Stabilization of inter-area and/or oscillatory modes in large-scale power system by voltage impedance power system (VIPS) apparatus based on decentralized control scheme

New technologies such as power electronics have made it possible to change continuously the impedance of a power system not only to control power flow but also to enhance stability. A power system incorporating a variable impedance apparatus such as a variable series capacitor (VSrC) and high-speed phase shifter (HSPS) is called VIPS (Variable Impedance Power System) by the authors. This paper proposes a novel control method of VIPS apparatus such as VSrC and HSPS installed at an interconnecting point for stabilizing inter-area unstable and/or oscillatory modes. The proposed design method of the control system is a kind of hierarchical decentralized control method of a large-scale power system based on a Lyapunov function. Under the proposed control scheme, each subsystem can be stabilized independently by local controllers such as AVR, speed governor and PSS, and then the whole interconnected system can be stabilized by VIPS apparatus taking into account interactions between subsystems. The effectiveness and robustness of the VIPS apparatus control are shown by numerical examples with model systems including a large-scale power system.     

多机系统中励磁与SVC的协调控制

主要研究基于结构保持模型的多机电力系统的暂态稳定性。将连接与阻尼分配?无源控制方法进行从常微分方程到微分代数方程的拓展,求解一类仿射非线性微分代数系统的调节问题。并用所提方法设计多机系统中的发电机励磁与静止无功补偿器的协调控制器,不再拘泥于单机系统的协调控制研究。该方法充分利用整个系统的物理结构,通过引入电气与机械动态之间的耦合项进行能量整形,加强两者之间的联系,保证闭环系统的渐近稳定性。仿真结果说明了协调控制器在阻尼振荡和增强电压稳定性上的有效性。     

提高交直流系统暂态稳定性的最优变目标控制策略

提出一种用于改善交直流互联系统暂态稳定性的非线性控制策略。通过建立多机电力系统观测解耦状态空间模型，应用最优变目标控制策略推导出HVDC与发电机励磁的综合控制规律。该控制策略只需要当地实施控制，首先驱动系统达到按最大稳定域选择的人工中间稳定平衡点，然后才驱动系统到达所希望的稳定平衡点。仿真结果表明，该控制规律能较好地提高交直流互联系统的暂态稳定性。     

Robust coordinated design of multiple and multi-type damping controller using differential evolution algorithm

A robust coordination scheme to improve the stability of a power system by optimal design of multiple and multi-type damping controllers is presented in this paper. The controllers considered are power system stabilizer (PSS) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)-based controller. Local measurements are provided as input signals to all the controllers. The coordinated design problem is formulated as an optimization problem and differential evolution (DE) algorithm is employed to search for the optimal controller parameters. The performance of the proposed controllers is evaluated for both single-machine infinite-bus power system and multi-machine power system. Nonlinear simulation results are presented over a wide range of loading conditions and system configurations to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed coordinated design approach. It is observed that the proposed controllers provide efficient damping to power system oscillations under a wide range of operating conditions and under various disturbances. Further, simulation results show that, in a multi-machine power system, the modal oscillations are effectively damped by the proposed approach.     

Active and reactive power control of a VSC-HVdc

Voltage source converter-based HVdc (VSC-HVdc) systems have the ability to rapidly control the transmitted active power, and also to independently exchange reactive power with transmissions systems. Due to these characteristics, VSC-HVdcs with a suitable control scheme can offer an alternative means to enhance transient stability, to improve power oscillations damping, and to provide voltage support. In this paper, a VSC-HVdc is represented by a simple model, referred to as the injection model. Based on this model, an energy function is developed for a multi-machine power system including VSC-HVdcs. Furthermore, based on Lyapunov theory (control Lyapunov function) and small signal analysis (modal analysis), various control strategies for transient stability and damping of low-frequency power oscillations are derived.     

带电压调节功能的非线性鲁棒控制器

提出了一种既可增加多机电力系统暂态稳定性又可达到机端输出电压调节功能的非线性鲁棒控制器。该控制器由一个直接反馈线性化（DFL）控制器和一个比例积分（PI）控制器组成。DFL控制器用于降低多机电力系统的非线性程度以及各机之间的相互作用。所提控制器设计方法既可保证系统稳定性又可达到调节电压的目的,同时在实现时不需要测量发电机功角。仿真结果表明,所提出的方案可在很宽的运行范围内增加系统的阻尼及稳定性。     

Nonlinear decentralized disturbance attenuation excitation controlvia new recursive design for multi-machine power systems

In this paper, a new nonlinear decentralized disturbance attenuation excitation control for multi-machine power systems is proposed based on recursive design without linearization treatment. The proposed controller improves system robustness to dynamic uncertainties and also attenuates bounded exogenous disturbances on the system in the sense of L₂-gain. Computer test results on a 6-machine system show clearly that the proposed excitation control strategy can enhance transient stability of power systems more effectively than other excitation controllers     

基于分散控制理论的多机系统低频振荡抑制

常规的电力系统低频振荡抑制措施是在发电机励磁系统中加装电力系统稳定器(PSS),然而它在多机电力系统中的应用并没有充分的理论研究.将大系统分散控制原理应用于多机电力系统低频振荡抑制问题,只要分散阻尼控制器(DDC)的阶数足够高,分散闭环控制系统的低频振荡模态总可以在复平面内任意配置.分析了PSS与DDC的关系,论证了PSS是DDC的一种特殊形式,因而从理论上说明了DDC比PSS优越.将DDC的优化配置表示为一个带不等式约束的非光滑优化问题并用遗传算法求解.以新英格兰测试系统和我国西北电网为算例的计算结果表明,在发电机励磁系统中加装DDC是一种有效的低频振荡抑制新措施.     

