Utilizing waste products from the food production and processing industries

Waste in the food industry is characterized by a high ratio of product-specific waste. Not only does this mean that the generation of this waste is unavoidable, but also that the amount and kind of waste produced, which consists primarily of the organic residue of processed raw materials, can scarcely be altered if the quality of the finished product is to remain consistent. The utilization and disposal of product-specific waste is difficult, due to its inadequate biological stability, potentially pathogenic nature, high water content, potential for rapid autoxidation, and high level of enzymatic activity. The diverse types of waste generated by various branches of the food industry can be quantified based on each branches' respective level of production. Moreover; the origins of each type of waste and a tabulated overview of the traditional agricultural methods for reusing the waste are discussed. Additionally, alternative methods of waste management have emerged, which target the most important contents of the waste. In conclusion, new possibilities for the utilization of food industry waste are described.     

Production of feed enzymes from citrus processing waste by solid‐state fermentation with Eupenicillium javanicum

Bingtang sweet orange processing waste was utilised to produce four feed enzymes (Endoglucanase, β‐glucosidase, pectinase and xylanase) by the solid‐state fermentation (SSF) with Eupenicillium javanicum. The factors related with SSF including moisture content, temperature, initial pH, time, carbon source (0.5 g), nitrogen sources (0.05 g), inorganic mineral salts (0.1 g) were investigated separately. The corresponding optimal condition was: moisture content 80% (w/w), temperature 30 °C, natural pH, time 96 h, wheat bran 0.5 g, (NH₄)₂SO₄ 0.05 g or NaNO₃ 0.05 g, CaCl₂ 0.1 g. The L₉(3⁴) orthogonal experiment results showed that the optimal condition for producing above multiple enzymes was: moisture content 80% (w/w), temperature 30 °C, wheat bran 1 g, (NH₄)₂SO₄ 0.05 g, NaNO₃ 0.05 g, CaCl₂ 0.1 g, fermentation time 96 h and natural pH. Under this condition, the average activity of Endoglucanase (CMCase), β‐glucosidase, pectinase and xylanase by E. javanicum could reach 46.80, 49.64, 51.87 and 106.42 U g^?1, respectively, which was significantly higher than those in single factor experiments. Our present results demonstrated that E. javanicum could also be an effective and useful fungus for multienzyme preparation especially for β‐glucosidase and xylanase from citrus processing wastes.     

影响颗粒饲料外观质量的因素及改善对策

分析了影响颗粒饲料外观质量的有关因素,并有针对性地提出了改善对策。     

不同低聚糖对小龙虾饲料物理指标及消化特性的影响

为研究不同低聚糖对小龙虾饲料品质的影响,分别将低聚异麦芽糖和低聚木糖以不同添加量添加至饲料中,混匀制粒后测定饲料的含粉率、质量体积、硬度、黏弹性、沉降速度、吸水性、稳定性等物理指标,在此基础上进行体外模拟消化试验.试验结果表明,较低添加量下低聚异麦芽糖饲料的含粉率、硬度和黏弹性高于低聚木糖,较高添加量下则相反;低聚木糖...     

我国餐厨废弃物用作动物饲料现状及其对策分析

针对中国餐厨废弃物用作饲料的现状,对餐厨废弃物用作饲料易滋生大量病菌、易产生毒素威胁、易污染饲料并感染动物、造成人畜共患病的传播等六大潜在的问题进行了综合分析,并提出了相应的对策和建议。     

HPLC determination of ethoxyquin and its major oxidation products in fresh and stored fish meals and fish feeds

