工艺参数对低碳钢形变强化相变的影响

研究了低碳钢过冷奥氏体变形时，工艺参数即变形温度、变形速率和原始奥氏体晶粒大小对形变强化相变组织演变、转变动力学及相变完成时临界应变量εc。的影响。结果表明，εc随变形温度降低而减小，随形变速率和原始奥氏体晶粒大小增大而增加。其中，变形温度对εc的影响最大。在相同应变速率的条件下，降低变形温度、减小原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸，都起到了促进相变的作用，使转变动力学提前。在所研究的不同工艺中，组织演变和转变动力学均可分为两个阶段。第一阶段与晶界、孪晶界或形变带作为相变优先形核位置的“位置饱和”机制有关；第二阶段为晶内铁素体／奥氏体相界前沿高畸变区的反复快速形核，是以形核为主导的过程，表现为“形核位置不饱和”机制。晶粒的长大在时间与空间上受到限制，形变强化相变完成时，可以使铁素体品粒细化到2～3μm。     

低碳钢形变强化相变的特征

介绍了低碳钢形变强化相变的基本概念及主要特征．系统的研究工作证实了变形显著地加速了低碳钢过冷奥氏体向铁素体的相变过程．形变强化相变是一个以形核为主导的过程直到相变完成以前，形核始终存在于新相与原奥氏体相界面的高应变区．由于几何空间与成分条件上受到一定的限制，长大及各向异性都不太明显，铁素体晶粒超细化．实验工作还证实了转变动力学呈现明显的3个阶段，它们分别与相变铁素体在原奥氏体晶界上的形核，在铁素体／奥氏体相界前沿高畸变区的形核，及被铁素体晶粒所包围的残存奥氏体上的相变形核等过程相对应。     

锰元素对形变强化相变完成时临界应变量的影响

利用形变强化相变机制研究了两种锰含量不同的低碳锰钢过冷奥氏体在780℃,以10s-1的速率变形时,锰元素对相变完成时临界应变量εc的影响.结果表明,锰元素对εc的影响很大,主要表现为对组织演变和转变动力学的影响.锰含量增加,主要推迟了相变过程的进行,εc增大.低碳锰钢过冷奥氏体形变强化相变组织演变和转变动力学都分为两个阶段：第一阶段对应着曲线上的斜率接近4,铁素体在原奥氏体晶界形核;第二阶段在曲线上表现n值减小,大约1.0-2.0,对应着铁素体在奥氏体晶内高畸变区大量反复快速形核,直至相变完成.锰含量增加,铁素体晶粒细化显著.     

碳锰含量对低碳(锰)钢过冷奥氏体形变过程转变动力学的影响

提高低碳(锰)钢中碳含量，低碳(锰)钢形变强化相变孕育期明显延长，转变动力学曲线整体向高应变方向移动．提高锰含量，相变孕育期有所延长，转变动力学过程明显变缓．提高碳、锰含量，钢中铁素体形核率增大，晶粒细小，碳的影响程度比锰显著．过冷奥氏体形变过程铁素体转变分三个阶段，第一阶段符合Cahn的“位置饱和”机制，第二、三阶段不符合“位置饱和”机制。     

低碳钢过冷奥氏体形变过程超细铁素体的形成

采用过冷奥氏体在A3-Ar3之间变形工艺，获得平均晶粒尺寸约为2μm的微细铁素体晶粒组织，过冷奥氏体形变过程的组织演变包括两个阶段，形变前期以形变强化相变铁素体转变为主导；当相变基本完成后，形变后期以铁素体的动态再结晶为主，形变强化相变是一以形核为主的过程，是晶粒细化的主要原因，应变量较小时，铁素体主要沿原奥氏体晶界及晶内变形带等位置形核，随应变量的增加，以铁素体转变前沿畸变区的反复形核为主。     

