Optimal decorrelating receivers for DS-CDMA systems: a signalprocessing framework

Code division multiple access (CDMA) schemes allow a number of asynchronous users to share a transmission medium with minimum cooperation among them. However, sophisticated signal processing algorithms are needed at the receiver to combat interference from other users and multipath effects. A discrete-time multirate formulation is introduced for asynchronous CDMA systems, which can incorporate multipath effects. This formulation reveals interesting links between CDMA receivers and array processing problems. In this framework, linear receivers are derived that can completely suppress multiuser interference (decorrelating receivers). A criterion is introduced, which guarantees the decorrelating property, while providing optimal solutions in the presence of noise. Parametric FIR designs as well as nonparametric solutions are delineated, and their performance is analyzed. The proposed receivers are resistant to near-far effects and do not require the estimation of the users' and noise powers     

A spatial-temporal decorrelating receiver for CDMA systems withbase-station antenna arrays

We investigate multiuser signal detection with a base-station antenna array for a synchronous DS-CDMA uplink using nonorthogonal codes in Rayleigh fading channels. We have developed a new formulation for a spatial-temporal decorrelating detector using the maximum-likelihood criteria. The detector is shown to be near-far resistant. We propose to implement the spatial-temporal decorrelating receiver iteratively by applying the space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm. Simulation results show that the SAGE-based decorrelating receiver significantly outperforms the conventional single-user receiver and with performance close to that of a spatial-temporal decorrelating receiver with known channel parameters. We have observed that adding base-station antennas can actually improve convergence of the proposed iterative receiver     

A flexible receiver for CDMA multiuser communications

Code division multiple access (CDMA) capacity is limited by interference amongst users. The effect of this interference on receiver outputs depends on the users' signatures and the actual detector used in the receiver. A matched filter receiver is particularly sensitive to interference, whereas an optimum multiuser receiver is less sensitive but infeasible due to its exponential complexity. We propose a receiver structure that trades detection performance for reduced complexity. It can interpolate between the performances and complexities of these two receivers. Our detector uses a tree structure, and some of its special cases are the decision feedback detector, the decorrelating detector, and the optimal linear detector. We show that at equal complexity levels, a particular implementation of our detector outperforms these detectors. We also show that our approach can be used with a minimum-mean-square-error design criterion and coded CDMA transmission     

一种自适应分布式多用户检测算法

本文针对移动CDMA加性白高斯噪声和衰落信道 ,提出了一种自适应分布式多用户检测算法 .它由空间分集和解相关检测复合组成 .解相关检测器的性能近似最佳多用户检测器 ,且不依赖于其它用户的信号能量及衰落特性 .基于随机梯度技术的盲自适应分集合并方案由最佳似然比检验准则构成 .对其性能做了理论分析和数值估计 ,并与传统的选择法、等增益法及最大比值法做了比较 .所提出的方法易于实时实现 ,可以较大地提高接收机性能和系统容量增益     

Blind adaptive multiuser detection for asynchronous dual-rateDS/CDMA systems

In this paper, the authors consider an asynchronous direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) system wherein users are allowed to transmit their symbols at one out of two available data rates. Three possible access schemes are considered, namely, the variable spreading length (VSL), the variable chip rate (VCR), and the variable chip rate with frequency shift (VCRFS) formats. Their performance is compared for the case that a linear one-shot multiuser receiver is employed. It is also shown that detection of the users transmitting at the higher rate requires a periodically time-varying processing of the observables. Moreover, the problem of blind adaptive receiver implementation is studied, and a cyclic blind recursive-least-squares (RLS) algorithm is provided which is capable of converging to the periodically time-varying high-rate users detection structure. Numerical results show that the proposed receivers are near-far resistant, and that the VCRFS access technique achieves the best performance. Finally as to the adaptive blind receiver implementation, computer simulations have revealed that the cyclic RLS algorithm for blind adaptive high-rate users demodulation outperforms the conventional RLS algorithm in most cases of primary importance     

Iterative space-time processing for multiuser detection in multipath CDMA channels

Space-time processing and multiuser detection are two promising techniques for combating multipath distortion and multiple-access interference in code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. To overcome the computational burden that rises very quickly with increasing numbers of users and receive antennas in applying such techniques, iterative implementations of several space-time multiuser detection algorithms are considered here. These algorithms include iterative linear space-time multiuser detection, Cholesky iterative decorrelating decision-feedback space-time multiuser detection, multistage interference canceling space-time multiuser detection, and expectation-maximization (EM)-based iterative space-time multiuser detection. A new space-time multiuser receiver structure that allows for efficient implementation of iterative processing is also introduced. Fully exploiting various types of diversity through joint space-time processing and multiuser detection brings substantial gain over single-receiver-antenna or single-user-based methods. It is shown that iterative implementation of linear and nonlinear space-time multiuser detection schemes discussed in this paper realizes this substantial gain and approaches the optimum performance with reasonable complexity. Among the iterative space-time multiuser receivers considered in this paper, the EM-based (SAGE) iterative space-time multiuser receiver introduced here achieves the best performance with excellent convergence properties.     

