PVK／TNF／DR1光折变有机薄膜的真空制备方法

用真空热压、真空“饱和蒸汽溶入”法相结合的方法成功地制备了均匀性及透光性良好的光折变高分子薄膜。由于在真空环境中制备并不使用有机溶剂，所以样品中不存在残留溶剂和微气泡，大大改善了均匀性和耐电压特性，在双光束耦合测试中观察到了明显的光折变效应，且具有很强的电场响应特性，可得到较高的衍射效率，本方法在光学有机薄膜的制备方面有广泛的应用前景。     

扩束光纤与宽波导光栅的光耦合特性

为了研究光纤与宽波导光栅的有效耦合,基于高斯光束与波导光栅的光耦合理论,以30μm宽波导光栅为研究对象,利用矩阵光学和高斯光束理论分析和设计了一种扩束光纤,并通过分析其耦合损耗,建立了扩束光纤与波导光栅耦合模型.优化所设计扩束光纤的结构参数后,得到束腰半径为10.8μm的输出光束.最后分析了扩束光纤的结构容差,并讨论了所设计扩束光纤的输出光束、单模光纤的输出光束以及束腰半径为16 μm的自由空间高斯光束各自在光栅表面的位置变化对光栅耦合效率的影响.可知扩束光纤输出的光束与单模光纤输出的光束相比具有较大的位置容差,与束腰半径为16 μm的自由空间高斯光束相比,光耦合效率基本相同.     

衍射光学元件分析和设计中标量理论的局限性

以衍射光栅为例,用标量理论和严格耦合波理论的对比,分析衍射光学元件各参数对标量理论适用范围的影响。结果表明在光栅周期减小,刻蚀深度增加,光栅折射率增加,光束入射角度增加以及填充因子偏离 50%等情况下,标量理论的误差将逐渐增大,其中光栅周期和刻蚀深度对标量理论的影响较大,光栅周期小到 5 倍波长或者刻蚀深度大到 5 倍波长时,标量理论将不再适用。     

富锂LiNbO_3∶Fe∶Mg晶体中的X射线折变

从双折率变化测量、吸收光谱和 ESR 谱三个方面研究了富锂 LiNbO_3∶Fe∶Mg、LiNbO_3∶Fe 和纯的LiNbO_3晶体中 X 射线致折射率变化。结果表明 X 射线致折射率变化现象不同于通常的光折变。伴随着 X射线折变的产生,出现了光色效应。X 射线折变后,晶体中 Fe~(2 )含量增加。X 射线折变可能是过量的 Fe~(2 )产生的。     

平面光栅衍射效率的双光束高精度测试

本文提出了一种双光束检测器测试平面光栅衍射效率的新方法，文中重点介绍了测试平面光栅绝对与相对衍射效率的基本原理和方法，导出了相应的效率计算公式，并给出实验结果。研究表明，本方法不仅能有效地消除光源波动所带来的影响，提高测试精度，而且可从根本上解决传统双光束测试中因两个探测器光谱响应的不同给自动归一化所带来的问题，因而本方法既能用于光栅衍射效率的光谱定点测试，还可实现光谱衍射效率曲线的全波段自动扫描记录。     

非相干组束中反射体布拉格光栅的衍射潜力(英文)

基于耦合波理论,提出了一种推导反射体布拉格光栅衍射效率方程的新方法.在被推导的衍射效率方程基础上,获得了平面单色和高斯光束反射体布拉格光栅衍射的详细理论模型,分析了平面单色、发散单色和多色光束的衍射效率.结果表明:平面单色波的角和谱选择性随光栅厚度和空间频率而变化,角选择性的范围从低于0.01mrad到超过100mrad,谱选择性的范围从低于0.1nm到超过100nm;当光束的角发散或谱宽等于光栅的角选择或谱选择性时,光栅能提供超过88%的衍射效率;当光束的角发散或谱宽远小于光栅的角选择或谱选择性时,光栅衍射效率下降不明显,不到平面单色波的1%.     

用于实现空间滤波的体布拉格光栅的制备

探讨实现空间滤波的新方法,分析体布拉格光栅作为空间滤波器的可行性,基于Kogelnik一维耦合波理论,讨论影响体布拉格光栅衍射效率和角度选择性的主要因素.用全息法在光致聚合物中记录了体布拉格光栅,完成了激光光束二维空间低通滤波的实验.实验结果表明:在记录材料达到饱和状态之前延长曝光时间能提高衍射效率:增大入射角度能使角度选择性提高,但由于吸收加大,衍射效率反而会有所下降.因此,体布拉格光栅用作空间滤波器时要对衍射效率和角度选择性作综合考虑.     

重叠体光栅相干组束的耦合波分析

目前基于重叠体光栅的相干组束系统还没有完整的理论模型和参数分析,针对这个问题,本文采用耦合波理论,建立了比较完整的基于重叠体光栅的双光束组束模型,给出了各光束在重叠体光栅内传播的解析解.模型表明,基于重叠体光栅的双光束组束系统其输出光强受两入射光的振幅和位相、体光栅间的相移和折射率调制振幅、光栅厚度,失谐量等多个光学参数的影响.通过数值计算,详细分析了各光学参数对组束结果的影响.最后总结了设计高效重叠体光栅相干组束系统时必须遵循的条件,如必须对光栅厚度进行优化、各光栅的折射率调制振幅必须相同,保证失谐量足够小等.     

