Use of Defatted Corn Germ Flour in Pasta Products

Macaroni was produced from commercial durum semolina blended with 10, 20, and 30% defatted corn germ meal. The effect of germ supplementation on chemical composition, physical properties of dough, cooking characteristics, mechanical properties, and panel acceptability of macaroni were studied. Addition of corn germ meal resulted in longer mixing time of the dough, higher farinograph water absorption, higher protein content of the products and improvement of amino acids pattern. Optimum cooking time and percent increase in weight of cooked macaroni decreased with increasing levels of wheat substitution. Enrichment with germ flour had no effect on flavor and texture of conventional macaroni evaluated by taste panels; it greatly affected physical measurements of cooked product texture causing an increase of firmness.     

Effect of biochemical constituents on macaroni quality. I.—Differences between hard red spring and durum wheats

Durum semolina and farina from hard red spring wheat were fractionated into starch, gluten, watersoluble fraction and sludge. By systematic interchange of the various fractions, a series of reconstituted ‘flours’ was formed. Macaroni was made from these reconstituted materials and the colour and cooking characteristics of these macaroni samples were evaluated. In this way, differences in the effects of the four fractions from the two wheat types on macaroni quality were studied. Macaroni made from durum wheat had superior colour, higher cooked weight, greater residue and lower firmness score than macaroni made from hard red spring wheat. Interchange of gluten and water-soluble fractions had the most pronounced effect on macaroni colour and on macaroni cooking characteristics. Interchange of starch and sludge fractions had no effect on colour and only a small effect on cooking quality.     

Mango peel powder: A potential source of antioxidant and dietary fiber in macaroni preparations

Antioxidants like phenolics and carotenoids both as additives in foods or pharmaceutical supplements can scavenge reactive oxygen species and protect against degenerative diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases. Mango peel, which is a by-product obtained during processing of mango products such as mango pulp and amchur, is currently discarded and thus, causing environmental pollution. In the present study, mango peel was incorporated into macaroni at three different levels (2.5, 5.0, 7.5%) and studied its effect on the cooking properties, firmness, nutraceutical and sensory characteristics of macaroni. The total dietary fiber content in macaroni increased from 8.6 to 17.8%. The content of polyphenols increased from 0.46 to 1.80 mg/g and carotenoid content increased from 5 to 84 μg/g of macaroni with 7.5% incorporation of mango peel powder. The macaroni products incorporated with mango peel exhibited improved antioxidant properties. The cooking loss of macaroni increased from 5.84 to 8.71%, and the firmness increased from 44 to 73.45 gf upon incorporation of mango peel powder. Incorporation of 5% mango peel powder into semolina yielded macaroni with acceptable quality. Thus, the results suggest that by incorporating mango peel powder, it is possible to enhance the nutritional quality of macaroni without affecting its cooking, textural and sensory properties.Industrial relevanceMango is one of the important tropical fruits. As mango is a seasonal fruit, it is processed into various products and during its processing, huge amount of peel is generated as a by-product and its disposal is a major problem. The peel constitutes about 15–20% of the fresh fruit. The peel contains various bioactive compounds and the peel extract exhibited potential antioxidant properties. In the present study, mango peel was incorporated into macaroni at three different levels and found that incorporation up to a 5% level into the formulation of macaroni yielded an acceptable product with improved nutraceutical properties. Thus, mango peel, a waste from mango industry can be utilized for the preparation of macaroni with improved nutritional properties.     

转谷氨酰胺酶对玉米面团加工特性的影响

考察不同转谷氨酰胺酶(TGase)添加量对玉米面团(玉米粉添加量质量分数为30%)的流变特性、微观结构、保水力和质构性质的影响,并对所制面条的烹调损失率进行分析。结果表明,当酶的添加量为50~150 U/g面粉时,玉米面团的弹性模量和黏性模量显著增加;保水力增加了32.6%~46.4%;质构分析结果表明,玉米鲜湿面条的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性显著增加,咀嚼性增加了1.56~6.11倍。扫描电镜分析结果表明,玉米面团的微观结构发生了变化,表现为蛋白质发生了交联的同时,淀粉的分布状态也发生了改变。蒸煮得率从194%提高到206%。可以看出,添加TGase有利于改善玉米面团及所制面条的品质。     

