Quantitative analysis of swarming pulsive microdischarges by using very low frequency voltage application

Partial discharge (PD) degradation phenomena is one of the most important factors to decide the performance and the lifetime of the high voltage apparatus. During PD degradation tests of an epoxy specimen with an internal void, PD often change to a large number of very small PD known as swarming pulsive microdischarges (SPMD). Because the appearance of SPMD is concerned with the degradation of the insulating materials, the insulation diagnosis with the detection of SPMD becomes possible. However, SPMD cannot be detected with the conventional PD Detector because the PD magnitude of SPMD is too small. The computer-aided partial discharge analyzing system (CAPDAS) has been developed to detect and analyze the SPMD. Furthermore, a new PD parameter, the SPMD ratio has been introduced for quantitative analysis of SPMD. In this paper, the time variation of SPMD characteristics of a CIGRE Method-II specimen are investigated by using the CAPDAS. Further, the effect of the frequency of the applied voltage on SPMD is also investigated at 60 Hz and a very low frequency of 0.1 Hz. As a result, the comparison of PD magnitudes measured at 60 Hz with those at 0.1 Hz enables a quantitative analysis of SPMD characteristics to be possible by using only the conventional PD detector.     

典型缺陷的直流局部放电波形测量与特性分析

为深入了解直流局部放电特性,在直流下分别测量了气隙、表面和电晕放电模型的局部放电,比较3种模型的放电脉冲波形和直流电压施加不同阶段的放电情况,并从放电机理角度分析了直流电压施加不同阶段局部放电特性的差异。结果表明,3种放电模型的直流局部放电能量分布频段多<10 MHz,放电脉冲波形与频谱分析图存在区别,可以此分辨3种放电类型。气隙放电模型在直流电压移除后,因空间电荷作用,绝缘介质中存在较强的内电场会引起较多的反极性放电;而表面放电模型与电晕放电模型在直流电压移除后无此现象。     

电机绝缘系统在高频冲击下局部放电试验研究

高频冲击局部放电(PD)测试可以有效的检测电机绝缘系统的绝缘状态。根据传感器的不同,电机绝缘系统在高频冲击下PD测试方法主要有两种:高频电流传感器法和超高频天线法。试验表明:在高频冲击电压下,PD主要发生在冲击的上升沿和下降沿,在同一放电电压下,上升沿和下降沿的PD幅值较大;在风力发电机定子绝缘系统鉴别试验中,随着老化试验的进行,线圈的PD起始电压总体呈下降趋势。通过鉴别试验,可以确定绝缘系统的冲击电压绝缘等级及类型。     

周期性脉冲电压作用下绝缘局部放电的测量与分析

局部放电是导致变频电机绝缘失效的主要原因之一.逆变器输出的脉冲方波上升沿陡、频带宽,使局部放电测量更加困难.文中采用脉冲电流传感器有效地测量出脉冲方波下的局部放电,利用小波包方法提取局部放电信号,并根据其统计结果,探讨了脉冲方波幅值和频率对放电次数、最大放电量、平均放电量的影响,为研究绝缘材料在脉冲方波下的老化机理创造了条件.     

标准操作冲击电压下220 kV GIS中典型缺陷局部放电特征

通过在实验室搭建的冲击电压下220 kV GIS局部放电测试系统,研究了在220 kV GIS母线段中设置典型缺陷在标准操作冲击电压下局部放电特性。大量试验表明,在标准操作冲击电压下,局部放电具有较工频具有显著性差异。局部放电从PDIV开始就表现出较高的放电脉冲幅值、放电次数以及更宽的放电区域范围,此趋势随着施加电压的上升而越明显,且负极性的放电概率要高于正极性下的放电。     

直流下油纸绝缘中局部放电脉冲典型波形及其参数提取

笔者介绍了直流下局部放电脉冲波形测量系统的组建以及测量电阻的校验。利用该试验系统对模拟换流变压器油纸绝缘的5种典型缺陷模型进行了局放脉冲波形测量。试验结果表明:直流下油纸绝缘中缺陷放电稳定,脉冲波形无振荡分量和过冲,且不随电压变化而发生畸变。在对典型脉冲波形进行预处理的前提下,使用形状参数法、自相关函数法、AR模型参数法以及Renvi信息量进行了波形特征参数提取。所得结果为深入研究直流下油纸绝缘中局部放电机理、局放在线监测系统的频率特性以及放电类型的波形识别提供了实验依据。     

