新型环形喷动床的喷动机制与喷动特性

在传统喷动床的基础上,设计出一种多喷口环形喷动形式的新型喷动床.实验研究了喷口型式、喷口速度、颗粒类型对这种喷动床床内密相喷动流化区高度、可喷动静止床层高度及床层压降等参数的影响情况.结果表明:颗粒在床内的喷动形式沿床高方向呈现独特分区现象;随着喷口速度的增加,密相喷动高度和可喷动静止床层高度也相应增加;在同样的静止床层高度的情况下,直向型式的喷口更易形成喷动,床层的最小喷动速度几乎与静止床层高度呈线性关系;当床内形成较稳定的喷动后,床层压降随喷口速度的变化不明显,可视为常数.     

循环流化床内颗粒混合特性的数值模拟

为了更好地研究循环流化床内颗粒的混合行为和揭示颗粒的混合机理,将离散单元法和计算流体力学相结合,对床内颗粒的轴向混合与径向混合过程进行了数值模拟.从气体和颗粒运动速度的角度将轴向混合与径向混合结合起来,对床内颗粒的整体混合过程进行了分析,并采用颗粒特征浓度标准差对颗粒的混合程度进行了定量评价,通过数值模拟得到了床内气体的速度场、颗粒的速度场和体积分数分布.结果表明:颗粒与气体的速度分布趋势基本一致,床内呈现上部稀相下部密相;颗粒的轴向混合效果优于径向混合效果,增大流化风速有助于加速颗粒的混合,且颗粒轴向混合对流化风速的敏感性低于径向混合.     

喷动流化床气体混合特性实验研究

在300 mm×30 mm×2 000 mm的喷动流化床煤部分气化炉冷态试验装置上,在喷动区和环形区同时采用了不同示踪气体的方法,获得了在不同喷动气流速和流化气流率这2个重要的操作参数下,不同床层高度上示踪气体的径向分布,考察了喷动区与环形区之间的气体交换特性和环形区的气体混合特性.结果表明,喷动气速度的增大,使喷动气向环形区的传质加强,也促进了流化气在环形区的混合;流化气流率的增大,气体由环形区向喷动区的传质大于由喷动区向环形区的传质,且流化气在环形区的混合加强.喷动气和流化气的浓度沿床层高度依次降低.此外,结合CCD拍摄的流动结构图像,从气相质量交换的角度对床内的气固流动特性进行了讨论.     

二维喷动流化床内气体混合的实验研究

在300 mm×30 mm×2 000 mm的喷动流化床冷态试验台上,在喷动区和环形区分别采用CO和SO2作为示踪气体的方法,获得了不同喷动气流速和流化气流率这两个重要的操作参数下,不同床层高度上示踪气体的径向分布,考察了床内喷动区与环形区之间气体的混合特性。结果表明,示踪气体在不同床层高度的径向分布呈现较大的差异,并沿床层高度依次降低。在稳定的流动状态下,喷动气速度的增大,使喷动气向环形区的传质加强,也促进了流化气在环形区的混合;流化气流率的增大,气体由环形区向喷动区的传质大于由喷动区向环形区的传质,且流化气在环形区混合加强。在不稳定的流动状态下,气体的径向浓度分布曲线两边出现不对称。     

压力对喷动流化床流动特性影响的数值模拟

建立了1台热输入0.1 MW的加压喷动流化床煤部分气化炉和相同尺寸的冷态模型试验装置,通过试验和数值模拟方法分析了压力对喷动流化床流动特性的影响.数值模拟采用了非稳态欧拉多相流模型,研究结果表明:随着工作压力增大,床内的中心喷动区和环形区的空隙率均相应减小;颗粒在较高工作压力下的轴向速度大于较低压力工况下的速度值;在压力为0.1～0.3 MPa时,模拟工况的流动状态与试验结果相符.     

三维旋流喷动流化床气固两相流动特性模拟

为了从理论基础上研究带风帽的旋流喷动流化床干燥器内气固两相流流动特性,采用欧拉多相流模型对一台旋流喷动流化床试验台进行三维数值模拟,分析了各种不同底部进风速度V底与切向进风速度V切比例对旋流喷动流化床干燥器内的气体速度分布和颗粒速度分布特性的影响,以及当V底/V切为30 m·s-1/30 m·s-1时,探讨了气固流动状态随时间的变化规律。研究结果表明:增大V切,有利于增加近壁面区域的气体流动速度和促进气固相的充分混合,增加气体和颗粒相的接触面积,有利于减少气相流动死区,降低黏性物料对筒体壁面的粘附程度。但由于切向风的卷吸作用所形成的负压会导致轴向气流减弱,不利于筒体中心区域气流的轴向发展,降低了轴向风对颗粒层的穿透效果。     