Response surface optimization for cellulose production from agro industrial waste by using new bacterial isolate <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gluconacetobacter xylinus</Emphasis> C18

In the present investigation, a low-cost medium prepared from molasses and corn steep liquor was used for the bacterial cellulose production by using an isolated bacterial strain. This bacterium, identified as Gluconacetobacter xylinus C18, was isolated from Indian fruit waste (rotten grapes). The process of cellulose production from the isolated bacterial strain was optimized using response surface methodology based on the central composite rotatable design. The optimum parameters for maximum bacterial cellulose production (4.34 g/L) obtained were sugarcane molasses concentration 10.77% (w/v) supplemented with 12.47% (v/v) corn steep liquor concentration at 31 °C, pH 6.5, and incubation time of 172 h. The structure of cellulose was characterized and confirmed by using SEM and FT-IR spectroscopy.     

SEMOLINA AND HYDRATION LEVEL DURING EXTRUSION AFFECT QUALITY OF FRESH PASTA CONTAINING FLAXSEED FLOUR

Flaxseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) is an emerging food ingredient because of its several health benefits. Research was conducted to determine the effects of semolina, hydration level during extrusion and flaxseed flour concentration on the physical and cooking characteristics of freshly extruded pasta. The appearance of fresh pasta reflected the appearance of the ingredients. Fresh pasta became darker and redder as flaxseed flour concentration increased. Flaxseed flour did not affect cooking loss or water absorption during cooking of fresh pasta. However, flaxseed flour reduced the cooked firmness of fresh pasta by decreasing the dough strength. The cooked firmness of fresh pasta containing flaxseed flour was improved by using a semolina that makes a strong dough rather than a weak dough, and by extruding at a low (29%) compared to high (31%) hydration level.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Research results reported in this article would be useful in the development of a processing protocol for fresh pasta containing flaxseed flour and possibly other nontraditional ingredients. The results provide support for the need to use a strong dough-forming semolina and to extrude the semolina–flaxseed flour mixture at a low hydration level (29%) in order to produce a fresh pasta that has desirable cooking/cooked properties.     

Technological properties and non-enzymatic browning of white lupin protein enriched spaghetti

Spaghetti was prepared by replacing semolina with different amounts of lupin protein, in order to increase the protein content. A detailed investigation of the rheological properties of the dough and the cooking quality of pasta was performed in comparison to standard semolina spaghetti. Moreover, the effect of the addition of lupin protein on non-enzymatic browning was evaluated by measuring ε-furoylmethyllysine (furosine) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde (HMF), which are considered useful indices of semolina quality and pasta processing conditions. Dried spaghetti fortified with 5% of lupin protein isolate has a colour and rheological features comparable with the semolina sample and also the behaviour during cooking results to be satisfactory. As far as the thermal damage is concerned, the furosine values of fortified spaghetti differ only marginally from standard pasta and the percentage lysine loss is quite small (ranging from 12.1% to 15.7%).     

增效因子对木醋杆菌产细菌纤维素发酵液中物质变化的影响

在木醋杆菌（Acetobacter xylinum）产细菌纤维素（BC）培养基中,添加一定量的增效因子,考察增效因子椰子水、玉米浆、Tween-80、羧甲基纤维素（CMC）、烟酸和生物素对发酵液中细菌纤维素产量、总糖、总酸和有机酸含量的影响。结果表明,10%玉米浆及60%椰子水对细菌纤维素产量的增效作用最强,细菌纤维素产量分别为8.534 g/L、6.008 g/L,与空白组相比,分别增加了4.67、2.99倍;添加60%椰子水,可以促进总糖含量降低,有利于木醋杆菌合成BC。添加各增效因子后发酵液内总酸含量变化基本一致,整体均呈下降的趋势。10%玉米浆试验组有机酸含量最高,且其中葡萄糖酸、乳酸、乙酸和丁二酸等主体酸所占比例大,这与10%玉米浆对BC产量较为明显的增效作用有一定关系。     