A new method was developed to determine 1,2‐dihydro‐6‐ethoxy‐2,2,4‐trimethylquinoline (EQ, ethoxyquin), 2,6‐dihydro‐2,2,4‐trimethyl‐6‐quinolone (QI) and 1,8′‐di(1,2‐dihydro‐6‐ethoxy‐2,2,4‐trimethylquinoline) (DM) in fish meals or fish feeds, QI and DM being the oxidation products of EQ. The sample was first extracted with hexane. After the removal of hexane the three analytes were extracted from the resulting oil with acetonitrile and determined by C₁₈ reverse phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector set at λ = 280 nm. The mobile phase was acetonitrile–0.01 M ammonium acetate (80:20 v/v). The recoveries for EQ, QI and DM from the samples spiked at different levels varied in the ranges 90–100 per cent, 75–85 per cent and 90–100 per cent respectively. At room temperature, QI and DM were the major oxidation products of EQ in stored fish meals and fish feeds. Loss of EQ from fish meals is faster than that from feeds, resulting in relatively higher accumulations of QI and DM in the fish meals. Both QI and DM, especially the former, were not stable during storage of either and could be further oxidised to unidentified compounds. The residue levels of these two compounds were thus unpredictable during storage intervals. When the storage temperature was increased to 50 °C, EQ disappeared more rapidly, but neither QI nor DM accumulated. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antioxidant activity of phytogenous industrial waste and derived extracts for the production of feed and food additives

Organic wastes as well as their ethanolic, water and heptane extracts and fermented products derived from herbs, fruit and vegetables obtained worldwide from food and pharmaceutical industries were investigated regarding their antioxidant activities using different methods [1.1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl, Fe^III‐reduction method and photochemiluminescence (PCL)]. The highest antioxidative activities were exhibited by different products of grape seed wastes (350–830 mg rosmarinic acid equivalent g^?1 dried material = rae g^?1 dm) followed by ethanolic extracts of blueberry (475 mg rae g^?1 dm), larch (219 mg rae g^?1 dm), willow (193 mg rae g^?1 dm) and sunflower presscake (154 mg rae g^?1 dm). Ethanolic extracts of the residues showed comparatively higher activity than water extracts. The least antioxidative capacities were found in heptane extracts of serenoa products (0.4; 0.6 mg rae g^?1 dm) and fermented waste of carrots (1.6 mg rae g^?1 dm). Correlating different assay methods, the strongest correlation was found between Fe^III‐reduction and DPPH‐method (correlation coefficient r² = 0.99**) and the weakest between Fe^III‐reduction and PCL method (r² = 0.57**) for raw materials.     

Levels of synthetic antioxidants (ethoxyquin,butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole) in fish feed and commercially farmed fish

Several synthetic antioxidants are authorized for use as feed additives in the European Union. Ethoxyquin (EQ) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are generally added to fish meal and fish oil, respectively, to limit lipid oxidation. The study was conducted to examine the concentrations of EQ, BHT and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in several commercially important species of farmed fish, namely Atlantic salmon, halibut and cod and rainbow trout, as well as concentrations in fish feed. The highest levels of BHT, EQ and BHA were found in farmed Atlantic salmon fillets, and were 7.60, 0.17 and 0.07?mg?kg^?1, respectively. The lowest concentrations of the synthetic antioxidants found were in cod. The concentration of the oxidation product ethoxyquin dimer (EQDM) was more than ten-fold higher than the concentration of parent EQ in Atlantic salmon halibut and rainbow trout, whereas this dimer was not detected in cod fillets. The theoretical consumer exposure to the synthetic antioxidants EQ, BHA and BHT from the consumption of farmed fish was calculated. The contribution of EQ from a single portion (300?g) of skinned fillets of the different species of farmed fish would contribute at most 15% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for a 60?kg adult. The consumption of farmed fish would not contribute measurably to the intake of BHA; however, a 300?g portion of farmed Atlantic salmon would contribute up to 75% of the ADI for BHT.     

Fish industry waste: treatments, environmental impacts, current and potential uses

Fish waste management has been one of the problems having the greatest impact on the environment. Fish farming detrimental effects on the marine environment in particular have become an issue of public concern. In European Union, numerous Directives, Decisions and Regulations were voted in an attempt to minimise the environmental impact of fisheries within the frame of Integrated Coastal Management. Treated fish waste has found many applications among which the most important are animal feed, biodiesel/biogas, dietic products (chitosan), natural pigments (after extraction), food‐packaging applications (chitosan), cosmetics (collagen), enzyme isolation, Cr immobilisation, soil fertiliser and moisture maintenance in foods (hydrolysates). In this review, an update of both environmental impact (inputs and outputs) and treated fish waste uses is provided by means of six comprehensive tables and seven figures.     