非相干组束中反射体布拉格光栅的衍射潜力

基于耦合波理论,提出了一种推导反射体布拉格光栅衍射效率方程的新方法。在被推导的衍射效率方程基础上,获得了平面单色和高斯光束反射体布拉格光栅衍射的详细理论模型,分析了平面单色、发散单色和多色光束的衍射效率。结果表明：平面单色波的角和谱选择性随光栅厚度和空间频率而变化,角选择性的范围从低于0．01mrad到超过100mrad,谱选择性的范围从低于0．1nm到超过100nm;当光束的角发散或谱宽等于光栅的角选择或谱选择性时,光栅能提供超过88％的衍射效率;当光束的角发散或谱宽远小于光栅的角选择或谱选择性时,光栅衍射效率下降不明显,不到平面单色波的1％。     

KTN∶Cu晶体的铁电和光折变性能

用熔盐提拉法培育了掺 Cu~(2+)离子的 KTa_(1-x)Nb_xO_3(KTN∶Cu,x=0.32)晶体;在±160℃范围内测量了介电常数、介质损耗、自发极化强度和热释电系数;用 Ar 激光和二波混频法测量了室温下的光折变性能;扼要讨论了它的铁电相变特点和光折变性质.结果表明,该晶体的两个铁电-铁电相变为一级相变,而它的铁电相变已开始趋向于二级相变;室温立方相的衍射效率已高达52%,光折变灵敏度为3.2×10~(-6)cm~3/J,光折变动态范围Δn 为2.33×10~(-5),表现出良好的光折变应用前景.     

Polarization-dependent diffraction efficiency of a photorefractive volume grating and suppression of this efficiency

In terms of refractive-index ellipsoid of a uniaxial crystal, the relationship between the diffraction efficiency of a volume grating and the polarization state of a readout beam is theoretically analyzed. The direction of a refractive light beam and the corresponding refractive-index modulation will both be changed by a variation of the polarization state. In the polarization state of the readout beam, which may lead to a strong variation in the diffraction efficiency of the volume grating. This kind of polarization-dependent diffraction efficiency of a volume grating in an anisotropic crystal is extremely disadvantageous for some applications. A method to suppress the polarization-dependent diffraction efficiency by use of double volume gratings is presented, and experiments with LiNbO3:Fe crystal are also demonstrated. The experimental results indicate that this method can well suppress the polarization-dependent diffraction efficiency of a volume grating. Furthermore, the diffraction properties of the double volume gratings are almost independent of the polarization state of the readout beam. The relative values of the diffraction peaks are calculated on the basis of the relationship between index modulation and the state of polarization. The experimental values are in good agreement with the theoretical analyses.     

Interdigitated electrode-induced phase grating with an electrically switchable and tunable period

A new design for an adjustable electro-optic phase grating inside a waveguide is proposed. The electric field and the refractive-index distribution induced inside a waveguide by voltage applied to double-sided periodic interdigitated electrode arrays are calculated rigorously on the basis of an original analytical technique. The modeling was carried out with the Mathcad software. It is shown that the fundamental periodicity of the induced grating inside the waveguide can be switched between l and 2l by application of the appropriate voltage, where l is the spatial periodicity of the interdigitated electrodes. One can also fine tune the peak grating reflectivity by changing the constant component of the induced refractive index with the help of the constant component of the electric field inside the waveguide. The suggested design can be used as a basic idea for a variety of optical communication networking applications, including switching, modulation, deflection, and data processing.     

High-efficiency diffractive waveguide lenses by parametric optimization

The first-order diffraction efficiency of a waveguide diffraction grating is maximized, for a wide range of grating periods, by optimization of the effective-index modulation profile. Three different values of effective-index modulation in the range of 0.02-0.11 are considered. The analysis is performed with the thin-grating-decomposition method. The results are verified by electromagnetic grating theory and applied to the construction of diffractive waveguide lenses with an improved overall efficiency. In the neighborhood of the optical axis, the optimized lens structure is a close approximation of a gradient-thickness Fresnel lens. Significant deviations from this shape appear when the local grating period reduces below ~ 15-25λ, where ~ is the wavelength of the guided mode. Near the edges of a high-numerical-aperture lens, where the local period is ~ 3-6λ, an approximate Bragg grating structure is obtained.     

Effects of fibre grating parameters on the spectral characteristics of cascaded long- and short-period gratings

Using coupled-mode theory combined with the transfer matrix method, this paper presents the impact of fibre grating parameters(grating period, grating length and average index modulation) and the separation between long-period fibre grating and fibre Bragg grating (FBG) on the reflection spectra of cascaded long-and short-period grating (CLBG). Two grating periods and two grating lengths have only impact on the two reflection peaks. The two resonance wavelengths shift towards the longer wavelength when the period of FBG decreases. Further, we study the sensing characteristics of coated CLBG. By analysing the relationship between the refractive index sensitivity and the thin film parameters (film refractive index and film thickness), the optimized parameters for the coated CLBG used as film sensor were obtained. Data simulation shows that the resolution of the refractive index of this coated CLBG film sensor is predicted to be 10^?6. This implies that the coated CLBG has an important application value in sensing and measurement field.     

