Results of a monitoring program for the determination of the intake of copper, lead, cadmium, zinc and nickel with food

A monitoring programme was developed for the evaluation of the intake of Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, and Ni with food in a part of Sachsen-Anhalt. The results of this programme did not show great differences compared to the values found in other countries. The weekly intake of the elements with food have been published for this highly industrialised region during the period 1985-1989.     

Determination of the levels of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, and iron in selected foods

Vegetables from allotment gardens in the area of Kraków, from the trade (produced at a distance of about 25 km from Kraków), and from farms situated about 100 km from Kraków (control samples) were investigated by atom absorption spectroscopy. In the vegetables from the allotment gardens the levels of the determined elements were on an average several times higher (p less than 0.01) than that of the controls. In a few cases the maximum levels of some elements were near the admissible limit. Furthermore, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Fe were determined in pigs and cattle (muscle, kidney, liver). The average levels of Pb and Cd gave no reason for objection.     

Survey of lead, cadmium, iron, copper and zinc in Ka?ar cheese.

Lead, cadmium, iron, copper and zinc contents of Ka?ar cheese sold in the markets of Ankara, Turkey, were determined over 12 months. A total of 240 samples comprising 10 different brands were analysed. Graphite-furnace atomic absorption was employed for the determination of lead and cadmium, and flame atomic absorption for iron, copper and zinc. The mean (range) of the lead, cadmium, iron, copper and zinc content of the samples were 86 (10-421) microg kg(-1), 1.8 (0.3-8.3) microg kg(-1), 4.2 (1.0-14.1) mg kg(-1), 0.7 (0.3-1.6) mg kg(-1) and 37.7 (26.5-63.0) mg kg(-1), respectively. The samples in November, December and January contained higher amounts of lead than those in other months (p < 0.01). Moreover, important differences existed in lead content of the samples between different cheese producers (p < 0.01). The differences in cadmium and iron content of the samples for different months were important (p < 0.01). The iron content of the samples among manufacturers also varied significantly (p < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in copper and zinc contents of the samples over 12 months (p > 0.05). These findings suggested that some contamination occurred during milk production and/or manufacturing of cheese depending on the equipment used. For a consumption of 100 g Ka?ar cheese, one would ingest approximately 8.6 microg (4% of the provisional tolerable daily intake, PTDI) of lead, 0.2 microg (0.3%) of cadmium, 0.4 mg (0.9%) of iron, 0.07 mg (2%) of copper and 3.8 mg (6%) of zinc. Therefore, it was concluded that Ka?ar cheese is not a significant contributor to the intake of investigated heavy metals.     

Survey of iron,zinc, calcium,copper, lead,and cadmium in rice samples grown in Iran

In the present study ninety nine polished white rice samples were collected in three areas, all over Lorestan Province located in the west of Iran, and analysed for six elements by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). For individual elements, Zinc (Zn) showed the highest concentration among the analysed essential elements with a mean of 28.6 mg kg^?1 and next to copper (Cu) of 22.8 mg kg^?1. Analysis of the essential and toxic elements for possible inter-area variation by ANOVA showed that there are significant differences between the areas. There was no significant difference between areas for Zn concentrations. Most of the samples nearly contained world wide average concentration of iron (Fe) and Zn in rice grains that were reported by various researches. But, the content of calcium (Ca) in the rice samples produced in Lorestan Province were much lower than other countries, meanwhile Cu concentrations were much higher than other studies. Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) concentrations in the sampled rice were lower in comparison with their upper limits (0.1 and 0.2 mg kg^?1 for Cd and Pb, respectively) approved by Iranian Ministry of Health. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no health problems result from Lorestan rice consumption, for these two elements.     

Daily dietary iron, zinc and copper intake of infants in Belgium

Daily dietary iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) intake in healthy toddlers in the Antwerp region of Belgium, aged 2-3 years, have been evaluated by duplicate portion sampling and compared with weighed food and food composition tables. The elemental content was analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry after acid destruction and heating in a microwave oven. We found a discrepancy between the two methods of intake calculation. Since we found that duplicate portion sampling and analysis, although labour-intensive, is the most accurate way of estimating intake, we selected the values obtained by that method to compare with literature data. Mean Fe intake (4.8ǂ.2 mg/day) was low compared with intakes from most other countries, and far below the population reference intake (PRI) for Belgium and the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) value (10 mg/day). For Zn, mean intake (7.5DŽ.6 mg/day) was higher than in most other countries and above the recently revised PRI for Belgium (4 mg/day). The mean intake of Cu (0.7ǂ.2 mg/day) was found to be similar to those found for most other countries, was far above the PRI for this element (0.4 mg/day) and was at the lower end of the RDA range (0.7-1.0 mg/day). The intake of Cu and Zn by the healthy toddler population in the Antwerp region seems to be adequate, while intake of Fe is critically low.     