鱼油混浊现象及其冬化工艺研究应用

针对鱼油混浊现象和原因,通过试验实践绘制鱼油冷却曲线,确定鱼油冬化采用两段慢速结晶工艺。第一段结晶温度为16℃,冷却速率为1℃～2℃/小时,14℃养晶12小时;第二段结晶温度为6℃,冷却速率为0.5℃～1℃/小时,4℃养晶12小时,搅拌速度2～5 rpm;并分析影响鱼油结晶效果因素,同峙提出鱼油冬化前需预精炼。     

物理法改善鱼肉蛋白功能特性研究概述

鱼肉是优质蛋白的重要来源.为了提高鱼肉蛋白的利用率,可通过物理方法改善蛋白质的功能特性,提升鱼肉蛋白的应用价值和应用前景.该文综述了几种改善鱼肉蛋白功能特性的物理新方法,阐述其对鱼肉蛋白功能特性的影响,并对物理法在鱼肉蛋白改性上深入研究进行展望,以期为鱼肉蛋白改性加工提供指导.     

淡水鱼川味休闲调味鱼干加工工艺研究

文章研究了川味休闲鱼干的加工工艺,探讨了腌制配方、干燥条件、调味配方对鱼干品质的影响,并对产品进行了感官评定和理化指标测定等.结果表明:鱼条的最佳腌制配方为食盐1.0％,白砂糖3.0％,料酒1.0％,味精1.0％;鱼条干燥条件为温度50℃,干燥4h.鱼干的最佳调味料配方为食盐0.05％,味精0.8％,胡椒粉0.2％,花椒粉0.6％,辣椒粉1.0％,孜然粉1.5％,植物油8％.并采用121℃高温灭菌15 min,对鱼干的软化具有一定的效果.     

响应面法优化固态发酵餐厨垃圾与醋糟生产蛋白饲料

以餐厨垃圾和醋糟为原料,利用平菇、酿酒酵母、产朊假丝酵母和枯草芽孢杆菌进行固态发酵生产蛋白饲料.采用Design-Expert软件设计了Plackett-Burman筛选试验,从6个因素中筛选出3个显著因素分别为接种量、原料比和尿素添加量,再通过爬坡试验和响应面Box-Behnken设计对所选显著因素进行优化,得到最适确定最佳工艺条件为餐厨垃圾和醋糟添加质量比为67：33,接种量为10.46％,尿素添加量为2.9％,发酵产物真蛋白含量为24.04％.     

鱼肉营养面条加工工艺的研究

将鱼肉漂洗、脱水后,添加食盐制成鱼肉糜,添加到小麦粉中加工成鱼肉面条,试验结果表明最佳工艺为:鱼肉漂洗2次,每次10min,鱼肉中添加3%的食盐,鱼肉糜与小麦粉的配比为1:1,水的添加以小麦粉和鱼肉糜搅匀后呈细颗粒状为好.可添加香辛料、调味料等调制风味.也可加鸡蛋、食用碱等使面条更筋道.该鱼肉面条滑腻性和粘结性好,没有鱼腥味,具有鱼肉自然风味,营养价值极高.     