Does photosensitivity pave the way towards the fabrication of miniature coherent light sources in inorganic glass waveguides?

Photosensitivity designates the ability to permanently change the refractive index of a glass by optical processing. The phenomenon allows the fabrication of numerous phase structures, the simplest of which is the Bragg grating obtained by photoimprinting a periodic index modulation within the material. Bragg gratings have changed the way in which optical fibre (or planar waveguide) lasers are now used. Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) or Distributed Feed Back (DFB) lasers, when intracore Bragg gratings are used for linear cavity feedback, are commonly fabricated in rare earth doped optical silica-based fibres. On the other hand, photosensitivity can also result in effects which can prove to be detrimental to the fabrication of miniature coherent light sources. The paper will cover some of the advances that have been made in improving the photosensitivity of inorganic glasses, in searching new photosensitive materials and in characterizing Bragg grating properties relevant to laser applications.     

Planar waveguide photonic crystals as an alternative for refractive index optical sensors design: theoretical evaluation

In this paper, the possibilities of designing refraction index optical sensors in planar waveguide photonic crystals are demonstrated for the first time. Photonic crystals obtained by connecting in cascade planar optical waveguides with high index contrast are analyzed. Photonic band gaps (PBGs) and photonic windows (PWs) were obtained. If a local defect is introduced in the PBG structure, the optical path length is modified and on states can be created in the gap. Besides, the on states wavelengths can be tuned if the optical path of the defect is modified: changing the physical length and/or the refraction index of the defect. In this way, planar waveguide photonic crystals could be used for sensing applications when a specimen modifies the refraction index lattice site. Sensing properties of planar waveguide photonic crystals, with one, two and three sensing channels, are demonstrated.     

取样光纤布拉格光栅特性的研究

用传输矩阵法从理论上计算了取样光纤布拉格光栅的反射谱特性。这种方法将光栅视为多层均匀薄膜的叠加,利用每一层的传输矩阵相乘获得了光栅的反射谱特性。研究表明,随着光栅长度的增加和采样率、折射率调制深度的减少,反射峰的均匀性得到了改善,旁瓣的反射率变小,带宽明显变窄,而反射峰间隔保持不变。反射峰的间隔由光栅周期决定,与采样率无关,而某些文献则要求采样率小于10%。这与频谱分析所得结论相吻合。     

Effect of light source spectral modulation on wavelength interrogation in fiber Bragg grating sensors and its reduction

In the fiber Bragg grating sensing using a superluminescent diode as the light source and an arrayed waveguide grating as the wavelength interrogator, the wavelength measurement error due to the spectral modulation of the superluminescent diode is theoretically formulated and quantitatively analyzed by computer simulation. It is shown that the wavelength measurement errors produced with the use of real superluminescent diodes are in very good agreement with the theoretical results. In order to reduce the wavelength measurement error due to the spectral modulation of superluminescent diode, two different types of remedies are proposed that utilize the temperature switching of superluminescent diode and that adjust the bandwidths of fiber Bragg grating and arrayed waveguide grating, and their efficacies are experimentally demonstrated together with good quantitative agreement with the theoretical calculation.     

Large polarization response of planarized optical waveguide functionalized with 2D material overlays

ABSTRACT

We propose a planarized optical waveguide structure functionalized with 2D materials that exhibits strong polarization dependent light interaction. Numerical study on both TE – and TM-polarized lights propagation in the 2D material coated optical waveguide is carried out. The effective index, n_eff of optical waveguide increases with the increase of refractive index of the 2D material overlay but decreases when its extinction coefficient is increased. On the other hand, the effective extinction coefficient, k_eff of 2D material coated waveguide increases with the increase of both the real and imaginary parts of 2D material refractive index. It is found that TE-mode has a stronger interaction with 2D material overlay compared to TM-mode, giving rise to potential application like waveguide polarizer. By optimizing the coating thickness, TM-pass waveguide polarizer with high polarization extinction ratio of 78.5 and 97.7?dB can be produced using black phosphorus and graphene oxide, respectively, with a coating length of only 1?mm.     

Electro-optical investigations of holographic-polymer-dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystals

Uniform alignment of ferroelectric liquid-crystal domains encapsulated by a polymer binder was established through a holographic exposure process. The refractive index modulation in these thin films is modeled as a phase grating that can be electrically addressed to erase the optical diffractive properties. A phenomenological model is developed to take into account a distribution of domain sizes and an effective field that stabilizes the ferroelectric liquid-crystal domains. A diffraction model successfully predicts changes in normalized intensities for first-order diffraction with applied field. These gratings demonstrate microsecond-scale response and relaxation times for various grating pitch sizes between approximately 3 and approximately 12 microm.