Occurrence,abundance and origin of minerals in coals and coal ashes

The mineralogy of coal and coal ash samples from a wide variety of deposits worldwide has been studied by X-ray diffractometry, light microscopy, SEM, TEM, and DTA-TGA methods. The common major minerals identified in the crystalline matter of coals are quartz, kaolinite, illite, calcite, pyrite, plagioclase, K-feldspar and gypsum, and occasionally dolomite, ankerite, siderite, Fe oxyhydroxides and sulphates. A number of minor and especially accessory minerals are also present. The modes of occurrence and some genetic peculiarities of the minerals found are described and summarized. Minerals and phases of probable detrital origin include mainly silicates, volcanic glass, oxyhydroxides and phosphates. Authigenic minerals of syngenetic origin may be sulphides, clay minerals, carbonates and rarely sulphates and phosphates. Epigenetic minerals, formed by the infiltration of low-temperature hydrothermal solutions, may include sulphides, carbonates, sulphates, clay minerals, quartz, chlorides, and probably alkaline-earth hydroxides and zeolites. The alteration products of detrital and authigenic minerals may be Fe and Al oxyhydroxides, sulphates, kaolinite, illite, chlorite, muscovite, zeolites and calcite. The behaviour of these minerals and phases during low- and high-temperature ashing is also discussed.     

Properties of poly(alkylene oxide) elastomers

The catalyst comprised of triisobutylaluminum, zinc acetylacetonate, and water was used to prepare homopolymer of epichlorohydrin; copolymers of epichlorohydrin with propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, and allyl glycidyl ether; and terpolymers of epichlorohydrin, propylene oxide, and allyl glycidyl ether and of epichlorohydrin, ethylene oxide, and allyl glycidyl ether. The vulcanizates of these rubbers provide variations of stressstrain and dynamic properties, freeze point, hardness, and solvent resistance depending on the type and amount of comonomer. In general, these rubbers have excellent heat, ozone, and oxidation resistance as well as oil and solvent resistance.     

磷酸分解磷矿过程中金属元素的浸出规律研究

探究了以磷酸分解磷矿,关键酸解工艺参数对磷及Fe、Al、Mg、Pb、As浸出的影响规律,并从热力学角度进行了分析。结果表明,磷矿内磷及Fe、Al、Mg浸出率随磷酸质量分数、反应温度、反应时间和液固比的增大而增大,搅拌速度影响不明显;Pb浸出率随磷酸质量分数、反应温度和液固比的增大而增大,搅拌速度、反应时间影响不明显;As浸出率随反应温度升高呈先增大后减小趋势,随反应时间增加略有减小,磷酸质量分数、搅拌速度和液固比影响不明显。控制磷酸质量分数为30%（以P₂O₅计）、反应温度为80 ℃、搅拌速度为300 r/min、反应时间为150 min、液固质量比为10∶1,在此条件下,磷及Fe、Al、Mg、Pb、As的浸出率分别为98.65%、68.56%、48.54%、95.84%、32.85%和84.62%。通过热力学分析表明磷矿内Mg、As浸出率较高,Pb浸出率较低,而Fe、Al浸出率大小主要取决于磷矿中褐铁矿及高岭土含量。     

Fifty years with bile acids and steroids in health and disease

Cholesterol and its metabolites, e.g., steroid hormones and bile acids, constitute a class of compounds of great biological importance. Their chemistry, biochemistry, and regulation in the body have been intensely studied for more than two centuries. The author has studied aspects of the biochemistry and clinical chemistry of steroids and bile acids for more than 50 years, and this paper, which is an extended version of the Schroepfer Medal Award lecture, reviews and discusses part of this work. Development and application of analytical methods based on chromatography and mass spectrometry (MS) have been a central part of many projects, aiming at detailed characterization and quantification of metabolic profiles of steroids and bile acids under different conditions. In present terminology, much of the work may be termed steroidomics and cholanoidomics. Topics discussed are bile acids in human bile and feces, bile acid production, bacterial dehydroxylation of bile acids and steroids during the enterohepatic circulation, profiles of steroid sulfates in plasma of humans and other primates, development of neutral and ion-exchanging lipophilic derivatives of Sephadex for sample preparation and group separation of steroid and bile acid conjugates, profiles of steroids and bile acids in human urine under different conditions, hydroxylation of bile acids in liver disease, effects of alcohol-induced redox changes on steroid synthesis and metabolism, alcohol-induced changes of bile acid biosynthesis, compartmentation of bile acid synthesis studied with 3H-labeled ethanol, formation and metabolism of sulfated metabolites of progesterone in human pregnancy, abnormal patterns of these in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy corrected by ursodeoxycholic acid, inherited and acquired defects of bile acid biosynthesis and their treatment, conjugation of bile acids and steroids with N-acetylglucosamine, sulfate-glucuronide double conjugates of hydroxycholesterols, extrahepatic 7alpha-hydroxylation and 3-dehydrogenation of hydroxycholesterols, and extrahepatic formation of C27 bile acids. The final part discusses analysis of free and sulfated steroids in brain tissue by capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray MS and suggests a need for reevaluation of the function of steroid sulfates in rat brain.     