大气压介质阻挡高频放电三种模式的Lissajous图形

大气压介质阻挡放电存在多种放电模式。本文利用高频高压电源,分别进行了大气压氦气均匀的介质阻挡放电和大气压空气丝状介质阻挡放电的试验,通过测量外施电压、回路电流和拍摄ICCD短时曝光的放电图像,研究了氦气单脉冲辉光放电、多脉冲辉光放电和空气丝状放电的Lissajous图形特征。结果表明:两种辉光放电均起始于汤森放电,放电电流最大时为辉光放电;而丝状放电为流注放电。高频下辉光放电的Lissajous图形不同于工频的两条平行线,而是左右两边有一次曲线性阶跃的平行四边形;伪辉光放电的电流波形每半个周期内有几个电流脉冲,Lissajous图形中放电阶段对应的两条边就有几次曲线性阶跃;丝状放电的Lissajous图形近似为平行四边形。     

Effects of frequency and applied voltage on electrical treeing-induced discharges

A needle-plane electrode system was used to measure electrical treeing-induced discharges with a computer-aided partial-discharge measurement system. It was found that the time derivative of applied voltage (dv/dt) plays an important role in determining the occurrence of partial discharge (PD) and PD intensity is strongly determined by applied voltage. Based on the measurement results, a model for electrical treeing-induced discharges was proposed. The effects of applied voltage and frequency were also investigated by applying triangular voltage. The experimental results were compared with the proposed model. It was found that the model could explain the voltage and frequency dependence of electrical treeing-induced discharges. 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 118 (3): 1–12, 1997     

交直流复合电压下电晕放电实验研究(英文)

Converter transformers are one of the most important electrical apparatuses in the ultra high voltage(UHV) DC transmission systems.The valve side and the low voltage(LV) bushing are stressed by long-term AC and DC composite voltage leading to significant partial discharge(PD) and posing great danger to the insulation system.In this paper AC and DC composite voltage is applied on a metal needle-plate model to produce PD signal sequences,and then the pulse waveshape and frequency spectrum are analyzed and compared with PD signals under conventional AC or DC voltage.In the end,the phase-resolved distribution is analyzed to depict the new characteristics of PD under this composite voltage.     

Cluster pulse criteria for recognition of partial discharge

Statistical calculating programs simulating partial discharge appearance are developed and applied to evaluations of criteria for discrimination of the partial discharges from noises. According to the simulation, clusters of sequential pulses appear at the partial discharge inception voltage, and have never been utilized at the usual pattern recognition of the partial discharges. Two original indexes that are a pair pulse rate and a maximum sequential pulse rate are defined to describe the time sequential features of the partial discharge and their signal distinguishable capabilities from noises are evaluated. A new logical index describing the signal distinguishable capability of the usual ø-q pattern of the partial discharges from the noises also is proposed and compared with those of cluster pulses. The maximum sequential pulse rate gives most sensitive criteria in the bounds of calculating conditions. A 66-kV cross-linked polyethylene cable with an artificial defect is used to detect cluster pulses. By adding twice as many noise pulses as measured partial discharge pulses, the usual ø-q pattern criteria becomes powerless, but cluster pulse criteria are still informative for the recognition of the partial discharges.     

