能的影响。简要分析了裂纹成因及控制涂层质量的常用手段,重点探讨了激光工艺参数对涂层中润滑相体积分数和分布状态的影响,并总结了激光熔覆自润滑涂层在工程中的应用,以期为激光熔覆技术的发展提供参考。目前激光熔覆自润滑涂层的应用已初具规模,但在润滑剂的失效与防护、新材料的研究与应用、制备工艺的优化以及针对特殊环境下的摩擦磨损实验研究等方面仍存在较大发展空间。     

激光成形制备生物医用钛合金材料研究进展

激光成形制造技术是在快速原型技术的基础上结合激光加工技术发展起来的一项高新制造技术.它能够通过不同的加工方式调整结构及功能零件的性能,满足复杂致密或者多孔钛合金生物医用材料的成形需求,实现医用钛合金零件的个性化设计和制备,因此在医用钛合金人工肢体和植入体领域方面具有巨大的应用潜力.目前在制备生物医用钛合金材料领域研究较多的激光成形制造技术主要有激光立体成形和选择性激光烧结/熔化.本文综述了这两种激光成形制造在生物医用钛及钛合金制备方面的应用情况和研究现状,并指出了该领域未来的发展趋势.     

钛合金表面激光熔化沉积钛基复合材料涂层的组织及性能

通过激光熔化沉积TA15+30%TiC(体积分数)混合粉末,在TA15钛合金表面制备出钛基复合材料涂层,分析了涂层的组织、硬度及界面结合强度。结果表明,激光熔化沉积过程中原始TiC颗粒发生溶解,并在凝固过程中重新析出细小的TiC,TiC有等轴状及枝晶两种形态,涂层中存在部分未熔的TiC颗粒;涂层硬度达HRC 60;涂层与基体界面为完全冶金结合,涂层的界面结合强度大于310 MPa,抗剪切强度为330 MPa;经弯曲及热震试验后,涂层未出现剥落现象,表明涂层与基体具有很好的相容性     

激光熔化沉积AlSi10Mg成形特性及力学性能

目的研究激光熔化沉积Al Si10Mg铝合金的成形特性及力学性能。方法以颗粒度45～105μm的Al Si10Mg粉末为材料,6061铝合金为基板,利用光纤激光器在充氩舱内分别进行单层单道、竖直薄壁单墙体与倾斜薄壁墙体的成形试验。测试单墙体的抗拉强度与延伸率,并通过扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜对微观组织形貌进行分析。结果单层单道沉积层高度与激光扫描速度负相关,与送粉速度成线性正相关;而沉积层宽度与扫描速度负相关,与激光功率正相关。沉积单墙体时,沉积前10层最不稳定,墙体厚度低于后续层的厚度。为了使沉积过程稳定,墙体不塌陷,通过激光功率在前20层左右逐层递减,成功制备出250层(高10cm)以上的单墙体。工艺选取合适时,AlSi10Mg具有良好的成形能力,激光头角度保持竖直不变,墙体倾角60°以下可以稳定沉积。制备沉积态Al Si10Mg气孔率约3%,抗拉强度250MPa左右,延伸率5%以上,抗拉强度高于成分相似的ZL104铸件25%。微观组织内Al-Si共晶细小,没有针片状共晶组织,并且组织沿沉积方向呈现周期性变化。结论 Al Si10Mg在激光熔化沉积时具有良好的成形能力,沉积态的组织强度高于铸态组织强度。优化后的工艺可以稳定沉积制备下圆上方的变截面薄壁样件。     

激光熔覆制备Fe基非晶化涂层的研究进展

从Fe基激光非晶化的材料设计和制备工艺两个方面对激光熔覆制备Fe基非晶层的影响进行了分析和阐述.由于激光熔覆制备非晶涂层的工艺条件与传统的大块非晶制备方法有着很大的不同,所以由此带来了材料设计上的不同思路.另外,对于激光熔覆这种效率较高的制备方法,熔覆层的成形对熔覆层的质量至关重要:熔覆材料的流动性、抗氧化性和均匀性对最后熔覆层中非晶形成比例都有着很大影响.对目前适合激光熔覆制备Fe基非晶层的非晶体系作了详细的描述,包括Fe-Ni-B-Si-V、Fe-Co-Ni-Zr-Si-B及Fe-Zr-Ni-Al-Si-B体系等,其中除了基体Fe之外,主要的组分一般都包括了Ni,B,Si,主要是依据了Inoue的经验三原则来设计,另外考虑到材料熔覆层快速成形和抗氧化性能,加入了大量的可以降低熔点的元素以改善熔池流动性.     