Group-blind multiuser detection for uplink CDMA

Previously developed blind techniques for multiuser detection in code division multiple access (CDMA) systems lead to several near-far resistant adaptive receivers for demodulating a given user's data with the prior knowledge of only the spreading sequence of that user. In the CDMA uplink, however, typically the base station receiver has the knowledge of the spreading sequences of all the users within the cell, but not that of the users from other cells. In this paper, group-blind techniques are developed for multiuser detection in such scenarios. These new techniques make use of the spreading sequences and the estimated multipath channels of all known users to suppress the intracell interference, while blindly suppressing the intercell interference. Several forms of group-blind linear detectors are developed based on different criteria. Moreover, group-blind multiuser detection in the presence of correlated noise is also considered. In this case, two receiving antennas are needed for channel estimation and signal separation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed group-blind linear multiuser detection techniques offer substantial performance gains over the blind linear multiuser detection methods in a CDMA uplink environment     

Performance of antenna diversity multiuser receivers in CDMA channels with imperfect fading estimation

The performance of antenna diversity coherent and differentially coherent linear multiuser receivers is analyzed in frequency-nonselective Rayleigh fading CDMA channels with memory. The estimates of the complex fading processes are utilized for maximal-ratio combining and carrier recovery of the coherent multiuser receiver. To analyze the impact of channel estimation errors on the receiver performance, error probability is assessed directly in terms of the fading rate and the number of active users, showing the penalty imposed by imperfect channel estimation as well as the fading-induced error probability floor. The impact of fading dynamics on the differentially coherent decorrelating receiver with equal-gain combining is quantified. While performance of multiuser receivers at lower SNR is determined by both the fading dynamics and the number of active CDMA users, performance at higher SNR is given by an error probability floor which is due to fading only and has the same value as in a single-user case. The comparison of the two receiver structures indicates that the coherent decorrelating receiver with diversity reception may be preferable to the differentially coherent one in nonselective fading CDMA channels with memory.     

Multiuser detection in asynchronous CDMA frequency-selective fading channels

Multipath fading severely limits the performances of conventional code division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. Since every signal passes through an independent frequency-selective fading channel, even modest cross-correlations among signature sequences may induce severe near-far effects in a central multiuser receiver. This paper presents a systematic approach to the detection problem in CDMA frequency-selective fading channels and proposes a low complexity linear multiuser receiver, which eliminates fading induced near-far problem.We initially analyze an optimal multiuser detector, consisting of a bank of RAKE filters followed by a dynamic programming algorithm and evaluate its performance through error probability bounds. The concepts of error sequence decomposition and asymptotic multiuser efficiency, used to characterize the optimal receiver performance, are extended to multipath fading channels.The complexity of the optimal detector motivates the work on a near-far resistant, low complexity decorrelating multiuser detector, which exploits multipath diversity by using a multipath decorrelating filter followed by maximal-ratio combining. Analytic expressions for error probability and asymptotic multiuser efficiency of the suboptimal receiver are derived that include the effects of multipath fading, multiple-access interference and signature sequences correlation on the receiver's performance.The results indicate that multiuser detectors not only alleviate the near-far problem but approach single-user RAKE performance, while preserving the multipath diversity gain. In interference-limited scenarios multiuser receivers significantly outperform the RAKE receiver.This paper was presented in part at the Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Princeton, NJ, March 1992 and MILCOM'92, San Diego, CA, October 1992. This work was performed while author was with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA.     

Near-far resistance of multiuser detectors in asynchronous channels

Consideration is given to an asynchronous code-division multiple-access environment in which receiver has knowledge of the signature waveforms of all the users. Under the assumption of white Gaussian background noise, the authors compare detectors by their worst case bit error rate in a near-far environment with low background noise, where the received energies of the users are unknown to the receiver and are not necessarily similar. Conventional single-user detection in a multiuser channel is not near-far resistant, and the substantially higher performance of the optimum multiuser detector requires exponential complexity in the number of users. The authors explore suboptimal demodulation schemes which exhibit a low order of complexity while not exhibiting the impairment of the conventional single-user detector. It is shown that there exists a linear detector whose bit-error-rate is independent of the energy of the interfering users. It is also shown that the near-far resistance of optimum multiuser detection can be achieved by a linear detector. The optimum linear detector for worst-case energies is found, along with existence conditions, which are always satisfied in the models of practical interest     