异型波电压下气隙缺陷的局部放电检测方法设计

设计了三种异型波,将其应用于含气隙缺陷的交联聚乙烯绝缘材料局部放电检测试验中,旨在探索一种便捷、无损、准确、可靠的针对气隙缺陷进行局部放电检测的方法。首先,制作了含气隙缺陷的绝缘试样模型,在工频交流电压下对气隙缺陷试样进行局部放电试验;其次,设计并制作了三种异型波,利用所设计的异型波对相同的试样进行局部放电试验;最后,对比分析了在工频交流电压及三种异型波电压下的局部放电试验结果。研究结果表明：不对称振荡波为检测含气隙缺陷绝缘试样的最佳异型波;异型波电压与交流电压下的放电等效性较好,最佳异型波电压下的局部放电起始放电电压更小、放电量更大、放电次数更多、相位分布更广。综上,异型波电压可用于提高局部放电检测的准确性,在去噪与无损检测等方面具有一定的优势。     

GIS局部放电常规检测和超声波检测方法的应用比较

介绍了几种GIS局部放电常用的检测技术,并应用常规脉冲电流检测法和超声波检测法对模拟的GIS运行中常见的几种典型缺陷,包括带电导体上尖端、壳体内壁上尖端、自由金属颗粒、悬浮电位、绝缘子内气泡以及黏附在绝缘子表面的金属颗粒等进行了检测。再通过对测试系统记录的放电脉冲和超声波脉冲的相位分布比较、不同缺陷在一定电压下的脉冲放电量大小比较,以及不同缺陷超声波脉冲有效值和周期峰值的特征和大小比较,总结得到在上述各种典型绝缘缺陷情况下,应用这两种检测方法所得波形和信号的主要特征,为超声波局部放电检测技术在GIS现场交流耐压试验和运行阶段的有效应用提供参考。     

油纸绝缘气隙模型局部放电特性试验研究

为了研究直流输电系统中换流变压器油纸绝缘的局部放电特性,设计构造了典型的油纸局部放电模型———气隙放电模型。针对同一模型分别施以交流电压、直流电压以及冲击衰减振荡电压,采用IEC 60270-2000推荐的脉冲电流法分别检测与分析该模型局部放电的不同特征参数。对比研究了在交流、直流及振荡冲击电压下油纸绝缘气隙放电模型的局部放电脉冲特征参量包括局部放电起始电压、熄灭电压、放电波形、放电水平、放电重复率等,对实现换流变压器的局部放电在线监测与绝缘状态综合评估有一定的指导意义。     

发电机变压器放电故障诊断的基础研究和应用

检测电气设备的局部放电(PD)信息,诊断绝缘故障,可避免严重后果.作为绕组类设备,当发电机和变压器内发生局部放电时,由于PD脉冲沿绕组的传播,在绕组两端检测得到的放电信号将被畸变.从工程应用的角度看,需要解决PD信号的检测和量化、PD源定位、故障模式判断及干扰抑制问题.因此,需要深入研究的基础内容包括:放电脉冲信号特征,脉冲沿绕组的传播规律,现场强烈电磁干扰的抑制,放电故障模式识别等.文中综合介绍国内外在以上各方面所取得的成果,并提出今后需进一步开展研究的几方面内容:基础研究成果的工程实用,远程诊断,多故障模式识别和模糊诊断等.     

Partial Discharge Detection with High‐Frequency Band through Resistance–Temperature Sensor of Hydropower Generator Stator Windings

In order to improve the signal to noise ratio for partial discharge (PD) detection using a resistance–temperature detector laid in the stator windings of a hydropower generator, the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is applied as a kind of time‐frequency analysis. Relying on the combination of frequency resolution and time resolution using an applied power voltage phase angle distribution, PDs occurring in voids of stator windings are expected to be found within a mixed environment of strong noise and confusable noise. Furthermore, we found that the CWT may make it possible to calibrate the PD charge quantity in a band of a few tens of MHz under favorable conditions, where calibration is usually difficult for generator stator windings.     

环氧绝缘内部气隙局部放电超声信号特性分析

建立了1套超声波法测量局部放电的试验系统,模拟了GIS环氧绝缘子内部扁平气隙放电,采用脉冲电流法和超声法对局部放电进行了测量和相互验证,分析了气隙缺陷的尺寸和施加电压变化对局放信号特性的影响。试验结果表明,超声法和脉冲电流法检测的结果均呈现出相似的、典型的PRPD(局放信号相位分布)谱图,并且由于施加电压增加,超声波信号幅值随着放电量的增大而增大,气隙缺陷的尺寸越大,则产生的初始放电量越大。研究结果为通过超声波法测量研究环氧介质内部放电特性提供了试验依据。     