3D printing of multiple metallic materials via modified selective laser melting

Selective laser melting (SLM) is a powder bed layer-by-layer fusion technique mainly applied for additive manufacturing of 3D metallic components of complex geometry. However, the technology is currently limited to printing a single material across each layer. In many applications such as the manufacture of certain aero engine components, conformably cooled dies, medical implants and functional gradient structures, printing of multiple materials are desirable. This paper reports an investigation into the 3D printing of multiple metallic materials including 316L stainless steel, In718 nickel alloy and Cu10Sn copper alloy within a single build-up process using a specially designed multiple material SLM system combining powder-bed with point by point powder dispensing and selective material removal, for the first time. Material delivery system design, multiple material interactions, and component characteristics are described and the associated mechanisms are discussed.     

Observation of keyhole-mode laser melting in laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing

Laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing of metals employs high-power focused laser beams. Typically, the depth of the molten pool is controlled by conduction of heat in the underlying solid material. But, under certain conditions, the mechanism of melting can change from conduction to so-called “keyhole-mode” laser melting. In this mode, the depth of the molten pool is controlled by evaporation of the metal. Keyhole-mode laser melting results in melt pool depths that can be much deeper than observed in conduction mode. In addition, the collapse of the vapor cavity that is formed by the evaporation of the metal can result in a trail of voids in the wake of the laser beam. In this paper, the experimental observation of keyhole-mode laser melting in a laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing setting for 316L stainless steel is presented. The conditions required to transition from conduction controlled melting to keyhole-mode melting are identified.     

Flexible manufacturing of metallic products by selective laser melting of powder

In order to produce metallic parts directly from powder material using CAD data, the selective laser melting (SLM) process has been developed. From a series of material tests, nickel-based alloy, Fe alloy and pure titanium powders are found to be feasible for fabrication of metallic models by SLM. Finite element simulation shows stress distribution within the solid single layer formed on the powder bed during forming and some methods for avoiding defects in the products are suggested. The die for metal forming from the nickel-based alloy and the pure titanium models of bone and dental crown are demonstrated. The density of the model made by SLM is higher than 90% of the solid model. The mechanical properties of the formed model can be improved to those of the solid by post-processing.     

激光熔积高温合金件形状特征的基础研究

进行了激光熔化沉积成形GH163高温合金粉末条状试样实验,研究了激光脉宽、激光重复频率、扫描速度、送粉速率四个工艺参数对条状试样熔宽和熔高的影响.试验发现,脉宽和频率对最终试样的熔宽和熔高都没有太大影响.送粉速率对熔宽没有显著影响,但对熔高的影响很大,随着送粉速率的提高,成形试样的熔高显著增大;随扫描速度的增大,熔宽和熔高均呈减小的趋势.     

激光沉积TC4/TC11梯度材料组织与疲劳性能研究

为了研究激光沉积TC4/TC11钛合金梯度材料的组织与疲劳性能,采用激光沉积制造技术制备两种不同过渡方式的TC4/TC11复合材料。观察不同过渡方式复合材料的显微组织,测试两种复合材料分别在550Mpa和800Mpa下的疲劳性能,并对疲劳断口进行分析。结果表明,相比直接过渡的复合材料,具有3层过渡层梯度材料的显微组织过渡界面不明显,过渡区组织结合紧密;具有3层过渡层的梯度材料在两种应力下的疲劳寿命均比直接过渡的高,低应力下相对提高了129.3%,高应力下相对提高了81.8%;直接过渡复合材料在裂纹扩展时沿着α片层集束开裂,滑移面较大,疲劳寿命较低;具有3层过渡层的梯度材料,裂纹扩展沿着单个α片层滑移开裂,滑移面小,裂纹扩展路径比较曲折,疲劳寿命高。     

Gas flow effects on selective laser melting (SLM) manufacturing performance

This study has been designed to investigate the effect of inert gas flow within the selective laser melting (SLM) process and the effects induced by this gas flow on the reproducibility of the key attributes (porosity and compression strength) created in the construction of porous titanium components. The work quantifies the characteristics of the manufactured parts and relates results of these characteristics to a predicted gas flow in the build chamber. The results were used to produce design iterations of the gas management system to improve the gas flow distribution in the chamber of a MTT ReaLizer SLM250 machine. Further experiments were then carried out to generate statistical data sets to correlate the flow field quantifying the affect of the redesign on the key measured attributes. Results showed that both the value and the standard deviation of the measured attributes were significantly affected by the improved gas flow, with porosity reducing by 1.7% and the standard deviation of compression strength improving from 12 MPa to 5 MPa. The design modifications have been incorporated into a new machine design to enable the production of porous components of closer control and greater reproducibility.     