Estimation of iron, copper, zinc and manganese intake from duplicate diets provided by hospitals in Poland, 1993-96

Daily intakes of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) from whole-day food rations composed by dieticians and collected in hospital canteens in Krakow, Lodz, Olsztyn and Poznan, Poland, in the winters of 1993/94, 1995 and 1996, were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The average intake of Fe, 14 mg day^-1, was satisfactory for both women and men; 13 mg Zn fulfilled the safe level for women (taken as the recommended minimum level to meet the needs of 97.5% of the population) but it was too low for men, and 1.3 mg Cu corresponded to 65-72% of the safe level set for this microelement in Poland. There is no recommended level set in Poland for Mn, but compared with recommended levels in Germany and the USA, the determined daily Mn intake equal to 3.7 mg should be sufficient. Statistical analysis confirmed higher amounts of Zn and Mn in diets collected in Krakow, higher Cu content in diets from 1996, and lower Mn content in food collected in 1995.     

Determination of zinc,cadmium, lead and copper in wines by potentiometric stripping analysis

A method for determination of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in wines by means of potentiometric stripping analysis (PSA) is described. Cadmium, lead and copper are determined directly, whereas the zinc determination is possible only after the wine samples decomposition. The results for five red and white Yugoslav wines are given. The contents of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in analyzed samples were in the range of 0.16 — 0.79, 0.010 — 0.045, 0.13 — 0.27 and 0.10 —0.46 mg/l, respectively. The contents of the all analyzed metals were below the maximum ordered by the Yugoslav law.     

Estimation of available copper,iron, manganese and zinc in soils using cation-exchange resin

Studies on the extractability of available Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in soils using cation-exchange resin were carried out. A procedure involving the shaking of 5 g soil with 5 g of resin in 200 ml deionised water for 2 h at 25 ± 1°C followed by colorimetric determination of the micronutrient elements in solution was adopted. This was compared with known chemical extraction methods in the prediction of availability to Phaseolus mungo as test plant. Correlation analysis showed that the method successfully indicated the availability of Cu, Mn and Zn but was not sensitive enough for the prediction of the availability of Fe. The proposed method is simple, convenient and compares favourably with the chemical extractants in the prediction of availability of Cu, Mn and Zn.     

ICP-AES法同时测定葡萄酒中的铁、锰、铅和铜

对测定葡萄酒中铁、锰、铅和铜的样品预处理方法和检测条件进行了研究。在预处理过程中采用水浴蒸干和微波灰化相结合的方法,大大减少了金属元素的损失。运用ICP-AES同时测定铁、锰、铅和铜,加标回收率为89.8%～102.6%,精密度为1.83%～4.96%,结果较为满意。     

Comparison of atmospheric deposition of copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, and cadmium recorded by Finnish peat cores with monitoring data and emission records

This study aims to determine the extent to which the accumulation rates of Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, and Cd in peat cores agree with established histories of atmospheric emission from local pointsources. Metals accumulating in three Finnish peat cores with known metal deposition histories have been measured using inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry. Samples were age-dated using both 210Pb and 14C (bomb pulse curve). At the Outokumpu (OUT) site as well as the low-background site Hietaj?rvi (HIJ), 210Pb age dates are in excellent agreement with the 14C bomb pulse curve method results, and the precision is between 1 and 10 years for most of the samples; at the Harjavalta (HAR) site, precision is > 6 years. Mean regional "background" concentrations have been calculated from deeper peat layers of the HIJ site (microg g(-1)): Cu, 1.3 +/- 0.2 (n = 62); Co, 0.25 +/- 0.04 (n = 71); Cd, 0.08 +/- 0.01 (n = 23); and Zn, 4 +/- 2 (n = 40). For layers accumulated within the past 100 years, accumulation rates (ARs) have been calculated. At sites with < 0.06 g m(-2) cumulative Ni inventory (HIJ and OUT), ARs of Cu and Co trace the known metal deposition histories very well. At HAR, where metal inventories are much greater, Cu and Co are mobile. ARs of Zn were between 3 and 30 mg m(-2) year(-1) and those of Cd between 24 and 140 microg m(-2) year(-1) at all sites and are independent of the chronology of their inputs from the atmosphere.     