高压电缆局部放电小波包 峰度法在线检测与定位

在利用双端行波法进行高压电缆局放在线检测与定位时,针对脉冲初至时刻拾取精度不高影响定位精度的问题,引入地震信号检测领域中的时变峰度法。首先利用时窗能量比检测局放事件,然后在确定的局放时窗内,通过计算时变峰度变化率并求其最大值点,初步实现脉冲初至时刻拾取。为了克服现场强噪声干扰对拾取精度的影响,利用小波包分离出局放脉冲所在的主要频带,并在此频带内求取时变峰度极大值,实现了局放脉冲初至时刻的高精度拾取。最后运用到达时间分析法实现局部放电源的在线精确定位。实验结果表明,该方法抗噪声干扰能力强,定位精度高,在-14 d B的噪声环境下定位误差小于2 m,能够满足高压电网对局放故障在线定位的精度要求,有效提高供电可靠性。     

Discharge characteristic investigation on surface discharge initiated by metallic particles attached to gas‐insulated substation insulator

The ultrahigh frequency (UHF) method is used for detecting the three kinds of surface discharges started by metallic particles on the spacer insulators in gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS). Three different designs of the same surface defect are applied to ensure the consistency of the results. The present experiments are made on a 220‐kV GIS, which is close to the actual situations to study the surface discharge characteristic. A measuring system for this purpose consists of an oscilloscope connected to UHF sensors. Partial discharge (PD) data was captured by UHF detection using an oscilloscope and stored as phase‐resolved pulse sequence (PRPS) data. Since PRPS data contain the complete information of the PD, PRPS analysis (PRPSA) pattern and three‐dimensional ϕ − q − n (3D PRPD) pattern can be calculated from the recorded PRPS datasets. The PRPSA data also allows us to obtain the actual test voltage (rms) of every cycle, the number of measuring cycles, and phase information of all PD pulses, together with their peak values, so that a statistical analysis of these data can be discussed. Besides, this paper also focuses on the frequency analysis and time–frequency analysis of the single‐pulse time‐domain signal. It is shown that the characteristic parameters obtained from the PRPS data, frequency spectrum, and time–frequency spectrum have the potential to be used as PD characteristic interpretation and further research on PD pattern identification. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于数字局部放电检测的大型电动机主绝缘老化特性的研究

大型电动机在长期的运行过程中,要遭受电,热,机械等多因子应力的联合作用,使主绝缘逐渐老化,为了研究主绝缘老化机理,评估其剩余寿命,需要对电动机定子线棒进行多因子应力综合老化试验,并寻找能反映主绝缘老化程度的特征参量;本文采用先进的数字局部放电检测技术对不同老化阶段的试样线棒进行了综合测试,分析了局部放电各参量与试样线棒老化程度的关系,给出了各种反映绝缘老化特性的指纹图形,测试结果表明,随着试样线棒的进一步老化,局部放电量,放电次数,放电能量呈增长趋势,最大放电脉冲相位产生偏移,其偏斜度由大变小,这为评定大型电动机主绝缘的剩余寿命提供了参考依据。     

振荡冲击电压下典型绝缘模型局部放电解析(英文)

The aim of this paper was to give an overview on partial discharges under oscillating impulse voltage.Three models(void in solid,needle-plate in air and oil) were presented,which describe the stochastic discharge process and represent internal discharges in solids and corona in air or silicon oil.Moreover,an air cored Rogowski coil and a sampling resistor for partial discharge(PD) measurement were developed and introduced in this paper.PD inception and extinction voltages(PDIV,PDEV) under single oscillating impulse voltage and AC voltage were investigated with different test samples.Experimental results firstly revealed that the PD inception voltage(PDIV) decreased with increasing applied voltage;secondly the PD inception voltage for three different insulating materials,showed an escalating trend with increasing frequency of the applied voltage.It was proven that the characteristics of PD under oscillating impulse voltage were identical to the features under AC voltage,which could be measured with the phase resolved partial discharge analysis(PRPDA) technique.Based on the reorganization and analysis of PDs under oscillating impulse voltage,the information about insulation defects was extracted from the measured data and used for estimating the risk of insulation failure of the equipment.