Microstructure and corrosion behaviors of FeCrNiBSiMox stainless steel fabricated by laser melting deposition

In this paper, FeCrNiBSiMo_x (x = 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5) stainless steels were successfully prepared using a laser melting deposition technology, with the aim to investigate the effect of Mo content on microstructure and corrosion behaviors. The results showed that the as-deposited specimens were composed mostly of α-Fe and a small amount of (Cr, Mo)₇C₃, and (Cr, Mo)₇C₃ existed in the inter-dendritic (ID) region. As the Mo content increased, grain refinement could be clearly observed, and the area of the ID region increased from 27% to 54%. The low-angle boundaries accounted for 60–70% of the grain boundaries of the as-deposited specimens. Increasing the content of Mo improved the microhardness of the as-deposited specimens from 652 HV to 813 HV. The corrosion current density of the as-deposited specimens with the Mo mass fractions of 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% were 1.37 × 10⁻⁶, 1.02 × 10⁻⁷, 6.19 × 10⁻⁷, and 3.06 × 10⁻⁷ A/cm², respectively. The as-deposited specimen with Mo content of 1.5% had lower cumulative erosion loss and erosion loss rate than other as-deposited specimens. The FeCrNiBSiMo_x (x = 1.5) specimen exhibited excellent resistance to electrochemical corrosion and cavitation erosion.     

激光熔化沉积2195铝锂合金微观组织演变及力学性能

采用激光熔化沉积技术对2195铝锂合金进行制备,通过单道以及搭接试验分析激光熔化沉积2195铝锂合金的最佳工艺参数,并利用光学显微镜(OM)等表征方法对其微观组织进行系统研究。结果表明,最佳沉积工艺参数为扫描功率1400 W,扫描速度480 mm/min,扫描间距1.6 mm。利用最佳工艺参数进行5层堆叠块体打印所得激光熔化沉积2195铝锂合金的微观组织中会出现沿晶界分布的析出相TB(Al₇Cu₄Li)相;激光熔化沉积2195铝锂合金经450℃固溶2 h后,合金中的第二相发生回溶;155℃时效32 h水冷后,合金中的不稳定过饱和固溶体Al₇Cu₄Li相会析出稳定的第二相,形成稳定时效态组织,硬度比固溶处理试样明显增加。     

激光熔化沉积AerMet 100耐蚀超高强度钢的凝固组织及力学性能

利用激光熔化沉积技术制备了AerMet 100耐蚀超高强度钢薄壁板状试样.结果表明,试样具有细小均匀、无侧向分枝的快速凝固胞状组织及优异的力学性能,其室温下的纵向和横向抗拉强度分别达到1464和1402 MPa,延伸率分别达到20.3%和29.7%.讨论了往复式扫描激光熔化沉积过程中"之"字形胞状组织的凝固过程,并建立了基于胞晶择优外延生长的物理模型.     

激光熔化沉积CrMnFeCoNi高熵合金组织和低温力学性能

采用激光熔化沉积和铸造技术分别制备了CrMnFeCoNi高熵合金。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、金相腐蚀、扫描电镜(SEM)和力学拉伸实验等分析手段对不同方法制备的CrMnFeCoNi高熵合金相组成、微观组织及力学性能进行了对比研究。结果表明:通过激光熔化沉积和铸造技术制备的CrMnFeCoNi高熵合金均为面心立方(FCC)单相固溶体结构;采用激光熔化沉积技术制备的CrMnFeCoNi高熵合金具有更为均匀的元素分布;随着温度从293 K降低到77 K,激光熔化沉积技术制备的CrMnFeCoNi高熵合金的拉伸强度与塑性分别从518 MPa、55%提升到878 MPa、95%,表现出优异的低温力学性能。