实现组织与顾客共赢的产品族规划与延迟策略决择

在大规模定制(MC)模式下,企业通过产品族规划来最大化顾客满意度和最大化组织利润。基于MC的两个实现策略:产品设计模块化定制化、制造过程延迟化,提出了一种产品族定制设计系统化方法。构建多维扩展质量屋、将市场需求有效转换为产品族及成员的定制属性取值;将制造延迟区分过程与供应链相结合,构建多级生产供应库存运作系统、以预测定制模块及定制产品的成本;当配置定制属性与成本而构成虚拟定制产品族时,利用联合分析法研究市场对各定制产品的偏好效用、以此明确产品族定制规划与延迟形式;而不同方案的对比可决择产品族的适宜定制程度与恰当延迟策略、实现顾客与组织共赢。最后,通过一个实例来说明理论与方法的有效性。     

Analytical affective design with ambient intelligence for mass customization and personalization

The fulfillment of individual customer affective needs may award the producer extra premium in gaining a competitive edge. This entails a number of technical challenges to be addressed, such as the elicitation, evaluation, and fulfillment of affective needs, as well as the evaluation of affordability of producers to launch the planned products. Mass customization and personalization have been recognized as an effective means to enhance front-end customer satisfaction while maintaining back-end production efficiency. This paper proposes an affective design framework to facilitate decision-making in designing customized product ecosystems. In particular, ambient intelligence techniques are applied to elicit affective customer needs. An analytical model is proposed to support affective design analysis. Utility measure and conjoint analysis are employed to quantify affective satisfaction, while the producer affordability is evaluated using an affordability index. Association rule mining techniques are applied to model the mapping of affective needs to design elements. Configuration design of product ecosystems is optimized with a heuristic genetic algorithm. A case study of Volvo truck cab design is reported with a focus on the customization of affective features. It is demonstrated that the analytical affective design framework can effectively manage the elicitation, analysis, and fulfillment of affective customer needs. Meanwhile, it can account for the manufacturer’s capabilities, which is vital for ensuring a profit margin in the mass customization and personalization endeavor.     

面向创新设计的机电产品满意度体系与测量方法研究

将满意度引入到产品创新设计中，建立了产品满意度的基本概念、测量方法、度量方法以及满意度、满意度指数的统计计算方法。认为组成产品满意度的各要素分为当然、规范和兴趣3个层次，当外部环境发生变化时它们相互转换、动态发展；提出了最小满意度法、层次法、满意度比较法和产品创新点挖掘程序，在用户期望与产品创新之间建立了有效联系；给出了案例分析。     

基于满意度的模糊机会约束模型在产品设计中的应用

对基于顾客满意度的产品设计方法进行探讨，以顾客满意度来衡量产品设计中产品各要素与顾客需求的匹配问题；基于顾客对产品的满意度评价，建立了一个分析和测量用户满意度的模糊机会约束规划模型，给出了模糊模拟处理目标函数的步骤和基于模糊模拟的遗传算法求解模型的过程。通过手机改进设计实例的求解，从顾客对手机满意度评价中得出权值．再将对顾客满意度影响大(即权重大)的要素进行了改进设计。     

基于MC环境的面向订单产品设计方法研究

针对大批量定制环境下的面向订单设计（ETO）产品，在分析其特点的基础上，给出了实现其大批量定制的产品开发设计系统框架，并对其中关键技术进行了研究。提出利用事物特性表技术进行面向产品族的模块化产品开发，建立基于产品族的产品主结构模型用于配置设计，建立基于零件族的零部件主模型用于变型设计，通过标准化和模块化等手段，使产品及其零部件的客户订单分离点后移，从而实现满足ETO产品快速设计的需要，在保证产品质量的同时，降低产品成本。以工业汽轮机汽缸为例说明了方法的可行性。     

Configurable product design considering the transition of multi-hierarchical models

The current research of configurable product design mainly focuses on how to convert a predefined set of components into a valid set of product structures. With the scale and complexity of configurable products increasing, the interdependencies between customer demands and product structures grow up as well. The result is that existing product structures fails to satisfy the individual customer requirements and hence product variants are needed. This paper is aimed to build a bridge between customer demands and product structures in order to make demand-driven fast response design feasible. First of all, multi-hierarchical models of configurable product design are established with customer demand model, technical requirement model and product structure model. Then, the transition of multi-hierarchical models among customer demand model, technical requirement model and product structure model is solved with fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and the algorithm of multi-level matching. Finally, optimal structure according to the customer demands is obtained with the calculation of Euclidean distance and similarity of some cases. In practice, the configuration design of a clamping unit of injection molding machine successfully performs an optimal search strategy for the product variants with reasonable satisfaction to individual customer demands. The proposed method can automatically generate a configuration design with better alternatives for each product structures, and shorten the time of finding the configuration of a product.     