Effects of feed delivery time on feed intake, milk production, and blood metabolites of dairy cows

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of feed delivery time and its interactions with dietary concentrate inclusion and parity on milk production and on 24-h averages and patterns of feed intake and blood metabolites. Four multiparous and 4 primiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental periods included 14 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. A higher concentrate diet with a forage:concentrate ratio (dry matter basis) of 38:62 or a lower-concentrate diet with a forage:concentrate ratio of 51:49 was delivered at either 0900 or 2100 h. During sampling periods, daily feed intakes, as well as feed intakes during 3-h intervals relative to feed delivery, were determined. During 2 nonconsecutive days of the sampling period, jugular blood was sampled every 2 h. Average temperature and relative humidity in the experimental facility were 20.4°C and 68.1%, and the maximum daily air temperature did not exceed 25°C. This data does not suggest that cows were heat-stressed. Changing feed delivery time from 0900 to 2100 h increased the amount of feed consumed within 3 h after feeding from 27 to 37% of total daily intake but did not affect daily dry matter intake. The cows fed at 2100 h had lower blood glucose at 2 h after feeding but greater blood lactate and β-hydroxybutyrate acid at 2 and 4 h after feeding than cows fed at 0900 h. These effects of feed delivery time on the 24-h patterns in blood metabolites may be caused by the greater feed intake during the 3 h after feed delivery of the cows fed at 2100 h. Daily averages of glucose, urea, lactate, and β-hydroxybutyrate acid and nonesterified fatty acids in peripheral blood were not affected by time of feeding. The change in feed delivery time did not affect milk yield and milk protein but increased milk fat percentage from 2.5 to 2.9% and milk fat yield from 0.98 to 1.20 kg/d in multiparous cows, without affecting milk fat in primiparous cows. The interactions between diet and time of feeding on daily feed intake, milk production, and blood metabolites were not significant. The effects of the time of feed delivery on the 24-h patterns in blood metabolites suggest that this time may affect peripheral nutrient availability. Results of this study suggest beneficial effects of feeding at 2100 h instead of at 0900 h on milk fat production of lactating cows, but parity appears to mediate this effect.     

Effects of forage presentation and addition of molasses-based liquid feed on dairy calf dietary selection and feed sorting of mixed diets

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of including a molasses-based liquid feed on sorting of a mixed diet of starter and hay, and to compare the nutrient composition of the ration consumed by calves offered hay and starter according to different feed presentations. Holstein bull and heifer calves were exposed for the first 8 wk of life to 1 of 3 feed presentation treatments: (1) starter and hay provided in separate buckets (n = 15), (2) a mixed diet of 80% starter and 20% hay (n = 16), or (3) a mixed diet containing the same ratio of starter and hay, with inclusion of 10% (as-is basis) liquid molasses (n = 14). Calves received 8 L/d of pasteurized waste milk and were weaned over a 10-d period beginning at 42 d of age. Intake was recorded daily and calves were weighed weekly. Fresh and refused feed were sampled on 3 consecutive days during wk 4 and 6 of the preweaning period and wk 8 immediately postweaning. Sorting was assessed through nutrient analysis of the feed samples, with additional sorting indices reflective of sorting for starter and hay components calculated based on weighted averages of individual nutrient intakes as a percent of predicated intakes. Dry matter intake and average daily gain did not differ among treatments. During the preweaning period, addition of molasses to the mixed diet did not affect the extent of feed sorting, with calves provided both mixed diets sorting, on average, in favor of starter and against hay. Postweaning, addition of molasses tended to reduce the extent of feed sorting, although calves on both treatments persisted in sorting for starter and against hay. Across treatments, there was an association between the pre- and postweaning extent of feed sorting, suggesting a degree of individual consistency in sorting behavior. Calves provided starter and hay separately consumed a diet consisting of approximately 18 to 19% hay preweaning and 14% hay postweaning, and generally had greater fiber intake and lower intake of nonfiber carbohydrates compared with calves provided a mixed diet. These results indicate that addition of molasses slightly reduced sorting during the postweaning period only. On average, calves provided both mixed diets sorted their feed in favor of starter and against hay, which mirrored dietary selection exhibited by calves offered hay and starter separately.     