Improved synergetic excitation control for transient stability enhancement and voltage regulation of power systems

This paper proposes decentralized improved synergetic excitation controllers (ISEC) for synchronous generators to enhance transient stability and obtain satisfactory voltage regulation performance of power systems. Each generator is considered as a subsystem, for which an ISEC is designed. According to the control objectives, a manifold, which is a linear combination of the deviation of generator terminal voltage, rotor speed and active power, is chosen for the design of ISEC. Compared with the conventional synergetic excitation controller (CSEC), a parameter adaptation scheme is proposed for updating the controller parameter online in order to improve the transient stability and voltage regulation performance simultaneously under various operating conditions. Case studies are undertaken on a single-machine infinite-bus power system and a two-area four-machine power system, respectively. Simulation results show the ISEC can provide better damping and voltage regulation performance, compared with the CSEC without parameter adaptation scheme and the conventional power system stabilizer.     

Enhancement of transient stability by fuzzy logic-controlled SMES considering communication delay

This paper presents a fuzzy logic-controlled superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) for the enhancement of transient stability in a multi-machine power system. The control scheme of SMES is based on a pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage source converter (VSC) and a two-quadrant DC–DC chopper using gate-turn-off (GTO) thyristor. Total kinetic energy deviation (TKED) of the synchronous generators is used as the fuzzy input for SMES control. Communication delays introduced in online calculation of the TKED are considered for the actual analysis of transient stability. Global positioning system (GPS) is proposed for the practical implementation of the calculation of the TKED. Simulation results of balanced fault at different points in a multi-machine power system show that the proposed fuzzy logic-controlled SMES is an effective device for transient stability enhancement of multi-machine power system. Moreover, the transient stability performance is effected by the communication delay.     

提升交流系统暂态稳定性的多端直流最优紧急功率控制

随着新能源在电力系统中的占比日益增大、系统有效惯量不断降低,交直流系统的暂态稳定性问题变得尤为突出。为解决交直流混联系统有效惯量降低、有效阻尼下降导致的功角稳定性问题,提出一种基于最优控制的多端直流(MTDC)系统的紧急功率调制方案。通过对直流潮流方程在电压平衡点处线性化,建立了含有直流网络功率调制控制的交直流混联系统模型。以发电机转子转速偏差和控制能耗最小为目标,考虑直流母线电压、直流电流、换流器功率等运行约束,得出最优控制律。基于三机九节点的交直流混联系统非线性数值仿真,表明所提控制方案在系统故障和负荷突变情况下均可有效抑制多机系统的第一摇摆,提高交直流系统的暂态稳定性。     

基于超导储能的暂态稳定控制器设计

设计了用于提高电力系统的暂态稳定超导储能(SMES)装置的非线性鲁棒控制器,并从数字仿真和动模实验两方面进行了验证。为了简化动态性能分析和控制器设计,在实验样机的基础上,提出了新的基于电流型变流器的SMES的动态模型,并将其转化为标幺制模型。通过外部干扰的引入,得到了装设SMES的单机无穷大系统的动态模型,并采用精确线性化方法和线性H∞控制理论设计了SMES的非线性鲁棒控制器。为了验证该控制器的效果,对装设SMES单机无穷大系统进行了数字仿真和动模实验,并将其与常规PI控制器进行了比较。仿真和实验结果都证明了非线性鲁棒控制器具有良好性能。     

An adaptive neuro-control approach for multi-machine power systems

We investigate an adaptive neuro-control approach, namely goal representation heuristic dynamic programming (GrHDP), and study the nonlinear optimal control on the multi-machine power system. Compared with the conventional control approaches, the proposed controller conducts the adaptive learning control and assumes unknown of the power system mathematic model. Besides, the proposed design can provide an adaptive reward signal that guides the power system dynamic performance over time. In this paper, we integrate the novel neuro-controller into the multi-machine power system and provide adaptive supplementary control signals. For fair comparative studies, we include the control performance with the conventional heuristic dynamic programming (HDP) approach under the same conditions. The damping performances with and without the conventional power system stabilizer (PSS) are also presented for comparison. Simulation results verify that the investigated neuro-controller can achieve improved performance in terms of the transient stability and robustness under different fault conditions.     