Q235碳素钢应变强化相变过程中的动力学问题

利用热模拟单向压缩实验,分析了Q235碳素钢应变强化相变过程中应变对铁素体晶粒数目及铁素体长大速率的影响,同时考察了铁素体转变动力学与应变速率、形变温度、奥氏体晶粒尺寸、纯净度的关系,并与无应变时进行比较,结果表明,应变使铁素体转变动力学发生一定的变化,应变作用下奥氏体晶界的形核率明显增加,但未[观察到应变明显提高铁素体长大速率的现象,应变作用下铁素体的长大速率被周围铁素体快速形成或铁素体的动态再结晶所抑制或掩盖,应变速率的提高主要使铁素体转变时间提前;形变温度越高,应变对铁素体转变的促进作用越明显;原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸不同,转变动力学曲线的斜率稍有不同,这主要由转变初期的形核益的多少引起。     

低碳微量铌钢形变过程中动态相变的特点

用热模拟变形实验研究了低碳微量铌钢形变中的动态相变以及形变后冷却中的相变行为,透射电镜观察了Nb（CN）的析出及对铁素体晶粒截径和体积转变量的影响。结果表明：含Nb钢动态相变中铁素体形核位置依次为原奥氏体晶界、铁素体,奥氏体的相界前沿直至奥氏体晶内,随着细小的应变诱导Nb（CN）析出在基体上弥散分布,铁素体的转变量大幅增加并且其相变长大趋势得到有效抑制,使得铁素体的长大在时间和空间上均受到限制,是一个以形核为主的过程,相变完成后铁素体晶粒截径约为2舯;而形变后冷却相变工艺中铁素体的形核位置主要为奥氏体晶界以及形变带,而大量弥散分布的Nb（CN）析出对细化铁素体晶粒的作用并不明显,是一个形核长大的过程,最终得到的铁素体晶粒截径约为7μm。     

低合金钢奥氏体连续冷却过程中组织演变的预测

以热力学理论和形核生长理论为基础,对低合金钢奥氏体在连续冷却过程中的组织演变进行了数值分析.热力学计算使用软件Thermo-Calc来完成;根据"形核长大"和"位置饱和"机制,采用Cahn的相变动力学理论和Scheil叠加原理建立了铁素体相变动力学模型:以"位置饱和"机制建立了珠光体和贝氏体的相变动力学模型.模型的预测结果与实验数据基本相符.     

低碳钢过冷奥氏体形变过程中的组织及取向变化

利用ＳＥＭ,ＴＥＭ及ＥＢＳＤ研究了低碳钢在７５０℃ ,１０ｓ－１应变速率条件下形变过冷奥氏体的组织及取向变化．结果表明,组织演变由二个阶段组成,形变前期是以形变强化相变铁素体转变为主;当应变达到一定时,以铁素体的动态再结晶为主．应变量较小时,形变强化相变铁素体晶粒优先在原奥氏体晶界形核,随应变量的增加,以相界前沿畸变区的反复形核为主,铁素体转变量逐渐提高,同时珠光体等第二组织增多,铁素体晶粒内部位错密度提高．铁素体连续动态再结晶初期亚晶在珠光体与铁素体交界处优先形成．随应变增加频率提高．形变前期＜００１＞织构为相变铁素体在取向上的特征;形变后期＜１１１＞织构是动态再结晶铁素体在取向上的特征．     

低碳微量铌钢形变强化相变的组织演变

利用热模拟压缩变形实验研究了含Nb钢过冷奥氏体形变强化相变的组织演变规律,探讨了微量Nb对形变强化相变的影响,并对转变动力学和晶体取向进行了分析.结果表明,含Nb钢在A3-Ar3之间的形变过程中主要以形变强化相变为主.与低碳钢相比,含Nb钢形变强化相变的孕育期变长,完成相变所需的应变量也相应增加,使得其转变动力学曲线向高应变方向平移.含Nb钢的转变动力学曲线可划分成两个阶段,其中第一阶段固溶Nb阻碍铁素体相变,使孕育期推迟,而第二阶段形变过程中动态析出的Nb(C,N)既为铁素体相变提供了大量的形核位置,又钉扎铁索体晶界,阻碍铁索体晶粒的长大.在这种以形核为主的过程中出现了<111>和<001>两种织构的交替变化.     