有机氮源对谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵L-缬氨酸的影响

以L-缬氨酸生产菌谷氨酸棒杆菌XV0505为供试菌株,研究有机氮源对L-缬氨酸发酵的影响,确定了玉米浆代替豆饼水解液作为有机氮源的发酵工艺,降低了发酵成本;考察不同玉米浆浓度对谷氨酸棒杆菌XV0505发酵生产L-缬氨酸过程中生物量、耗糖速率、L-缬氨酸产量、副产物积累及氨消耗等方面影响,确定了玉米浆的适宜添加浓度;考察了玉米浆与生物素不同配比对L-缬氨酸分批发酵过程的影响,确定了最适生物素添加浓度。与原工艺相比,新工艺的菌体生物量及产酸提高了13.2%和18.5%。     

木醋杆菌合成细菌纤维素增效因子的筛选

研究了椰子水、玉米浆、Tween-80、羟甲基纤维素（CMC）、烟酸、生物素、咖啡因和海藻酸钠8种物质对木醋杆菌（Acetobacter xylinum）合成细菌纤维素的作用。结果表明,椰子水、玉米浆、Tween-80、CMC、烟酸和生物素对木醋杆菌合成细菌纤维素有促进作用,最适添加量分别为60%、10%、0.8 g/L、4 g/L、1.0 mg/L、25 mg/L,在最适添加量下细菌纤维素产量分别是6.008 g/L、8.534 g/L、2.256 g/L、2.044 g/L、2.842 g/L、3.118 g/L,比起产量为1.506 g/L的空白组有显著增效效果,而其增效作用从大到小依次为玉米浆、椰子水、生物素、烟酸、Tween-80、CMC,海藻酸钠的增效效果不明显,而咖啡因有一定的抑制作用。     

Microwave assisted drying of short-cut (ditalini) macaroni: Drying characteristics and effect of drying processes on starch properties

Macaroni samples were dried by conventional hot air, microwave alone and hot air followed by microwave drying methods. The drying of macaroni samples took place in the falling rate period. Higher drying rates were observed with a higher microwave power level. A diffusion model was employed to fit the experimental drying data in order to characterize the drying rate of samples. Drying only with microwave energy (70 and 210 W) or hot air–microwave energy (70 and 210 W) resulted in substantial shortening of the drying time. The reduction was 61.8%, 87.3%, 61% and 78%, respectively, of the time to dry with hot air. All starch granules of semolina and hot air dried macaroni displayed a clear “Maltese cross” under polarized light. Starch granules of macaroni samples dried with microwave (70–210 W) and combined hot air–microwave (70–210 W) had irregular shapes but retained birefringence in about half or whole of each granule. The starch gelatinization enthalpies of macaroni samples dried with hot air, microwave alone (70 and 210 W) and combined hot air and microwave (70 and 210 W) drying were lower than that of semolina sample. This confirms that starch is not completely gelatinized during drying.     

Effect of wheat germ addition on the microbiological quality,in vitro protein digestibility,and gelatinization behavior of macaroni

Macaroni was produced from semolina blended with 15% raw and microwaved wheat germ. Samples were stored at room temperature and monitored over one year of storage in terms of their sensory attributes, microbial count, in vitro protein digestibility, and gelatinization phenomena. Small but significant differences between the sensory attributes of the blended samples and those of control macaroni samples were found using the triangle test, and these differences didnt change significantly after a year of storage. Supplementing semolina with raw and microwaved wheat germ resulted in macaroni that gave similar results to control macaroni in terms of in vitro protein digestibility. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the extent of gelatinization of the starch in the macaroni samples. Two endothermic transitions were observed. Significant changes in the gelatinization of the semolina and macaroni were observed after the addition of raw and microwaved wheat germ. Control macaroni had higher onset (T_o1) and peak (T_p1) temperatures, as well as a narrower gelatinization range (T₁), and a lower gelatinization enthalpy (H₁) than the control semolina. Addition of raw and microwaved wheat germ to the macaroni increased T_o1, but lowered the T₁ and H₁ values of the macaroni significantly. The nature of the second endothermic DSC peak indicated an increase in the amylose-lipid complexation (H₂) in the macaroni after enrichment with raw and microwaved wheat germ.     