Time delay approach for PSS and SSSC based coordinated controller design using hybrid PSO–GSA algorithm

In this work we present a novel approach in order to improve the power system stability, by designing a coordinated structure composed of a power system stabilizer and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)-based damping controller. In the design approach various time delays and signal transmission delays owing to sensors are included. This is a coordinated design problem which is treated as an optimization problem. A new hybrid particle swarm optimization and gravitational search algorithm (hPSO–GSA) algorithm is used in order to find the controller parameters. The performance of single-machine infinite-bus power system as well as the multi-machine power systems are evaluated by applying the proposed hPSO–GSA based controllers (PSS and damping controller). Various results are shown here with different loading condition and system configuration over a wide range which will prove the robustness and effectiveness of the above design approach. From the results it can be observed that, the proposed hPSO–GSA based controller provides superior damping to the power system oscillation on a wide range of disturbances. Again from the simulation based results it can be concluded that, for a multi-machine power system, the modal oscillation which is very dangerous can be easily damped out with the above proposed approach.     

Transient stability enhancement using self adjusting-flexible variable series capacitor compensation

The paper presents a novel flexible, self-adjusting variable series capacitor compensation(VSrC) scheme to enhance transient stability of an interconnected AC system. The scheme is regulated by an error-driven, error-scaled non-linear transigmoid controller.     

Power system damping enhancement using unified power flow controller (UPFC)

The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) can inject voltage with controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with a transmission line. It can also generate or absorb controllable reactive power. UPFC is expected to be able to damp power system oscillations more effectively than power electronics devices such as SVG and TCSC. In this paper, a control system design of a UPFC for power system damping enhancement based on the eigenvalue control method is proposed. It is made clear that the best design method for the power system damping enhancement is to determine steady‐state values of the UPFC control variables and the control parameters of the UPFC such as gains and time constants simultaneously, because the controllability of UPFC depends on the steady‐state values of UPFC and the power flow condition. The effectiveness of the proposed control system taking into account UPFC inverter ratings is verified by digital time simulation. Furthermore the effects of the input signals to the UPFC controller on small‐signal stability and transient stability enhancement are studied, and it is made clear that UPFC controllers using global information are more effective for power system damping enhancement than those using local information because global information has stronger observability for power system oscillations than local information. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 133(3): 35–47, 2000     

含储能的两级光伏功率振荡抑制策略研究

功率振荡一直是电力系统亟待解决的稳定性问题,研究含储能的大容量光伏并网抑制电力系统功率振荡与当下能源发展方向相符。首先建立含储能的两级光伏并网模型,设计抑制功率振荡的控制策略,同时采用阻尼转矩分析推导该控制策略对系统阻尼影响的物理意义,以特征值法分析复杂的多机系统。搭建含储能的两级光伏并入单机和多机系统仿真模型,采用时域仿真和特征分析,验证了控制策略抑制功率振荡的有效性,在多机系统中对目标机组振荡抑制效果更明显,有效提高了系统的稳定性。     

Stabilization of power systems using a variable structure stabilizer

A new technique for improving the dynamic stability of power systems is presented. This new technique makes use of the variable structure system theory and employs the generator speed to obtain a stabilizing signal to increase the damping torque of the synchronous machine.Although modern voltage regulator and excitation systems with fast response and high ceiling voltage can improve the transient stability by increasing the synchronizing torque, their effect on the damping torque is rather small. Under certain operating conditions, when the system exhibits negative damping characteristics, the voltage regulator usually aggravates the situation by increasing the negative damping. Hence, instability may result. In order to reduce this undesirable effect, it is useful to introduce supplementary stabilizing signals to increase the damping torque of the synchronous machine.This paper proposes a variable structure stabilizer for generating the required stabilizing signal. Simulation results indicate that the proposed stabilizer yields better system dynamic performance than that obtained by using the conventional and linear optimal stabilizers in that the step responses have less overshoot and a shorter settling time.It is concluded that the new stabilizer can be used as an effective means of increasing the damping torque and hence improving the dynamic stability of the power system.     

Enhancing small‐signal and transient stability performances in power systems with integrated energy function and functional sensitivity

Small‐signal and transient stability of a power system can be improved by installing power system stabilizers (PSSs) inside the excitation controls of the generators. Nonetheless, designing and tuning the PSSs' parameters to suit all operating conditions is a complex and difficult task. Therefore, a new control scheme integrating the principles of the energy function and the functional sensitivity is proposed in this paper. The performance of this control scheme in terms of critical clearing time, simulated dynamic responses, and power oscillation damping was examined using the IEEJ West 10‐ machine test system. Test results reveal that the proposed scheme can improve both small‐signal and transient stability performances under various operating conditions and contingencies. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Damping enhancement of multimachine power system using adaptive generator control system with neural networks

The authors proposed a nonlinear adaptive generator control system with neutral networks for improving damping of power systems, and showed its effectiveness in a one-machine infinite bus test power system in a previous paper. The proposed neurocontrol system adaptively generates appropriate supplementary control signals to the conventional controllers such as the automatic voltage regulator and speed governor so as to enhance transient stability and damping of the power system. In this paper, the applicability of the proposed neurocontrol system to multimachine power systems is discussed. Digital time simulations are carried out for a 4-machine test power system, where one or several synchronous generators is equipped with the neurocontrol system. As a result, also in the multimachine power system, the proposed adaptive neurocontrol systems improve the system damping effectively and they work adaptively against the wide changes of the operating conditions and the network configuration.