我国橡胶防老剂和促进剂的进出口情况

介绍近年来我国橡胶防老剂和促进剂进出口情况。2013年,我国防老剂和促进剂进口量分别为19046.61 t和14984.44 t,同比分别增长16.12%和11.64%;进口金额分别为6202.02万美元和7391.97万美元,同比分别增长14.76%和1.39%;出口量分别为29070.40 t和89942.59 t,同比分别增长62.68%和45.72%;出口金额分别为6794.43万美元和27885.34万美元,同比分别增长60.45%和50.17%。我国进口防老剂主要来自中国大陆(以国货复进口形式进口)、美国、韩国以及中国台湾省等,进口促进剂主要来自中国台湾省、美国、韩国、日本以及德国等,防老剂主要出口日本、泰国、印度尼西亚和韩国等,促进剂主要出口美国、韩国、巴西、泰国和日本等。     

生物甲烷系统技术评价与集成的研究进展

生物甲烷系统是实现生物质资源化高效转化利用和二氧化碳减排的重要途径之一,符合我国国家战略的重大需求,但目前对该系统中的能量物质转化效率、经济环境性等问题的分析不够深入。为了深入认识生物甲烷系统的物质能量转化和利用情况,实现生烷甲烷体系结构的最优,本文从系统工程的思路出发,对影响整个生物甲烷系统的关键单元和子系统中的关键技术进行了分析对比,包括原料收集、发酵、甲烷提纯等过程,并结合实例进行综合分析与评价。对生物甲烷系统中各单元的技术、经济、环境的影响评价和系统网络结构多目标优化的国内外研究进展进行了简要论述,提出了生物甲烷系统研究所面临的技术瓶颈和挑战。指出针对资源的特殊性,需要建立综合考虑过程模拟、能效分析、全生命周期及经济评价的系统集成方法,对生物甲烷反应、产物分离、储运、输送等各个环节的物质转化、能量利用效率及环境影响进行评价和分析,发现影响其可持续性能的瓶颈;进一步考虑技术、经济和环境等指标进行多目标优化,获得优化策略,实现生物甲烷系统物质能量利用效率的最优化和能源资源的最优配置。     

松香基表面活性剂研究进展

松香是一类产量丰富、价格低廉的可再生林产资源,被广泛地应用于食品、农业、橡胶、油墨、涂料等领域。松香的三环二萜结构具有超强的疏水性,通过催化异构、Diels-Alder加成等手段引入亲水基团可制备高附加值、易生物降解的绿色表面活性剂。本文从阴离子、阳离子、非离子和两性离子表面活性剂4个大类对松香基表面活性剂应用的文献及专利进行综述,重点分析了羧酸盐、磺酸盐、硫酸盐和磷酸盐4种阴离子型表面活性剂和季铵盐阳离子型表面活性剂,多元醇型和聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂,以及甜菜碱型和氧化胺型两性离子表面活性剂。剖析松香基表面活性剂产业化开发的新技术及新产品概况,提出松香基表面活性剂替代传统表面活性剂的潜在应用领域。同时,对松香基表面活性剂的研究发展与产业化发展进行了评价与展望。     

中国铬酸钠新技术的开发现状（Ⅰ）

根据已公布的专利、论文等,综述了中国铬酸钠新技术的开发现状,包括铬铁矿无钙焙烧法的工业化及发展与创新、铬铁矿湿法冶金、以碳素铬铁为原料生产铬酸钠、铬铁矿酸溶氧化法,并对各种方法的优点和缺点以及发展前景进行了讨论。介绍其中的无钙焙烧法的工业化及发展与创新,包括：无钙焙烧法的工业化;无钙焙烧法的完善与新创意（包括：反应器的改进和工艺流程的变化、中和法的改进、铝泥的利用、脱钒、两煅焙烧、预热后配碱、铬渣处理、飞灰回收利用）;少碱焙烧法、铬酸钠-碳素铬铁联产法;应用催化剂;氧气焙烧。     