40Cr钢等温转变曲线与非等温冷却过程数值分析

建立连续冷却过程多相转变模型,并实现了对冷却过程中各相转变量的数值预测。用传统叠加模型和Cahn微分模型分别对40Cr钢连续冷却过程中组织分布进行了模拟计算,结果表明,考虑动力学参数n随温度变化的相变动力学微分方程计算结果与实际结果更为接近。为分析晶粒尺寸对相变过程的影响,结合不同奥氏体化温度下的等温膨胀实验,讨论了考虑晶粒尺寸时的相变动力学模型的应用范围,不同晶粒度下的相变参数n相同时,模型才能准确反应实际相变过程。     

Fe－Ni合金贝氏体长大原位观察

利用透射电镜观察了Ｆｅ—３０ｗｔ—％Ｎｉ合金贝氏体铁素体／奥氏体界面结构，并利用透射电镜高温样品台对贝氏体铁素体台阶长大进行了原位动态观测。结果表明，铁素体呈台阶长大形态，在铁素体／奥氏体宽面上存在Ｂｕｒｇｅｒｓ矢是为［１１１］ｂ型的刃型错配位错，铁素体台阶的增厚速率与按Ｚｅｎｅｒ—Ｈｉｌｌｅｒｔ方程计算结果相符。为关于贝氏体生长台阶长大机制提供实验证据。     

MODELLING FOR PREDICTION OF CONTINUOUS COOLING TRANSFORMATION KINETICS OF HOT-DEFORMED AUSTENITE STEEL

1.IntroductionAsaneffectivethermomechanicalcontrolprocess,controlledrollingandcontrolledcoolingprocesshasbeensuccessfullyusedinproductionofsteelsinordertoimprovestrengthandductility.WOrk-hardenedaustenite(7)-- ferrite(or),pearlite(P)andbainite(B)transformationsarethemaintransformationsinhotrolledstripsandplatesduringcoolingafterrolling.Precisepredictionofcolltinuouscoolingtransformationkineticsbehaviourplaysanimportantroleinselectingreasonablethermomechanicalcontrolprocess.Onthebasisoftransf…     

Prediction of Carbon Concentration and Ferrite Volume Fraction of Hot-Rolled Steel Strip During Laminar Cooling

A phase transformation model was presented for predicting the phase fraction transformed and the carbon concentration in austenite for austenite to ferrite transformation during laminar cooling on run-out table in hot rolling strip mill. In this model, the parameter k in Avrami equation was developed for carbon steels. The wide range of chemical composition, the primary austenite grain size, and the retained strain were taken into account. It can be used to predict the ferrite volume fraction and the carbon concentration in austenite of hot-rolled steel strip during laminar cooling on run-out table. The coiling temperature controlling model was also presented to calculate the temperature of steel strip. The transformation kinetics of austenite to ferrite and the evolution of carbon concentration in austenite at different temperatures during cooling were investigated in the hot rolled Q235B strip for thickness of 9.35, 6.4, and 3.2mm. The ferrite volume fraction along the length of the strip was also calculated. The calculated ferrite volume fraction was compared with the log data from hot strip mill and the calculated results were in agreement with the experimental ones. The present study is a part of the prediction of the mechanical properties of hot-rolled steel strip, and it has already been used on-line and off-line in the hot strip mill.     