循环流化床物料循环冷态试验研究

在尺寸为 (长 60 0mm×宽 40 0mm×高 60 0 0mm)的三维循环流化床冷态实验台上对不同工况下的试验现象和运行参数进行了观察和记录分析。得到 3种流化风速下 ( 3 .5m/s、4.5m/s、5 .5m/s)不同装料量所对应的主床床体压力分布和物料循环量 ,得到物料循环量与压力分布和流化风速在本实验台上的经验公式 ,并通过测量返料器通向外置换热器的机械阀开度和返料量的关系 ,得到旋风分离器中下落物料进入换热器和直接进入主床的比例关系     

加压喷动流化床最小喷动速度的试验研究

在内径100 mm的有机玻璃冷模装置上进行了加压喷动流化床试验.床料直径为1.6 mm、2.3 mm的小米.研究了压力、静止床高及流化风对最小喷动速度的影响.试验结果表明:喷动流化床的最小喷动速度随压力的增大而减小,但减小幅度逐渐变小;静止床高增大,最小喷动速度增大,但床高的增加对最小喷动速度的影响随着压力的增大而减弱.流化风风量增加导致最小喷动速度降低.根据试验数据进行了线性回归,分别得出了uf=0和uf＞0(uf为流化风床内表观气速)时最小喷动速度的关联式,相关系数分别为0.964和0.920,关联式和试验值吻合较好.     

导流管喷动床内液固两相流动特性研究

为了探究不同参数对液固导流管喷动床内颗粒流动行为的影响,本文基于欧拉-欧拉双流体模型结合颗粒动理学对喷动床内液固两相的流动特性进行数值模拟。本文在导流管喷动床的底部引入辅助入口,通过改变颗粒粒径和液体粘度,得到了颗粒轴向速度、颗粒浓度、颗粒拟温度、静压力、动压力等参数的变化规律。模拟结果显示,在一定范围内增大颗粒粒径和液体粘度,颗粒的轴向速度减小,颗粒拟温度显著升高,喷动床内的静压力增加,液体动压力减小,床层膨胀高度明显增大。但当液体粘度增加到一定值后,喷泉区不再明显,并且出现了颗粒回流的现象。因此,综合考虑颗粒粒径和液体粘度,可以显著减小颗粒的堆积,提高喷动效率,使颗粒流化更加充分。     

循环流化床冷态流动特性的试验研究

研究了循环流化床气固两相流动在轴向的宏观流体动力特性,采用计算机数据采集系统测量不同工况下沿主床高度上的压力分布,进而计算出空隙率沿循环流化床主床高度方向上的分布情况,研究不同操作条件(流化风速、存料量)对空隙率分布、物料循环量和压力平衡的影响。     

贴体坐标系下喷动床内气固两相流体动力特性的数值模拟

采用稠密固相动力-摩擦应力模型,建立喷动床内气固两相双流体模型．应用贴体坐标系使得计算网格与喷动床的倒锥体边界相一致．通过数值模拟获得喷动床内喷射区、环隙区和喷泉区内颗粒速度及浓度分布．计算结果表明,喷泉区具有强烈的气固两相质量和动量交换．当倒锥体倾斜角度达到60°,在射流入口处形成一瓶颈．研究表明颗粒间滑动-滚动摩擦应力对环隙区颗粒流动具有明显的影响．     

煤粉低尘燃烧器冷态实验研究

采取端面预旋进风结构的煤粉低尘燃烧器,出口直径的大小对燃烧器内压力场、速度场分布影响很大,出口直径的大小决定中心回流区区域大小：进口叶片节圆直径的减小能使流场更对称,且能增大燃烧器头部环室回流率,有利于提高捕渣率;加同旋向一次风有利于增大燃烧器头部的环室回流率和中心回流率。     

底饲进料循环喷动床进料与回料混合特性及影响因素

分别以石英砂和消石灰模拟进料和回料,对一台0.6m×15m底饲进料循环喷动床脱硫塔内颗粒混合特性进行了研究。利用石英砂和消石灰在水中溶解度的差异计算得到底饲进料与回料在不同位置的混合熵和不同高度上的混合指数,并分析不同操作参数对塔内颗粒混合行为的影响。研究结果表明:混合指数能够很好地反映塔内进料与回料颗粒的混合质量;随着流化速度的提高,塔内不同高度上的混合指数呈上升趋势;喷射速度和循环倍率对塔内尤其是反应塔底部的颗粒分布特性有明显影响,采用较高的喷射速度和循环倍率,混合指数随之上升,说明塔内颗粒的混合质量得到改善。     

Attrition of lignite char in a spouted bed combustor

The generation of carbon fines by attrition during burning of Thai lignite char has been studied experimentally by means of a 92 mm i.d. continuous spouted bed combustor at different values of spouting gas velocity, bed temperature, and char feed size. Both inert particle size and static bed depth were fixed for all experimental runs. The collected data were used to analyse size distributions of both in-bed particles and elutriated fines, and to generate the suitable correlations for carbon attrition rate. Results obtained showed that attrition rate in the spouted bed is proportional to the excess of gas velocity above the minimum spouting gas velocity and the overall bed carbon surface exposed to attrition. The attrition rate constant is slightly dependent on operating bed temperature. Its values for the char studied were 1.6511 × 10^?6 for 707°C operating bed temperature, and 1.1222 × 10^?6 for 850°C, with the average for all tested runs being 1.224 × 10^?6.     

