Asymmetric double-quantum-well phase modulator using surfaceacoustic waves

An AlGaAs-GaAs asymmetric double-quantum-well (DQW) optical phase modulator using surface acoustic waves is investigated theoretically. The optimization steps of the DQW structure, which so far have not been reported in detail, are discussed here. The optimized phase modulator structure is found to contain a five-period QDW active region. A surface acoustic wave induces a potential field which provides the phase modulation. Analysis of the modulation characteristics show that by using the asymmetric DQW, the large change of the induced potential at the surface and thus large modification of the quantum-well (QW) structure can be utilized. The modification of each QW structure is consistent, although this consistency is not always preserved in typical surface acoustic wave devices. Consequently, the change of refractive index in each of the five DQW's is almost identical. Besides, the change of effective refractive index is ten times larger here in comparison to a modulator with a five-period single QW as the active region and thus produces a larger phase modulation. In addition, a long wavelength and a low surface acoustic wave power required here simplify the fabrication of surface acoustic wave transducer and the acoustooptic phase modulator     

Acoustooptic cells with wedge-shaped piezoelectric transducers excited at high-order harmonics

Light diffraction in a nonuniform acoustic field induced by a wedge-shaped piezoelectric transducer is theoretically studied. Electric, acoustic, and acoustooptic characteristics of cells with such transducers are calculated. The emphasis is on the features of cell operation in the case when a piezoelectric plate is excited at the third harmonic. The acoustic field is shown to possess a complex amplitude and phase structure varying with the ultrasound frequency. The efficiency of acoustooptic diffraction depending on the acoustic wave amplitude and phase mismatch is studied. It is established that the efficiency of the Bragg diffraction can approach 100% despite a noticeable phase mismatch. Optimal values for the ultrasound power and angles of light incidence onan acoustooptic cell are found.     

声表面波在空心圆柱体中的传播特性分析

空心圆柱体管道类的声表面波检测是目前工程检测领域常见的问题.通过势函数和位移假设,建立了声表面波在空心圆柱体内传播的频散方程.数值计算结果表明在空心圆柱体内传播的声表面波与平板中传播的兰姆波存在类似,位移表现为对称和反对称模态.随着频率的增加,低阶模态的相速度逐渐趋于声表面波波速,同时空心圆柱体的壁厚对声表面波相速度的...     

光纤激光器相干合成系统中组束误差对远场光场的影响

对光纤激光器相干合成系统中组束误差对远场光场分布的影响进行了数值研究,分析了输出单元占空比、位置误差和平行度误差对远场光场分布的影响。结果表明,输出单元占空比的增加只能提高中心光斑的能量,但无法改变中心光斑的平均光强;而位置误差会使远场光场中的旁瓣能量减弱,降低光纤激光器相干合成系统的转换效率。分析发现,位置误差的这种影响可以通过增加输出单元的占空比来减弱。最后,通过分析平行度误差对远场光场的影响,对光纤激光器相干合成系统中的平行度误差控制提出了建议。     

基于33耦合器相位解调的光纤声音传感器设计

为了在某些应急情况下无源传输声音信号,采用基于光纤迈克尔逊干涉仪原理光纤声音传感的方法结合了收音弹性盘片和光纤粘接的工艺设计,使用33耦合器相位解调方法对传感信号进行相位解调,实现了一种新型光纤声音传感器系统。给出了干涉仪3路输出信号相位差的表达式,利用最小二乘法拟合求出干涉仪3路输出信号的平均相位差,取得了仿真与实际测试数据。经过测试,该系统可以准确有效地还原出设计带宽内的声音信号。结果表明,该光纤声音传感器系统适用于电磁恶劣等应急环境中,验证了该设计方案的可行性。     

Programmable Acoustic Metasurfaces

Metasurfaces open up unprecedented potential for wave engineering using subwavelength sheets. However, a severe limitation of current acoustic metasurfaces is their poor reconfigurability to achieve distinct functions on demand. Here a programmable acoustic metasurface that contains an array of tunable subwavelength unit cells to break the limitation and realize versatile two‐dimensional wave manipulation functions is reported. Each unit cell of the metasurface is composed of a straight channel and five shunted Helmholtz resonators, whose effective mass can be tuned by a robust fluidic system. The phase and amplitude of acoustic waves transmitting through each unit cell can be modulated dynamically and continuously. Based on such mechanism, the metasurface is able to achieve versatile wave manipulation functions, by engineering the phase and amplitude of transmission waves in the subwavelength scale. Through acoustic field scanning experiments, multiple wave manipulation functions, including steering acoustic waves, engineering acoustic beams, and switching on/off acoustic energy flow by using one design of metasurface are visually demonstrated. This work extends the metasurface research and holds great potential for a wide range of applications including acoustic imaging, communication, levitation, and tweezers.     