面向在线大规模定制的产品族规模优化方法

为有效平衡在线定制产品过程中客户满意度、产品维护复杂性和维护成本之间的矛盾,指出产品族规模的确定不仅需要从工程设计和制造经济性等角度出发,还需要充分考虑客户的需求偏好和强度.从工程设计和生产制造角度定义了产品族规模,构建了基于功能配置元和零件配置元的客户需求偏好与强度分析模型.在此基础上提出了基于客户满意度的在线大规模定制产品族优化方法和优化步骤.最后,结合案例证明了该方法能有效平衡产品族维护复杂性和高成本同客户满意度之间的矛盾.     

New rating methods to prioritize customer requirements in QFD with incomplete customer preferences

Customer satisfaction is one of the critical success factors to many leading companies over the world. Quality function deployment (QFD) has gained extensive international support as one of the powerful techniques to increase the customer satisfaction. In the QFD, correctly rating the final importance of customer requirements (CRs) is a crucial and essential process since it largely affects the target value setting of design requirements. The final importance ratings of CRs are generally determined by combining relative importance ratings and competitive priority ratings. However, determining the final importance ratings is very difficult due to the typical uncertainty or imprecision of customer’s judgment (or perceptions). This paper proposes a novel approach to prioritize CRs in QFD process by developing two sets of new rating methods, called customer preference rating (CPR) method and customer satisfaction rating (CSR) method, for relative importance ratings and competitive priority ratings, respectively. The CPR method provides a simple and intuitive technique to capture the customers’ incomplete or uncertain perceptions on the relative importance of CRs based on their own preferences, allowing them to give a partial ordering of CRs. The CSR method constructs the customer satisfaction model based on the competitive benchmarking analysis and then evaluates the performance quality of company product using our satisfaction and uncertainty measure. Furthermore, the CSR method is integrated with the Kano’s model to capture the different impacts of CRs on customer satisfaction. Finally, the proposed approach is illustrated with a numerical example of car door design problem.     

面向改型设计的模块化产品评价方法

针对改型设计的模块化定制产品的评价问题,提出一种综合考虑产品定制度和用户满意度的评价方法。将定制成本细分为设计定制成本、制造定制成本和装配定制成本,求得零部件定制成本之和及其所占比重,得到定制度;考虑了多种用户满意因素,并将价格因素和其他因素分开计算,得到用户满意度。结合定制产品的实际情况,综合产品定制度和用户满意度,以此对多个模块化定制产品进行评价。通过实例,验证了相关方法的有效性。     

Applying CBR to machine tool product configuration design oriented to customer requirements

Product customization is a trend in the current market-oriented manufacturing environment. However, deduction from customer requirements to design results and evaluation of design alternatives are still heavily reliant on the designer’s experience and knowledge. To solve the problem of fuzziness and uncertainty of customer requirements in product configuration, an analysis method based on the grey rough model is presented. The customer requirements can be converted into technical characteristics effectively. In addition, an optimization decision model for product planning is established to help the enterprises select the key technical characteristics under the constraints of cost and time to serve the customer to maximal satisfaction. A new case retrieval approach that combines the self-organizing map and fuzzy similarity priority ratio method is proposed in case-based design. The self-organizing map can reduce the retrieval range and increase the retrieval efficiency, and the fuzzy similarity priority ratio method can evaluate the similarity of cases comprehensively. To ensure that the final case has the best overall performance, an evaluation method of similar cases based on grey correlation analysis is proposed to evaluate similar cases to select the most suitable case. Furthermore, a computer-aided system is developed using MATLAB GUI to assist the product configuration design. The actual example and result on an ETC series machine tool product show that the proposed method is effective, rapid and accurate in the process of product configuration. The proposed methodology provides a detailed instruction for the product configuration design oriented to customer requirements.     

可拓学中优度评价方法在变型设计中的应用研究

大批量定制是一种面向21世纪制造业的重要生产模式,其核心在于通过各种产品的变型设计等方式,以便有效地解决大批量生产的低成本、短交货期与定制生产的高成本、长生产周期的统一问题。本文论述了可拓学中优度评价方法,并以变型设计为例,说明了该评价方法在变型设计决策过程中的应用。     

Aesthetical design of a car profile: a Kano model-based hybrid approach

An amicable aesthetical design of a product is prudent for its wide acceptability and viability. Selection of shape parameters with customer satisfaction is critical in aesthetical design and a challenging task for designers. In the present work, the authors proposed a sequential approach to design a car profile with aesthetical aspects. The methodology is based on Kano model that provides a framework for incorporation of customer satisfaction with the design requirements. Further, Taguchi's robust design approach has been used to find the optimum level of the parameter to achieve initial design estimates and thereafter, response surface method (RSM) is applied to refine the optimum values, precisely. The methodology has been illustrated with a case study.     