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver and kidney of swedish pigs and cattle

Summary The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium were determined in samples of meat, liver and kidney from pigs and cattle from Swedish slaughterhouses. The results have been compared with those reported from other investigations carried out in recent years. For zinc, copper, manganese and selenium, the mean levels found in the different tissues were very similar to those reported in previous studies. The mean levels of chromium and nickel were found to be in the range <0.010–0.015 mg/kg, regardless of the type of tissue. Cobalt levels ranged from 0.001 to 0.043 mg/kg, the highest levels being in the liver samples. The mean levels of aluminium were between 0.024 and 0.068 mg/kg. Tissues from cattle contained approximately twice as much aluminium as tissues from pigs. Analytical quality assurance was carried out by analysing standard reference materials. A great effort was made to minimize and check contamination. This may partly explain the fact that the levels of chromium, nickel, and aluminium found in the present study are among the lowest reported.

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Gehalt an Zink, Kupfer, Mangan, Selen, Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt und Aluminium in Fleisch, Leber und Nieren von schwedischen Schweinen und Rindvieh

Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Gehalt an Zink, Kupfer, Mangan, Selen, Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt und Aluminium in Fleisch, Leber und Nieren vom Schwein und Rind aus schwedischen Schlachthäusern bestimmt. Diese Ergebnisse wurden mit denen anderer Untersuchungen verglichen. Die Durchschnittswerte für Zink, Kupfer, Mangan und Selen in verschiedenen Geweben waren ungefähr die gleichen wie in früheren Untersuchungen; die für Chrom und Nickel lagen alle im Intervall <0,010 bis zu 0,015 mg/kg, unabhängig von der Art der Gewebe, und die für Kobalt zwischen 0,001 und 0,043 mg/kg, mit den höchsten Werten in der Leber. Für Aluminium ergaben sich Durchschnittswerte zwischen 0,024 und 0,068 mg/kg, wobei die Gewebe vom Rind ungefahr doppelt so viel Aluminium enthalten wie die Gewebe vom Schwein. Die analytische Qualitätskontrolle wurde mit Referenzmaterial durchgeführt. Viel Arbeit wurde zur Minimierung und Kontrolle der Kontamination aufgewendet. Das kann zu einem Teil erklären, daß die Werte von Chrom, Nickel und Aluminium unserer Untersuchung zu den niedrigsten bisher veröffentlichten Werten gehören.

     

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver and kidney of swedish pigs and cattle

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium were determined in samples of meat, liver and kidney from pigs and cattle from Swedish slaughterhouses. The results have been compared with those reported from other investigations carried out in recent years. For zinc, copper, manganese and selenium, the mean levels found in the different tissues were very similar to those reported in previous studies. The mean levels of chromium and nickel were found to be in the range less than 0.010-0.015 mg/kg, regardless of the type of tissue. Cobalt levels ranged from 0.001 to 0.043 mg/kg, the highest levels being in the liver samples. The mean levels of aluminium were between 0.024 and 0.068 mg/kg. Tissues from cattle contained approximately twice as much aluminium as tissues from pigs. Analytical quality assurance was carried out by analysing standard reference materials. A great effort was made to minimize and check contamination. This may partly explain the fact that the levels of chromium, nickel, and aluminium found in the present study are among the lowest reported.     

Cadmium, mercury, iron, copper, manganese and zinc in the liver and kidney of the Icelandic lamb