基于相位光时域反射的光纤分布式声波传感研究

文中提出了一种光纤分布式声波传感方案。作用在传感光纤上的声波信号导致后向瑞利散射光的相位变化,将含有声波信息的后向瑞利散射信号注入到迈克尔逊干涉仪,并采用相位载波解调算法解调出相位信息。实验中采用压电拉伸器模拟声波振动,分布式声波传感系统实现了10 m的空间分辨率以及平坦的频响。     

Monolithic surface-acoustic-wave phase shifter

A monolithic surface-acoustic-wave phase shifter is described. The device consists of a distributed Schottky-barrier varactor junction capable of varying the electrical boundary conditions seen by a surface acoustic wave propagating on a piezoelectric medium. Almost 180° of phase shift is achieved in 55 acoustic wavelengths of interaction region at 54 MHz.     

Time-dependent signatures of acoustic wave biosensors

Acoustic wave devices coated with a biolayer represent one biosensor approach for the detection of medically relevant biomolecules. In a typical application, the acoustic wave device is connected in an oscillator circuit, and the frequency shift /spl Delta/f resulting from a biomolecular event is recorded. In this paper, we discuss our recent work in this field, which has included the use of Rayleigh wave surface acoustic wave devices for vapor phase detection as well as quartz crystal microbalance devices for liquid phase measurements. For all of the results reported herein the biofilm on the surface of the acoustic wave device consists of a layer of antibodies raised against a specific target molecule or antigen. We present our results for the vapor phase detection of small molecules such as uranine and cocaine as well as liquid phase detection of small and large molecules. The data we present from these various experiments is the signature associated with the biomolecular recognition events; that is, we record and present /spl Delta/f(t). Finally, we present the recent results of our time-dependent perturbation theory work, which gives a potential method for resolving the acoustic wave biosensor signature into information relating to molecular structure changes during a molecular recognition event.     

Rejection of Direct Blast Interference Based on Signal Phase-Matching Array Processing

In bistaic acoustic testing, there will be strong direct blast interference. An algorithm based on signal phase-matching array processing that rejects direct blast interference in bistatic acoustic testing has been studied, through which the object scattering signal is accurately extracted. Characteristics of bistatic acoustic testing and signal phase matching processing principle are fully integrated in this algorithm. Firstly, the direct blast interference is calculated from the receiving signal based on three subarrays signal phase matching processing. Secondly, the direct blast is rejected by subtraction from the receiving signal. In this way the limitations of the high signal to noise ratio that signal phase matching processing required for direct calculating the object scattering signal can be avoided. Simulation and sea trial results show that, when the ratio of signal to interference is greater than -20 dB, this algorithm of direct blast interference rejection based phase matching signal processing can accurately extract the object scattering signal.     

Phase imaging with the scanning acoustic microscope

A new mode of operation for the acoustic microscope is described whereby the phase shift through the object is displayed in the form of an image. Experimental results are presented at an acoustic frequency of 1000 MHz. It is hoped that the `phase-only? images obtained with this technique will complement the conventional amplitude transmission images by providing additional information about the acoustic properties of the object.     

Geometric acoustic attenuation at gigacycle frequencies in single crystals of quartz

Successive acoustic echo amplitudes have been calculated from a model for microwave frequency acoustic propagation based on ray optics that ignores any intrinsic attenuation. The computed echoes resemble experimental acoustic decay patterns generated by microwave pulses in single crystals of piezoelectric materials. The attenuation has been found to be due to off-axis propagation of the acoustic energy in the crystal and to acoustic phase averaging by the microwave transducers used to couple energy in and out of the crystal. Calculated acoustic echo patterns show the changes caused by various crystal orientations and different crystal endface parallelisms at several frequencies. It is found that the number of echoes and the amplitude of the last few echoes are frequency independent and are determined by the crystal geometry alone. On the other hand, the character of all but the last few echoes is dominated by phase averaging effects over the crystal end wall and is strongly frequency-dependent. Experimental data is presented showing the changes in the nulls and maximums of the echo patterns with frequency and the changes in acoustic patterns produced by altering the endface parallelism by flexing the crystal. Measured acoustic echo patterns of flexed and unflexed crystals are discussed. It is shown that flexing has increased the number of observable echoes by factors from 4 to 10 for various samples, has improved the average intensity of comparable echoes by amounts varying from 4 to 14 db, and has reduced the apparent acoustic attenuation from an unflexed value of 1.86×10^-1db/cm to 1.63×10^-2db/cm for a particular sample.     