A delay independent decorrelating detector for quasi-synchronousCDMA

The decorrelating detector is a near-far resistant linear joint detector for a code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system. It consists of a bank of matched filters followed by a decorrelating matrix. For proper operation, both the matched filter bank and the decorrelating matrix require knowledge of the delays of all users. The delays are due to the different propagation times from each user to the base station. Delay estimation is a weak link in this system since it is complex and prone to error. The proposed decorrelating detector does not require exact knowledge of the user delays, but instead requires that the delays be bounded to a fraction of a symbol interval. The delays are naturally bounded in this way in many microcell and picocell systems where the round trip propagation time is small compared to the symbol interval. The new delay independent decorrelating detector is shown to be near-far resistant and, through appropriate spreading code selection, to experience a modest 3 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss relative to orthogonal access schemes. It is also shown to limit capacity to a maximum of 50% of the spreading gain when the delays are bounded by a single chip interval. The complexity is similar to the conventional correlating receiver which is far less complex than the joint detection schemes proposed to date     

CDMA移动通信系统中的分组并行多用户信号检测器

该文提出了一种新的分组并行多用户信号检测器结构,推导了这种多用户信号检测器的检测算法,算法的计算复杂度与用户数呈线性关系,而性能优于解相关检测器,检测器的总延时小于判决反馈多用户信号检测器。数值及仿真结果表明,当接收到的干扰信号功率高于有用信号:3dB以上时,分组并行多用户信号检测器的误码性能趋于某一值,因而该检测器可以有效地克服CDMA移动通信中的远近效应。     

上行链路抗远近效应的半盲MUD

本文提出了一种新的用于CDMA系统上行链路,且具有较强抗远近效应性能的半盲自适应多用户检测器(MUD)。借鉴串行干扰抵消(SIC)的思想,该方法利用一种新的自适应幅度估计器进行小区内用户信号的幅度估计,然后使用一种基于快速子空间跟踪算法的盲MUD,按照幅度从大到小的顺序依次检测出小区内的用户。这样,既通过盲方法抑制了来自小区外的干扰,又充分利用小区内用户的信息,提高了检测性能,特别是对弱信号的检测性能,具有较强的抗远近效应的性能。     

Maximum-likelihood synchronization of a single user forcode-division multiple-access communication systems

Code-division multiple access (CDMA) has emerged as an access protocol well-suited for voice and data transmission. One significant limitation of the conventional CDMA system is the near-far problem where strong signals interfere with the detection of a weak signal. Multiuser detectors assume knowledge of all of the modulation waveforms and channel parameters, and exploit this information to eliminate multiple-access interference (MAI) and to achieve near-far resistance. A major problem in practical application of multiuser detection is the estimation of the signal and channel parameters in a near-far limited system. We consider maximum-likelihood estimation of users delay, amplitude, and phase in a CDMA communication system. We present an approach for decomposing this multiuser estimation problem into a series of single-user problems. In this method the interfering users are treated as colored non-Gaussian noise. The observation vectors are preprocessed to be able to apply a Gaussian model for the MAI. The maximum-likelihood estimate (MLE) of each user's parameters based on the processed observation vectors becomes tractable. The estimator includes a whitening filter derived from the sample covariance matrix which is used to suppress the MAI, thus yielding a near-far resistant estimator     

A Soft-Input Soft-Output Decorrelating Block Decision-Feedback Multiuser Detector for Turbo-Coded DS-CDMA Systems

Previously, a decorrelating decision-feedback multiuser detector for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems normally produces only hard-decision outputs of users' data. In turbo-coded DS-CDMA systems, such a multiuser detector does not match well with the soft-input soft-output nature of a turbo-decoding algorithm, thereby resulting in some extent of performance loss. In this paper, a soft-input soft-output decorrelating block decision-feedback multiuser detector is proposed to perform joint multiuser detection and turbo decoding in an iterative manner. This multiuser detector partitions the received users' data into a number of blocks appropriately and then detects the users' data on a block-by-block basis, where the soft-decision outputs are generated based on the maximum a posteriori criterion and the decision outputs of a stronger block (with a higher energy) are fed back for use in making decisions of those weaker ones. Computer simulation results show that the proposed iterative multiuser detector with turbo decoding significantly improves the bit error rate performance of a DS-CDMA receiver.     