Effects of rumen-protected choline and dry propylene glycol on feed intake and blood parameters for Holstein dairy cows in early lactation

A 6 × 6 Latin square design was used to test 3 sets of comparisons simultaneously to study response in dry matter intake, milk yield, and blood parameters to propylene glycol (PG) supplementation delivered by 2 methods [incorporating PG into the total mixed ration (TMR) vs. top dressing; comparison I]; individual or combined dietary choline and PG supplementation as a 2 × 2 factorial (comparison II); or increasing amounts of dietary choline (comparison III). Six multiparous (lactation number = 1.5 ± 0.8 SD) Holstein dairy cows were at 41 d in milk (± 9 SD) at the start of the experiment. Propylene glycol used was a dry product containing 65% PG, and choline was a rumen-protected choline product (RPC; estimated to be 50% rumen-protected) containing 50% choline chloride. In comparison I, treatments compared were 1) control: no PG; 2) PG-TMR: 250 g/d of dry PG (corresponding to 162.5 g/d of PG) incorporated into the TMR; and 3) PG-top dress: 250 g/d of dry PG top-dressed onto the TMR. In comparison II, treatments compared were 1) control: no PG and no RPC; 2) PG: 250 g/d of dry PG incorporated into the TMR; 3) RPC: 50 g/d of RPC top-dressed onto the TMR; and 4) PG + RPC: combination of treatments 2 and 3. In comparison III, treatments compared were 0, 25, and 50 g/d of RPC top-dressed onto the TMR. Each experimental period lasted 10 d with 9 d of adaptation followed by 1 d of serial blood sampling. Dry matter intake and milk yield were recorded daily. During the serial blood sampling, jugular blood was sampled every 20 min for the first 4 h and at 8 and 12 h after treatment administration. Results obtained from comparison I showed that feeding 250 g/d of PG as a dry product decreased plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentration (mean ± SEM) from 701 ± 81 (control) to 564 ± 76 μmol/L without affecting serum insulin, plasma glucose, or plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. Top-dressing PG decreased plasma BHBA concentrations more than by incorporating it into the TMR [527 vs. 601 μmol/L (± 81 pooled SEM)]. Results obtained from comparison II showed that supplementing choline as RPC, PG, or both had no effect on dry matter intake, milk yield, or any of the blood parameters measured. Results obtained from comparison III showed that milk yield tended to increase linearly with increasing amounts of dietary choline as RPC. We concluded that feeding PG as a dry product reduced plasma BHBA concentration but top-dressing PG was more efficient at reducing plasma BHBA level than incorporating PG into the TMR. Dietary choline as RPC tended to increase milk yield linearly. However, a combined effect of dietary PG and choline was not evident and therefore not beneficial.     

养殖河豚鱼的加工及河豚毒素消减技术研究概述

河豚鱼肉质鲜嫩,味道鲜美,享誉古今中外.我国东南沿海地区、日本等许多国家和地区均有吃河豚的习惯,但河豚鱼的内脏、表皮、卵巢等部位含有河豚毒素,因食用河豚鱼导致的中毒事件时有发生.因此,有效消减控制河豚毒素对河豚鱼产业发展有重要意义.该文主要介绍了我国河豚鱼食用历史和消费现状,对养殖河豚鱼深加工制品种类做详细阐述,重点探...     

Replacement of fishmeal by low-cost animal protein as a quality fish feed ingredient for indian major carp,labeo rohita,fingerlings

Five formulated diets containing 350 g kg^-1 crude protein were prepared replacing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the fish meal content which silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) and clam meat as a dietary protein source, and were fed to Indian major carp (Labeo rohita) fingerlings of 2.0–2.2 g size under laboratory conditions. A growth study over a period of 90 days showed that a diet containing 50% of its protein as fishmeal had significantly higher (P≤0.05) growth with values of 1.64, 1.92, 1.48 for specific growth rate, food conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio, respectively. Significantly lower growth (P≤0.05) was observed with diets having all or none of its protein as fish meal. This experiment with Labeo rohita fingerlings revealed a significantly better utilisation of the diet when half the protein in a fishmeal diet was replaced by protein in the form of silkworm pupae and clam meat.