加快推进绿色生物制造 助力实现“碳中和”

首先分别从全球新一轮科技革命和产业变革战略、我国化工制造模式变革、实现“碳中和”、实现农业工业化的角度,阐述了绿色生物制造的涵义与意义;其次,对我国生物制造产业发展现状、战略需求进行了分析,文章指出我国生物制造产业虽然起步较晚,但近年来发展迅速,在生物发酵、生物基产品和生物质能等领域形成了一定基础,但是核心层仍然存在短板,表现为关键核心技术和前瞻技术储备不足、核心装备研发落后、市场化程度低、竞争力不足;最后,文章对未来生物制造发展的重点方向与路径提出了相关建议,具体包括推进原料体系多元化战略、建立先进生物制造技术体系。文章指出加快从基因组到工业合成技术、装备突破,支撑生物基化学品、生物基材料、生物能源等重大产品的绿色生产,以生物制造推动“农业工业化、工业绿色化、产业国际化”,对于我国走新型工业化道路,实现财富绿色增长和社会经济可持续发展具有重大战略意义。     

降低石膏综合利用能耗与投资的措施

根据多年实践研究针对石膏分解反应机理及特点,分析了石膏(特别是工业石膏废渣)生产硫酸与水泥在各工序的能耗及投资,尤其是在烘干、分解、煅烧中的热耗进行了详细分析;剖析了原料成分、热耗与SO2浓度、投资的关系;提出了降低能耗和投资的途径办法;指出了在使用、设计及工艺选择中注意的问题;以年产200kt规模为例提出消耗、成本、投资、技术经济数据,说明该技术的先进性和推广价值。     

Some gas phase reactions during the firing of magnesite-chromite refractories in a tunnel kiln

Conclusions A correlation is shown between the high-temperature, physicochemical processes in basic refractories, changes and reactions in the gaseous phase, and the nature of the wear of the roof of a tunnel kiln.As a result of dissociation, oxidation, and volatilization the waste gases are enriched with vapors of alkalis, CrO₃, sulfur trioxide, and oxides of iron and magnesium, and become corrosive with respect to the kiln lining. The reaction of the oxides vapors with each other and with the lining of the roof and their condensation determines the nature of the wear in the magnesite-chromite refractories, the chemical and mineral compositions of the resulting deposits and crusts. The main source of alkalis and sulfur trioxide is the sulfite yeast dregs (sulfite lye) present in the goods being fired.We determined the temperature relationship with the composition and amounts of deposits and crusts. Carcase and skeletal deposits and crusts formed on the firing section of the kiln, mainly periclase and spinel compositions; in the warming-up section the deposits were brittle, granulated, consisting of sulfates, chromates, chromium oxide, periclase, and spinels.It was found that the deposits on the walls of the pores in the MKhS refractories consist of sulfates and chromates, forming solid solutions.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 13–16, May, 1980.     

己烷油装置储运系统增上油气回收系统的可行性分析

简述了己烷油装置配套的储运系统现状,综述了低温冷凝法、活性炭吸附法、溶解吸收法、膜选择渗透法以及氧化燃烧法五种油气回收技术的原理,评价对比其中四种技术的尾气排放情况、二次污染情况、安全运行状态、设备工艺复杂程度等指标,根据各单一技术的优缺点,探讨了冷凝法和吸附法相结合、冷凝法和膜分离法相结合的两种较为实用的油气回收复迭技术,简述了其工作原理。对己烷油装置的储运系统提出改进建议,得出增上油气回收系统的可行性结论。     