面向多样性和绿色性需求满意的产品配置设计

以优化客户对绿色产品的满意程度为目标,在构建绿色产品的客户满意度模型和配置过程模型的基础上,提出一种面向多样性及绿色性需求满意的产品配置设计方法。采用模块化思想和通用物料清单方法建立了绿色产品结构模型,并利用环境化质量功能配置方法实现客户需求、绿色产品特性与绿色模块类特性的映射转化;结合生命周期评价的思路与方法,分析模块类实例生命周期各阶段的绿色特性,在对分析结果进行处理的基础上,建立面向多样性及绿色性需求满意程度最大化的绿色产品配置优化模型。以食品搅拌机为例,验证了所提出方法的可行性和有效性。     

模糊回归理论在QFD系统建模中的应用研究

针对QFD规划过程的内在模糊性,把模糊回归理沦应用于QFD的规划过程,建立了确定顾客需求与工程特性之间的关联函数及工程特性之间自相关函数的数学方法,进而建立了一个QFD的产品规划模型。该方法适合于各种工程设计问题,尤其是在不确定的、模糊的条件下,能够有效地确定关联函数及自相关函数,帮助开发人员优化顾客需求的满意水平,使顾客对产品满意度最大。     

面向需求增溢的客户满意度模型研究

提出一种面向需求增溢现象的产品综合客户满意度计算方法,该方法首先对需求质量特征类型和客户满意度区间进行划分;然后采用分段式指数型函数建立不同类型的客户需求特征满意度模型;最后采用层次分析法确定各个需求特征的相关权重,从而得到不同产品对应的客户综合满意度。以工程自卸车产品客户选择为例,对该客户满意度模型应用的有效性和实用性进行了说明。     

产品满意度预测与误差控制研究

通过对产品设计和满意度测量过程的分析，提出了开展满意度预测研究的重要性，认为产品满意度预测是新产品评价的重要手段，新产品开发成功的重要途径，探讨了一种用户满意度预测与误差控制模型。     

基于Kano模型的用户需求重要度调整方法研究

为了使产品获得用户最大满意度,提出了一种基于Kano模型的用户需求重要度调整方法。在该方法中,使用调查表获得用户对产品各种质量的意见,并加以统计和分析,得到产品基本质量、工作质量和惊喜质量的分类。据此,建立了用户满意度与产品质量之间的函数关系,在函数关系中定义一个调整系数k,用来调整质量功能配置中3种类型用户需求的重要度。调查用户对产品质量的满意度以及专业人员对产品质量的评价,获得产品基本质量、工作质量和惊喜质量的调整系数;给出质量功能配置实施过程中的用户需求重要度调整过程。最后,以打火机为例,验证了调整方法的正确性。     

产品级再使用维护设计研究

产品级再使用是废旧产品回收的第一优先级,研究了产品级再使用模式,提出产品向任务维、等级维、用户维、地域维发展或由原来用户继续使用的5种发展方式;建立了一个产品级再使用维护设计的规划模型,确定各个产品特性的维护方案,也就是目标值改进率,使所维护的产品在有限的资源约束下最大限度地满足用户需求;在模型中,用专家权重-用户概率系数法确定用户需求权重,由此配置产品特性的维护重要度系数,案例表明该模型能帮助维护人员有效地规划出最优的设计方案。     

质量屋中顾客需求改进重要度的确定方法

研究基于粗糙集的产品规划质量屋中顾客需求改进重要度的确定问题.针对质量功能配置的顾客调查中需求具有不确定和模糊等特征,提出产品规划质量屋中顾客需求确定的粗糙集方法.基于粗糙集中的相对正域方法,确定顾客需求的基本重要度.对顾客需求满意度的改进比率的实现进行效率和风险分析,提出实现顾客需求满意度的改进比率的重要性概念及其计算公式.基于顾客需求的基本重要度、实现顾客需求满意度的改进比率的重要性和"顾客需求的卖点"的融合,提出一种顾客需求改进重要度的确定方法.以全自动洗衣机的产品质量改进为实例,说明所提方法的应用.     

基于设计参数估计的产品变型设计

针对定制产品变型设计中设计参数不完全的问题,提出了基于已有产品数据资源进行设计参数估计的变型设计方法.在该方法中,每一个产品的设计方案对应一组完全的设计参数,并记为一个向量,定制产品中未知的设计参数可以根据已知设计参数和已有的产品数据资源,通过极大似然估计得到.通过运用期望最大化算法,简化了设计参数极大似然估计的运算,给出了运用期望最大化算法实现未知设计参数推断的迭代过程.设计了变型设计系统的框架结构,给出了变型设计的过程.最后,用一个实例对该方法进行了验证.