Pasta noodles enriched with sweet potato starch: Impact on quality parameters and resistant starch content

This research is focusing on the texture, rheology, and sensory properties of pasta products enriched with the sweet potato starch (SPS) as well as on the content of resistant starch (RS) in these products. SPS was extracted from orange sweet potatoes using 1 mol. L⁻¹ Sodium chloride solution. Durum wheat flour semolina was partially supplemented with 10, 20, and 30% (w/w) by SPS in the pasta formulation and the influence of enrichment on the cooking quality, mechanical and sensory properties, and the color was observed. SPS addition resulted in decreased water absorption and shorter dough development time, but the stability of the dough was also decreased. The optimum cooking time for pasta was reduced, but only slightly, on the other side, the swelling index increased, which negatively impacted on the firmness of the products. Increasing of the SPS content also resulted in higher stickiness values for pasta. When up to 20% of wheat flour was replaced, the color of finished products was less acceptable. In the products, the resistant and total starch content were determined. Pasta cooking resulted in the reduction of RS content, which was then increased by storing products for 24 hr. It can be concluded that the substitution of part of semolina flour with SPS increased the level of RS, but on the other side, it caused some significant differences from the quality of pasta made from semolina only.     

The in vitro protein digestibility,microbiological quality and gelatinization behaviour of macaroni as affected by cowpea flour addition

Cowpeas were germinated, fermented, cooked, ground to flour and added to standard durum wheat semolina at 20% (w/w) level for macaroni production. Macaroni samples were analysed for in vitro protein digestibility, microbial count (total bacteria, mould and yeast) and gelatinization behaviour over a 6-month storage period at room temperature (<25 °C). Starch gelatinization behaviour of the samples was analysed using differential scanning calorimetry. Supplementing semolina with cowpea flour did not have a significant affect on in vitro protein digestibilities or aerobic plate counts of macaroni samples (p < 0.05). There was a small but significant increase in mold and yeast counts after 6 months of storage in cowpea treated samples. Two endothermic peaks were observed with significant differences in ΔH values of control and cowpea treated macaroni samples. The transition peak (T_p) temperatures were in the range of 66.9–67.9 and 86.9–100.4 °C for the first and second peaks, respectively. The transition enthalpies (ΔH) were in the range 2.41–4.21 and 1.71–3.86 J/g for the first and second peaks, respectively.     

Use of a toasted durum whole meal in the production of a traditional Italian pasta: chemical, mechanical, sensory and image analyses

The characterisation of traditional Italian pasta obtained by mixing amounts of toasted whole meal with re-milled semolina and other ingredients was obtained by means of physico-chemical, rheological, mechanical, sensory and image analyses. The toasted meal showed higher ash, fibre and protein contents than re-milled semolina. The replacement of percentages of re-milled semolina with the toasted meal and soft flour increased tenacity and decreased extensibility and strength, making the dough less suitable for pasta-making. The P / L values were indices of high starch damage. The replacement of part of re-milled semolina and water with toasted whole wheat meal, soft flour and eggs increased the optimal cooking time and the amount of water absorbed during cooking but made the other cooking parameters worse. The image analysis provided evidence of the changes induced by the use of toasted wholemeal, soft flour and eggs in the microscopic structure of pasta protein and starch.     

Cooking behaviour and acceptability of composite pasta made of semolina and toasted or partially defatted soy flour

The effects of the replacement of increasing amounts of semolina with toasted or partially defatted soy flour on dough rheological indices and spaghetti quality were evaluated. The replacement caused the dough weakening and the increase of the tenacity-extensibility ratio. Due to the competition of soy proteins and starch for water, the substitution of increasing amounts of semolina was able to increase the optimal cooking time without significant changes of the ratio between the increase in weight or diameter and the weight or diameter of dry spaghetti (ΔP/P and ΔD/D) but with a significant slowing of the ΔL/L (ratio between the increase in length and the length of dry spaghetti) increase during overcooking. Around the optimal cooking time, the release of organic matter was higher in pasta made exclusively of semolina whereas the sensory response was similar for control and composite spaghetti. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between protein content of the flour mixtures or dough alveographic indices and the cooking behaviour of semolina-soy spaghetti according to non-linear regression models. In particular, both protein content and alveographic indices allowed to predict approximately 92-94% of the variation of cooking losses and, in a lower measure, the variation of bulkiness and elasticity of semolina-soy spaghetti.     