基于盲源分离的水声信道盲均衡处理方法

提出了一种基于盲源分离的水声信道讯均衡处理方法,通过对接收信号过采样构成源信号,采用了基于信息最大化原理(Infomax)在线分离算法进行了水声信道的盲均衡,并研究了时变水声信道条件下算法的均衡情况,仿真实验结果表明,该处理方法对多径水声信道具有较好的均衡效果,同时不受最小相位的条件限制。     

基于虚拟时间反转镜的水声OFDM信道均衡

针对水声信道对正交频分复用(OFDM)系统带来的符号间干扰(ISI)问题,提出了虚拟时间反转镜(VTRM)信道均衡算法,该算法具有时间压缩特性和频域相位共轭特性,可以有效缩短信道长度,减小多途信道带来的相位畸变,采用匹配追踪(MP)算法估计信道冲激响应,可以精确的估计出水声信道的幅度、时延和相位信息,为虚拟时反信道均衡提供准确的信道信息,改进了传统匹配相关信道估计方法估计精度低、无法估计信道相位信息的缺点。仿真、水池和湖上实验结果表明,OFDM水声通信系统中,VTRM信道均衡技术性能优于被动时反镜(PTRM)信道均衡和最小平方(LS)信道均衡。     

Design criteria for surface-acoustic-wave convolvers

The effect of acoustic dispersion and attenuation on the performance of surface acoustic wave convolvers is shown to be equivalent to an ideal convolver in cascade with a linear time-invariant filter. Using this result calculations of the implementation loss due to acoustic dispersion and attenuation, transducer bandpass response, and input/output matching networks are given showing the effects of phase and amplitude responses which are representative of typical convolver designs.     

Ultrasonic sensitivity of coated fibers

The acoustic sensitivity of the phase of light propagating in a coated optical fiber is studied for ultrasonic frequencies where the fiber is axially constrained and isotropic. The analysis, which takes into account the exact composition and geometry of multilayer fibers, is utilized to identify coatings compositions which optimize the fiber acoustic sensitivity.     

Thermal phase noise in coherent optical-fibre systems

Coherent optical-fibre systems are sensitive to optical phase changes along the length of the fibre link. Thermal energy in the optical fibre can give rise to acoustic waves propagating along it and these result in optical phase changes. Thus, there is the possibility of a noise signal induced by thermal acoustic energy propagating along the fibre. This letter postulates a theoretical model for this interaction and estimates the magnitude of the effect. Conditions under which it may be a significant noise source are discussed.     

Electro-acoustic scattering in an atmosphere with wind

An electromagnetic wave propagating in the atmosphere is scattered by a beam of acoustic waves. The paper studies how a wind interferes with the scattering process. The purpose is to use the results for measuring the wind velocity and the temperature of the atmosphere at varying heights. A scattering calculation is carried out by means of standard methods used in problems of wave scattering. The scattering characteristics show a pronounced resonance, due to interference between spherical, i.e, nonplanar, waves. The resonance, and particularly the width of the resonance curve, represents a possibility of measuring the temperature of the atmosphere in the scattering region. The paper points out the advantage of having the acoustic beam generated by an array of phase controlled elementary acoustic sources. This opens the possibility of counteracting the effect of the wind on the acoustic beam so that the beam is keeping its direction undisturbed by the wind. By this method the problem of measuring the horizontal wind components is converted to a measurement of phase.     

A Discrete-Time Channel Simulator Driven by Measured Scattering Functions

In-situ measurements of the scattering function are used to drive a channel simulator developed in the context of underwater acoustic telemetry. Two operation modes of the simulator are evaluated. A replay mode is accomplished by interpolation of measured impulse responses. A second, stochastic mode delivers multiple realizations of a given scattering function. The initial assumption of wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering is violated by strong phase correlations between taps. It is shown that time-varying Doppler shifts due to platform motion must be eliminated from measured scattering functions in order to provide the stochastic tap gains with the true Doppler spectrum of the channel. The simulator is validated through a comparison of acoustic data measured at sea, and emulated data, governed by the same scattering function. This comparison is based on scattering and coherence functions, multipath phase measurements, and application of a decisionfeedback equalizer. After the Doppler correction, the synthetic data are indistinguishable from the acoustic data in terms of delay-Doppler spread, temporal coherence, phase behavior, equalizer mean square error, and bit error ratio.     

声发射信号分析与气-固两相流粒径测量

气-固两相流相关参数的实时检测对过程控制和高效运行具有重要的意义。针对现有气-固两相流参数检测法的缺陷,依据经典声发射理论,设计一套空气-玻璃微珠的声发射信号检测装置,进行试验并评价。选用不同粒径的玻璃微珠在撞击速度分别为1.98m/s、2.80m/s、3.40m/s和4.00m/s下,获取气-固两相流的速度、粒径的声发射信号,并采用功率谱估计对其进行分析。试验发现,功率谱估计的幅值、面积与固相颗粒的撞击速度、粒径呈良好的线性关系,通过验证试验,粒径检测的相对误差小于8.5%。因此,声发射结合功率谱估计的方法测量固相颗粒粒径是可行的。