Carbon supersaturation of ferrite in a nanocrystalline bainitic steel

The extremely slow transformation kinetics of a nanocrystalline bainitic steel allows the carbon content of the bainitic ferrite away from any carbon-enriched regions such as dislocations and boundaries to be determined by atom probe tomography as the bainite transformation progresses at 200 °C. A high level of carbon, well above that expected from para-equilibrium with austenite, has been detected in solid solution in bainitic ferrite at the early stage of transformation. Results provide strong evidence that bainite transformation is essentially displacive in nature so that the newly formed bainitic ferrite retains much of the carbon content of the parent austenite.     

The use of resistivity to investigate the effect of austenitising temperature on austempering of ductile iron in the upper ausferrite region

The resistivity of a ductile iron with 0.77% Cu, 0.5% Ni during austempering at 400 °C was measured to investigate the influence of austenitising temperature on the kinetics of phase transformation. The specimens were heat-treated in a vacuum furnace by passing through a direct current which was monitored and controlled with a personal computer to follow the heating and cooling scheme. Three temperatures, 950, 900 and 850 °C were used to austenitise the ductile iron matrix. After a holding period at the austenitising temperature, the specimens were quenched, with a liquid nitrogen spray, to 400 °C to conduct the isothermal transformation. During the isothermal transformation at 400 °C, the resistivity varied with time and clearly showed three sequences of transformation: stage 1; the process window; and stage 2; The changes of resistivity around the process window were related to the volume fraction of retained austenite which was measured by the X- ray diffraction technique. A model is then proposed to predict the volume fraction of retained austenite from the change of resistivity for austempering during the period of the process window. A further kinetics analysis demonstrates that the reaction of all three stages obey the Johnson-Mehl equation with average values of exponent n equal to 1.25, 1.07, and 1.48 respectively. It is also shown that increasing the austenitising temperature will reduce the reaction rate and suppress the start of the austempering reaction.     

应力对钢中贝氏体相变的影响

外加应力使贝氏体相变形核率增大，等温孕育期缩短，即使所加应力远低于母相的屈服强度．由于钢中γ→α γ′的形核驱动力较大(约为kJ／mol数量级)，贝氏体相变的嘭胀应变能很小，过小的外加应力对形核率的影响甚微．考虑在外加应力的影响下，会使界面能量有所下降，也可能发生碳原子的再分布，偏聚在晶界或其它缺陷，甚至碳化物析出都会显著地增大形核率和缩短孕育期，有待进一步实验给予证明．无应力下，贝氏体相变动力学可以用Avrami的等温相变方程来表述；应力下则符合应力下铁索体及珠光体相变的动力学模型(经修改的Avrami方程)．形变奥氏体促发贝氏体相变，但随后会发生奥氏体的力学稳定化，其机制可能和马氏体相变时的奥氏体力学稳定化不完全相同，仅形变形成的位错阻碍贝氏体以一定位向长大，使相变动力学迟缓．贝氏体相变时奥氏体力学稳定化的模型有待建立。     

Effect of Copper and Nickel on the Transformation Kinetics of Austempered Ductile Iron

The kinetics of reaction occurring during the austempering treatment of ductile iron (DI) containing different additions of Cu and Ni was investigated in this work. DI bars were heat treated in an instrumented dilatometer in order to follow the exhibited transformation kinetics. The dilatometric results indicated that the addition of Cu alone did not have a significant effect on the incubation times for the austempering transformation. Also, the addition of both, Cu and Ni resulted in a significant effect on reducing the transformation rates. It was found that the austempering process is characterized by two clearly distinguished transformation stages. In the initial stage, the addition of Cu, and to a greater extent, additions of both Cu and Ni led to reductions in the transformation rates shifting the maximum transformation rate values toward longer times. The outcome of this work indicates that during the first stage of austempering, nucleation of the ferrite plates occurs via a diffusionless mechanism while their growth is diffusion controlled. Moreover, after the maximum in the transformation rate has been reached, the growth of ferrite plates becomes dominant with the rate-limiting step becoming the diffusion of C into the surrounding austenite. A qualitative model for the austempering transformation is proposed in this work to account for the experimental observations.