A simulation comparison of multiuser receivers for cellular CDMA

Multiuser detection has gained significant notoriety as a potential advanced enabling technology for the next generation of CDMA systems. Due to the limitations of the conventional correlation receiver, the capacity of a single cell using CDMA is limited by self-interference and is subject to the near-far problem. To overcome these drawbacks, several advanced receiver structures have been proposed. Unlike the conventional receiver which treats multiple access interference (MAI) as if it were AWGN, multiuser receivers treat MAI as additional information to aid in detection. Although each of the multiuser types have been the subject of much literature, there is little published work comparing all structures on the basis of common assumptions. We present a comparison of five of the most discussed receiver structures: the decorrelator, the minimum mean square error (MMSE) receiver, the multistage parallel interference cancellation receiver, the successive interference cancellation receiver, and the decorrelating decision feedback receiver. Comparisons are based on both theoretical analysis and simulation results, examining bit error rate (BER) performance in AWGN, Rayleigh fading, and near/far channels. Additionally, receiver structures are compared on the basis of computational complexity as well as robustness to code phase misalignment. Finally, we present simulation results for noncoherent architectures of the aforementioned receivers     

A space-time channel estimator and single-user receiver for code-reuse DS-CDMA systems

A blind asynchronous single-user code-reuse direct sequence code division multiple access (CDMA) array receiver is proposed for the uplink. By assigning each short PN-code more than once, code reuse allows the number of active users to be increased beyond the spreading gain. The proposed receiver is based on a blind single-code multipath joint space-time channel estimation technique that utilizes the concept of the spatio-temporal array manifold, in conjunction with a novel preprocessor, to deal with the multipath problem. From the estimated space-time channel parameters of a particular active code, the subset of parameters of a specific co-code user is then identified, and a single-user receiving weight vector is finally formed. The proposed approach is a subspace type method, and therefore, it is "near-far" resistant. Furthermore, in contrast to existing receivers such as the space-time decorrelating detector, the proposed receiver weight vector is tolerant to partial channel estimation errors and the incomplete estimation of channel parameters. The theoretical framework is supported by computer simulation studies.     

Noncoherent multiuser detection for CDMA systems with nonlinearmodulation: a non-Bayesian approach

This paper considers the problem of multiuser detection for a system in which each user employs nonlinear modulation, with an emphasis on noncoherent detection techniques which do not require knowledge of the users' channel parameters at the receiver. Our goals are to gain fundamental insight into the capabilities of multiuser detection in such a setting, and to provide practical algorithms that perform better than conventional matched-filter reception. We begin by providing fundamental performance benchmarks by considering coherent maximum-likelihood (ML) detection, which requires knowledge of the users' channel parameters, as well as noncoherent detection, formulated in a non-Bayesian generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) framework. The asymptotic performance of each detector, as the noise level vanishes, is characterized, yielding simple geometric criteria for near-far resistance. In general, both the ML and GLRT detectors have complexity which is exponential in the number of users. We, therefore, propose the more practical sequential decision projection (SDP) detector which has complexity which is quadratic in the number of users. It is shown that the SDP detector has nonzero asymptotic efficiency if the users' powers are suitably disparate     

Near optimum tree-search detection schemes for bit-synchronousmultiuser CDMA systems over Gaussian and two-path Rayleigh-fadingchannels

Simple reduced tree-search detection schemes of the breadth-first type are applied to suboptimal joint multiuser detection in bit-synchronous code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems over both Gaussian and two-path Rayleigh-fading channels. It is pointed out that in contrast to the case of the optimal multiuser detector, the choice of the receiver filter severely influences the performance of suboptimal multiuser detectors. Simulation results supported by analysis show that breadth-first tree-search algorithms using a decorrelating noise whitening receiver filter perform better than similar receivers, which solely use a matched filter (MF) for virtually all nonsingular spreading code sets studied. Most of the code sets are randomly generated. The M- and T-algorithm detectors based on decorrelating noise whitening filter (WF) outputs can achieve near optimum performance at a very low complexity compared to the optimal detector, although the proposed detectors are more complex than some known suboptimum detectors. Furthermore, the use of combining techniques is considered for a two-path Rayleigh-fading channel, and a semi-synchronous CDMA structure is proposed. It is shown that if maximum ratio combining (MRC) is employed, the decorrelating noise WF still exists. The corresponding suboptimal combining detector with a decorrelating noise WF outperforms a similar noncombining detector     

非正交多脉冲调制的QR分解多用户检测

针对加性高斯白噪声信道下的多用户非正交多脉冲调制系统,提出了基于QR分解的非相干判决反馈多用户检测器。该检测器通过QR分解矩阵变换,利用功率较强用户的判决信息来进行干扰抵消,可以有效消除用户间的多址干扰。而在各用户内,针对多脉冲调制技术,提出了一种线性解相关运算来进行非相干检测。同时,考虑解相关运算中矩阵求逆的复杂度比较高,进一步提出了一种软干扰抵消检测器。仿真结果表明所提的两种多用户检测算法可以有效消除非正交调制所造成的多址干扰,极大地提高功率较弱用户的性能,并且所提软干扰抵消检测器通过避免矩阵求逆降低了计算复杂度,同时检测性能没有损失。