Scrap of magnesia parts,the reasons for it,and means of reducing it

Conclusions The most common and characteristic forms of scrap of magnesia parts differing in form, dimensions, and composition are shown. These include deviations of the dimensions from the nominal, breaking off of the corners and edges, nonuniformity, welding together, spots, voids, fire cracks, spalls, and cracks of different origin.The reasons for formation of scrap were determined. The primary of them are the reduced quality of the raw material (chromite, magnesite) with a larger quantity of impurities containing limited silicon and calcium oxides, sometimes insufficient density, grain size, and completeness of hydration of the magnesite powders, nonconformity of the bunker, proportioning, mixing, and pressing equipment to the requirements of modern production of progressive high-quality refractories, the insufficiently high binding capacity of lignosulfonates, deviations in the quality of assembly and finishing of press equipment and automatic ejectors, of the car floor lining, and in firing conditions, a high variation in density of the green parts, and nonuniform heating and cooling in the volume of the parts and of the whole charge during firing. More than 50% of the total scrap of all forms is due to firing scrap of parts.The primary means of reducing or eliminating scrap of parts and simultaneously increasing their quality based on the reasons for formation of different forms of it were noted. These above all else, are increasing the volumes and improving and introduction of new methods of concentration of magnesite and chromite, a successive increase in the share of chrome concentrates, chromium-containing broken parts, and powders by firing of magnesite and caustic dust in the production of magnesia refractory parts as the result of a decrease in the share of commercial natural chromite and magnesite, the use in the production of parts of high-quality type PMSP-93 powder produced in shaft kilns and used as the charge for production of fused materials, the use of the prospect of processes for production of dense periclase powders uniform in chemical analysis from recovered caustic dust, replacement of obsolete mixing and press equipment by more modern, increasing the strength of green parts by above all else improving the binding properties of LST and increasing pressing pressure, forming of the taper of parts by the side plates of the die, improving the quality of assembly and increasing the reliability of functioning of press equipment and automatic ejectors, improving car floor linings, introduction of new methods and increasing the volumes of production of progressive unfired refractories in place of certain forms of fired parts, observation of all production parameters, and a relationship of the wages of labor to the quantity of scrap and the quality of refractories.Introduction of the new management system and the active work of the quality groups created will open up and lead to the action of unutilized reserves for reduction of scrap.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 31–38, February, 1989.     

轻质隔热吸音仿石漆研制、性能及施工

轻质隔热吸音仿石漆是传统仿石漆的升级产品,其具有质轻、隔热、吸音、环保等特点,是一款集节能、降噪、装饰等多功能于一体的新产品,特别适合保温墙面、旧墙面等装饰装修工程.主要讨论了仿石骨料颗粒级配、乳液、增稠剂、成膜助剂、消泡剂等对轻质隔热吸音仿石漆质量的影响,测试了轻质隔热吸音仿石漆的主要性能,介绍了轻质隔热吸音仿石漆施工工艺要点.     

Effects of nutrition and origin on the amino acid,grease, and suint composition and color of cashmere and guard hairs

Nutritional and environmental effects on the amino acid, wax, and suint contents and color of raw cashmere were investigated. Cashmere was obtained from goats fed with or without dietary protected protein, goats fed different levels of dietary energy and feeds, and goats from Australia, China, and Iran. The determined attributes included the production, diameter, length, fiber curvature, crimp, wax and suint contents, amino acid composition, lightness, and yellowness of cashmere. The content of suint, but not that of wax, was affected by nutrition management. The amino acid composition of cashmere was affected by the energy and protein nutrition, feed type, and country of origin. The amino acid composition of cashmere was different from that of guard hair. The lightness and yellowness of cashmere was affected by the nutrition treatment, grazing, cashmere production, and sum of the wax and suint contents of the raw cashmere. The variation in the amino acid composition of cashmere likely affected both its physical and chemical reactivity. Nutrition manipulation of cashmere goats and the origin of goats have implications with respect to the properties of cashmere as changes in fiber cell biosynthesis can alter the amino acid composition of the fiber. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

樟树资源化学加工利用产业发展现状

油樟和樟树化学型中的芳樟、龙脑樟是中国特色樟科树种,总面积约8万公顷,主要分布在四川宜宾、四川广安、江西赣州、广西南宁、湖南新晃等地.樟树叶油中的1,8-桉叶素、芳樟醇和天然龙脑是重要的出口产品,也是医药、香精香料和日化行业的主要原料.本文综述了樟树资源特征、分布,介绍了油樟油、芳樟油、龙脑樟油的化学组成和生物活性,樟...     

Selected Quality Attributes of Dried Foods

Major quality parameters associated with dried food products are the color, visual appeal, shape of product, flavor, microbial load, retention of nutrients, porosity bulk density, texture, rehydration properties, water activity and chemical stability, preservatives, and freedom from pests, insects and other contaminants, as well as freedom from taints and off-odors. These parameters need to comply with the specifications of customers and regulations of different importing countries and often can adversely affect the acceptability of dried products. Therefore, quality of dried food products depends on many factors, such as raw materials, processing environment, packaging, microbial stability, use of additives, and temperature of storage. This review highlights selected quality attributes of dried food products and discusses ways of optimizing them.     