Temperature-induced changes in dough elasticity as a useful tool in defining the firmness of cooked pasta

Semolina with high protein content and strong gluten is recognized as the best raw-material for pasta-products with a good cooking quality, while little consideration has been given to semolina dough elasticity when heating is applied. In this research, a new technique was developed by adapting the Glutograph (Brabender GmbH&Co., Duisburg, Germany) to measure the changes in elasticity induced by heating on a sheeted dough. The information obtained by this procedure was related to the firmness of cooked pasta. Starting from semolina of four durum wheat varieties with differences in protein quantity and quality, dough samples were prepared in a Farinograph at a hydration level of 35 %. Each dough was sheeted by a home-made pasta machine, obtaining disks of 5 cm diameter and 2.1 mm thickness. Stretching (10 s) and relaxation (30 s) cycles were applied repeatedly during the test time, while dough temperature was increased from 30 to 90 °C at 1.2 °C/min. For each peak recorded, stretching and recovery values were calculated and plotted against sample temperature. Both stretching and recovery curves were integrated and the loss of elasticity was calculated. Results showed as high elasticity loss during heating is related to low firmness of the related cooked pasta.     

Optimising process for making pasta from maize in admixture with durum wheat

Processing conditions for making pasta from blends of maize (Zea mays L) flour and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf) semolina (ratio 66:33 w) were studied. The maize mill stream characteristics determined the quality of the maize pasta; flours with low lipid content and very fine granulometry produced pasta with good colour characteristics and high cooking quality (with especially good surface conditions). The use of white maize varieties was preferred; they produced pasta which, after heat treatment, had colour indices close to those of durum wheat pasta. Extrusion conditions affected the colour characteristics and cooking quality of the pasta. The cooking qualities of macaroni products were better than those of spaghetti. In all cases, heat treatment (90°C for 2 h) improved the cooking quality of the pasta: it reduced cooking losses but did not alter the surface condition and viscoelasticity index.     

Effect of soyflour supplementation on the quality of cooked noodles

Noodles were prepared from semolina of durum and aestivum wheats and flour of aestivum with or without 10% of different types of full fat soyflour (i.e. enzyme active, conventional and roasted soyflour) and defatted soyflour. Cooked weight and water absorption of noodles increased with the increase in cooking time but decreased with addition of soy solids. The latter also increased losses of total solids and deceased losses of nitrogen into the cooking water. Sensory evaluation of noodles indicated that the product made from durum semolina containing 10% of defatted soyflour was as good as that from durum semolina alone.     

酯化蜡质玉米淀粉对糯米粉团冷冻特性的影响

目的评价酯化蜡质玉米淀粉和预糊化酯化蜡质玉米淀粉对糯米粉团冷冻特性的影响。方法测定酯化蜡质玉米淀粉与预糊化酯化蜡质玉米淀粉的冻融稳定性;分别往糯米粉中添加1%、2%、3%、4%(m:m)4个比例的酯化蜡质玉米淀粉和预糊化酯化蜡质玉米淀粉制作速冻糯米粉团,检测速冻糯米粉团的失水率、裂口率、煮熟时间、糊汤率、感官评价等指标。结果预糊化酯化蜡质玉米淀粉与酯化蜡质玉米淀粉均具有良好的冻融稳定性,能有效降低速冻糯米粉团的失水率和裂口率,同时改善速冻糯米粉团的蒸煮和食味品质;预糊化酯化蜡质玉米淀粉在改善糯米粉团冷冻特性斱面效果更优,但两者差距不大,当预糊化酯化蜡质玉米淀粉的添加量为1%时,速冻糯米粉团的失水率为11.8%,裂口率为22.5%,煮熟时间为229 s,吸光度为0.823,感官及外观评分分别为79.3分、23.1分。结论添加1%预糊化酯化蜡质玉米淀粉制成的糯米粉团冷冻特性最好。