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of cadmium, mercury, iron, copper, manganese and zinc in lamb liver and kidney from six areas in Iceland and to compare the results against aerial deposition data for the same elements obtained using moss as an indicator organism. The total number of samples was 96 for each organ. Cadmium was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, mercury by coldvapour atomic absorption, and iron, copper, manganese and zinc by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry. Analysis of variance determined significance differences among means for areas, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to study correlation among trace elements in liver and kidney. The mean fresh weight concentrations in lamb liver and kidney respectively were 0.045 and 0.058mg kg -1 for cadmium, 0.009 and 0.012mgkg -1 for mercury, 141 and 52.7mgkg -1 for iron, 28.1 and 2.89mgkg -1 for copper, 4.01 and 1.13mgkg -1 for manganese and 48.7 and 25.2mgkg -1 for zinc. Concentrations of cadmium, mercury and copper in the liver and kidney of the Icelandic lamb were low compared with data from other countries. Iron concentrations in the organs, however, were high. No sample exceeded 46% of the proposed maximum level for cadmium in organs for human consumption in the EC. Cadmium, mercury, iron and copper in the liver and kidney differed significantly between areas. Deposition of cadmium and copper in moss was not a useful indicator in the evaluation of the susceptibility of the Icelandic lamb to accumulation of cadmium and cop per. However, iron levels in Icelandic lamb liver showed the same pattern as results for iron from the moss study. The cadmium and mercury levels of organs from lambs grazing in the vicinity of Mount Hekla a few months after its eruption did not indicate a significant contamination from volcanic activity.     

Aluminium,nickel, cadmium and lead in candy products and assessment of daily intake by children in Spain

Aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) levels in a total of 263 samples of 12 types of candies widely consumed in Spain, were evaluated. Samples were analysed using an ICP-MS method after acidic sample mineralization. Concentration ranges of Al, Ni, Cd and Pb were 21.28–62.91 µg g^?1, 0.40–1.27 µg g^?1, 0.12–1.01 µg g^?1 and 1.03–7.14 µg g^?1, respectifgvely. Statistically significant positive correlations were calculated between concentrations of Ni–Al and Pb–Cd (p-values < 0.05). Taking into consideration the relatively high metal content, together with the high caloric density of these products, as well as high content of particular nutrients such as sugars that can induce development of certain pathologies like obesity and caries, indicate that frequent consumption of candy products is not recommended.     

The dietary significance of adventitious iron, zinc, copper and lead in domestically prepared food

The uptake of iron, zinc, copper and lead by food cooked under domestic conditions in utensils made of different metals (cast iron, aluminium, plain and tinned copper) was investigated. It was found that the metal content of the food was generally related to the metal in immediate contact with the food during cooking. Daily dietary intake could vary from 11 to 6 mg of iron, 11 to 9 mg of zinc, 2 to 1 mg of copper and 0.4 to 0.1 mg of lead, depending on the cooking utensils used. Dietary intake of the metals was also related to sources and domestic practices regarding water supply. Consistent use of municipal water from a domestic hot water system could contribute a daily intake of 32 mg iron, 29 mg zinc and 12 mg copper. Rainwater stored in a galvanized iron tank could provide 23 mg of zinc per day when used for domestic purposes. The nutritional and toxicological significance of such adventitious sources of metals in the diet are discussed. The need to consider them when investigating the metal intake of individuals is stressed.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定花粉、人参、黄芪中微量钴、铜、锰、锶和锌

介绍了采用微波消解试样,电感耦合等离子体质谱仪直接测定花粉、人参、黄芪中微量钴、铜、锰、锶、锌的方法.该方法操作简单、快速,检出限低,准确度好.为进一步研究花粉、人参、黄芪与微量钴、铜、锰、锶、锌的关系.提供了很好的分析方法和信息.     

Toxicity of silver, zinc, copper, and nickel to the copepod Acartia tonsa exposed via a phytoplankton diet

Toxicity tests were conducted with the marine copepod Acartia tonsa to assess the effects of dietary metal exposure. The diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana was cultured with Ag, Zn, Cu, or Ni and used as diets for adult A. tonsa over a 7-d exposure, and copepod survival and reproduction were measured throughout the exposure period. For all metals, reproduction was the most sensitive endpoint, with 20% effect concentrations (EC(20)s) corresponding to exposures of T. pseudonana to 0.64, 0.3, 1.2, and 2.4 microg/L for Ag, Zn, Cu, and Ni, respectively. The corresponding metal concentrations in the algae added to copepod test solutions (EC(20)s) were 5.44, 0.55, 22.3, and 15.3 microg/g for Ag, Zn, Cu, and Ni, respectively. None of the applied metal concentrations influenced algal growth. The results of this study have potential implications for water quality criteria considering that the estimated EC(20)s fall below the current criteria of 3, 86, 3, and 8.3 microg/L for Ag, Zn, Cu, and Ni, respectively.