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer and Flow Mixing in Pebble Beds

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the thermal hydraulic characteristics of two types of test sections: pebble beds placed between cylinders and thin annular pebble beds (i.e., spheres dumped in thin annular slots). The investigations were performed for axial air flow. The experimental results of heat transfer from the spheres, as well as the results of heat transfer from a cylinder for both types of test sections, are presented. In addition, the results of flow-mixing investigations in pebble beds between axially streamlined cylinders are described. From these results, correlations were developed that can be used to predict the heat transfer characteristics.

The results of the experimental investigation of pebble beds between cylinders demonstrated that the randomly arranged pebble bed is preferable to the regular rhombic structure from the points of view of design simplicity, heat transfer from the cylinder, drag coefficient, and flow mixing. The results of the experiments in the case of thin annular pebble beds demonstrated that the maximum heat transfer from the spheres is at the relative width of the annular slot K, equal to 1.07 and 1.75 of the sphere's diameter     

导流管喷动床流体动力特性的实验研究

对以小米为物料的常规喷动床及导流管喷动床全床压降随表观气速变化规律进行了实验研究．结果表明，与常规喷动床相比，导流管喷动床不仅最小喷动速度、操作压降和最大压降均大幅减小，而且夹带高度较小时会在达到稳定喷动之前发生有利于操作的不稳定喷动现象．此外，导流管喷动床的流体动力特性受料床高度影响不大，但受导流管内径和夹带高度的影响显著．最后，依据实验结果提出了导流管喷动床最小喷动速度的关联式．     

Fluid temperature distributions in a rotating cavity with an axial throughflow

Radial and circumferential variations of cavity air temperature are presented for a rotating cavity with an axial throughflow of cooling air. Results show that the air temperatures are influenced significantly by the cavity surface temperature distribution. Strong (around 5°C) circumferential air temperature variations are observed showing the flow to be three-dimensional. Temperature time traces are used to infer flow structure features and also the variation of the fluid to cavity angular velocity ratio with temperature. Features and trends are found to be consistent with flow visualisation evidence, Laser Doppler Anemometry data, and also computations of other workers.     

Turbulent transport coefficients in supersonic flow

Hypersonic ramjets employing supersonic combustion of hydrogen fuel have attractive potentialities for future aircraft or launching systems. The object of the present work ^§ was to study quantitatively the effects of fuel injection parameters on the mixing of gaseous hydrogen fuel with a supersonic air stream confined within a cylindrical duct, to provide some of the fundamental background needed for the design of supersonic combustors for high-performance engines. Hydrogen was injected at sonic velocities into Mach 2 and Mach 3 air streams, at overall equivalence ratios of 0.17 to 0.50, in both radial and axial (downstream) directions from circumferential wall slots. Results showed that considerably better mixing occurred in the case of radial injection, although the decrease in stagnation pressure also was greater for this case.

The eddy diffusivity of mass, E_d (turbulent diffusion coefficient) and radial velocity, , were determined by differentiating experimental concentration, velocity and density profiles, obtained at various axial distances from the injection station. For the radial injection case, with a 1-in i.d. test section, a simple model in which E_d varied only in the radial direction and varied only in the axial direction, allowed reasonable correlation of the experimental results. The validity of the trends obtained in E_d and were checked by numerical integration of the diffusion equation, and simultaneous solution of the diffusion and momentum equations; computed profiles agreed reasonably well with downstream experimental concentration and velocity profiles. A method for solving turbulent mixing problems by simultaneous solution of the diffusion, momentum and energy equations is presented.     

旋转锥体床内颗粒传输规律的实验研究

该实验针对旋转锥体床,研究颗粒在锥体内的输运规律。探讨锥体旋转速率、颗粒给料速率、锥体溢流口数量等参数变化时,对颗粒在锥体内的动态存料量以及停留时间的影响。结果表明,旋转锥体床具有控制物料输送和调节停留时间的可操作性,增设竖立环壁将大大延长颗粒在锥体的停留时间,而搅拌器的设置对于保证颗粒在锥体内的充分混合起着关键作用。在设置竖立环壁和搅拌器的情况下,锥体内的动态存料量与给料速率成正比,而与锥体旋转速率反比;停留时间与锥体旋转速率和给料速率成反比。增加溢流口面积,将缩短颗粒停留时间和降低锥体内的存料量。研究结果对于设计新颖的煤热解气化炉以及开发以固体热载体热解气化为基础的多联产技术具有一定的参考价值。图10参8