双语课程《化工仪表及自动化》教学的实践与思考

文章重点介绍了我国高校开展《化工仪表及自动化》教学及双语教学的现状、发展和教学效果等。针对《化工仪表及自动化》课程的特殊性质和内容,结合其他高校和教师的教学经验,总结了双语教学的英文教科书与课件,授课方法的改革与教学质量的保证,提出了适合的英文辅助教材、科普教材和应用教材,根据课程进度分初、中、后三期由简入难,逐步授课,更好地提高《化工仪表及自动化》双语教学的水平。     

Valuable Nutrients and Functional Bioactives in Different Parts of Olive (Olea europaea L.)-A Review

The Olive tree (Olea europaea L.), a native of the Mediterranean basin and parts of Asia, is now widely cultivated in many other parts of the world for production of olive oil and table olives. Olive is a rich source of valuable nutrients and bioactives of medicinal and therapeutic interest. Olive fruit contains appreciable concentration, 1-3% of fresh pulp weight, of hydrophilic (phenolic acids, phenolic alchohols, flavonoids and secoiridoids) and lipophilic (cresols) phenolic compounds that are known to possess multiple biological activities such as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antidyslipidemic, cardiotonic, laxative, and antiplatelet. Other important compounds present in olive fruit are pectin, organic acids, and pigments. Virgin olive oil (VOO), extracted mechanically from the fruit, is also very popular for its nutritive and health-promoting potential, especially against cardiovascular disorders due to the presence of high levels of monounsaturates and other valuable minor components such as phenolics, phytosterols, tocopherols, carotenoids, chlorophyll and squalene. The cultivar, area of production, harvest time, and the processing techniques employed are some of the factors shown to influence the composition of olive fruit and olive oil. This review focuses comprehensively on the nutrients and high-value bioactives profile as well as medicinal and functional aspects of different parts of olives and its byproducts. Various factors affecting the composition of this food commodity of medicinal value are also discussed.     

Trace element affinities in two high-Ge coals from China

The Lincang (Yunnan Province, Southwest China) and Wulantuga (Inner Mongolia, Northeast China) coal deposits are known because of the high-Ge content. These coals have also a high concentration of a number of other elements. To determine the mode of occurrence of the enriched elements in both coals, six density fractions from <1.43 to >2.8 g/cm³ were obtained from two representative samples using heavy-liquids. A number of peculiar geochemical patterns characterize these high-Ge coals. Thus, the results of the chemical analysis of these density fractions showed that both coals (very distant and of a different geological age) are highly enriched (compared with the usual worldwide coal concentration ranges) in Ge, As, Sb, W, Be, and Tl. This may be due to similar geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids influencing the Earth Crust in these regions of China. Moreover, Wulantuga coal (Early Cretaceous subbituminous coal) is also enriched in Ca, Mg, and Na, and Lincang coal (Neogene subbituminous coal) in K, Rb, Nb, Mo, Sn, Cs, and U. A group of elements consisting of Ge, W, B, Nb, and Sb mostly occur with an organic affinity in both coals. Additionally, Be, U, and Mo (and partially Mn and Zn) in Lincang, and Na and Mg in Wulantuga occur also with a major organic affinity. Both coals have sulfide-arsenide mineral assemblages (Fe, S, As, Sn, and Pb, and in addition to Tl, Ta, and Cs in the Lincang coal). The occurrence of Al, P, Li, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, and Zr in both coals, and Ba in Lincang, are associated with the mineral assemblage of silico-aluminates and minor heavy minerals. Furthermore, P, Na, Li, Sc, Ti, Ga, Rb, Zr, Cr, Ba, Th, and LREE (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Gd) in Lincang are associated with mineral assemblages of phosphates and minor heavy minerals. The two later mineral assemblages are derived from the occurrence of detrital minerals. Finally, the two coal samples have also the sulfate mineral assemblage (Ca and Sr) that probably occur as a consequence of a diagenetic oxidation and alteration of the coal seams. The enrichment of Ge in coal occurred when the organic matter was still reactive to trap Ge, but several features indicate that the enrichment was diagenetic.