开距对不同状态下真空电弧特性影响的仿真分析

仿真分析了开距对真空开关中不同状态下真空电弧特性的影响。对于小电流扩散态真空电弧,随着开距增大,电弧的扩散程度增大,离子温度、电子温度和等离子体压力增大;对于超音速收缩态真空电弧,随着开距的增大,电弧的收缩程度增大,离子温度、电子温度和等离子体压力增大,阳极轴向电流密度和能流密度的分布更不均匀;对于离子处于亚音速状态的大电流真空电弧,随着开距的增大,极间等离子体的损失增多。对于3种不同状态的真空电弧而言,随着开距的增大,电弧电压和注入阳极的能流密度都增大。同时,可以发现,建模与仿真是理解真空电弧微观过程的一种有效方法。     

大电流真空电弧磁流体动力学模型与仿真

为了对大电流真空电弧进行深入研究,以真空电弧双温度磁流体动力学模型为基础,通过计算流体动力学软件FLUENT,采用控制容积法,对大电流真空电弧特性进行了仿真研究。对于大电流真空电弧而言,等离子体的流动处于亚音速状态,因此,在阴极和阳极边界条件的选择上将区别于超音速流动的真空电弧。同时对等离子体密度、轴向电流密度、等离子体速度、马赫数、离子温度、电子温度、离子压力、等离子体压力以及注入阳极的能流密度分布的形成机理进行了分析。从仿真结果可以发现,大电流真空电弧等离子体压力的最大值出现在阴极附近,等离子体将在压力梯度的作用下从阴极到阳极做加速运动,这一点明显区别于超音速流动的真空电弧。另外,仿真结果与高速CCD照片也是吻合的。     

Anode attachment and received heat of argon torch plasma with high lateral airflow as function of current

The torch plasma arc has useful characteristics of high energy and high current. The mode of torch plasma arcs can be flexible, even if the arc is exposed to the lateral gas. In this paper, we measured the input power, heat power, and heat efficiency of the torch plasma arc to the anode in order to determine the current effect on the anode attachment of plasma torch arc with high lateral air velocity, varying from 0 to 80 m/s at a plasma Ar flow rate of 12 slm. As a result, the input power increases with lateral gas velocity such as from about 8000 W to 16,000 W and the heat efficiency decreases with the lateral gas velocity such as from about 50% to 25% at the current I=150 A and appearance plasma length L_a=1 cm. These results could be applied to providing the electrical power from the ground to high‐speed mobiles, v.v., and to reducing an anode surface erosion by the anode spot movement. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(2): 29–35, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20479     

Propagation models for motion processes of long ac arcs on overhead lines

Flashovers due to lightning, pollution and other factors frequently generate long ac arcs along the surfaces of insulator strings on overhead transmission lines; they cause great damage to insulators. Based on the motion characteristics of long ac arcs obtained from experiments, this paper presents the propagation models of the motion processes of long ac arcs, these simulations are important to design suitable parallel arc horns to protect insulator strings. The simulation models include the spatial model, the temporal model of a long ac arc, and the motion simulation models of an arc root and an arc column. The spatial model discretizes a long arc to current elements; the temporal model is proposed to consider the motion mode of a current element; and the motion simulation models of an arc root and an arc column describe the motion processes of an arc root and a column, respectively. At last, numerical simulations and corresponding experiments of long ac arcs along the surfaces of insulator strings of overhead transmission lines are compared. Both of them show a similar motion trend.     

Measurements of electron density profile characteristics in various kinds of plasma configurations in the TS‐3 plasma merging device

Measurements and a comparative study have been performed on electron density profiles, focusing on the electron density gradient near the magnetic separatrix in various kinds of plasma confinements such as the ST, spheromak, and RFP in the TS‐3 device. A CO₂ laser interferometer using a glass tube to clear the path for the laser was introduced in order to measure the electron density profile with time resolution. It was shown that ST with a high q value at the plasma edge (q: safety factor) has a larger electron density gradient than low‐q plasma confinements such as the spheromak and RFP. In particular, the ST with edge q value greater than about 2 showed a large electron density gradient at the edge. The idea that the j × B force profile of the higher‐q ST could sustain the higher thermal pressure supports these results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 145(2): 35–41, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10158     

Charge behavior in polyethylene-ionomer blends

In order to explain a decrease of thermally stimulated current (TSC) at high poling fields, the behavior of space charge in two types of polyethylene (PE)/ionomer blends, PE/Surlyn 1652 and PE/Surlyn 1601, has been investigated by measuring the charge distributions and conduction characteristics. PE/Surlyn 1601 blends showed smaller current densities at high electric fields than PE/Surlyn 1652 blends. A considerable amount of negative charge was found to migrate into the bulk region of PE/Surlyn 1601 blends upon discharging, which was attributed to the strong electron affinity of ionic clusters existing only in Surlyn 1601. This migration of charge made the charge distribution uniform, resulting in a decrease of TSC at high poling fields. This phenomenon was not found in PE/Surlyn 1652 blends     

Comparative study of electron density profiles in compact torus plasma merging experiments

Following two previous papers on comparative studies of the electron density distributions for a single compact torus (CT) and a spherical tokamak (ST), and for a single ST and a merged ST, a comparative study on the dynamics of the electron density profile during and after the CT and ST plasma merging process was performed. The sharpness of the peak in the electron density profile around the midplane just after the merging of CT with a low safety factor (q value) such as RFP or spheromak is found to be related to the speed of the magnetic axis during the plasma merging process. It is also found that the electron density gradient near the plasma edge in a high‐q ST is larger than that of a low‐q CT. High‐q ST is found to have a magnetic structure which is able to sustain a large thermal pressure by a strong j × B force. Despite these differences in the electron density profile between CT and ST during merging, the confinement characteristics evaluated from the number of electrons confined within the magnetic separatrix after the completion of the merging are almost similar between the merging CT and the merging ST. For all configurations, the electron density profiles after the completion of the merging are analogous to those of the corresponding single configuration produced without the merging process. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(2): 14–21, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10312     

Characterization of an insulated SCL non-relativistic electron-beamdiode operating at 300 kV/cm

High current density (>100 A/cm²) electron beam diodes operating beyond 250 kV/cm in a 1 cm gap configuration are described. The principal features of the electron source are the high current density and high field without the onset of vacuum arcs or arc collapse prior to gap closure. The electron beam diode was controlled by a variable pulse-width output Marx generator. Fields to 600 kV/cm were applied for 25 to 30 ns, and to 300 kV/cm during space-charge limited current conduction at pulse lengths of 100 to 120 ns. Evidence of the transition to space-charge limited unipolar flow and transition to bipolar space-charge limited flow was obtained. Traces of the typical behavior and the different transitions are shown. Beam uniformity was measured by using a set of Faraday cups. The Faraday cup setup was then used to demonstrate suppression of electron emission from surfaces coated with a dielectric film     

Characteristics and classification of high-current fault arcs on distribution systems

When a fault occurs on transmission or distribution systems due to lightning or overvoltage, often an arc discharge occurs at the fault point. The arc discharge, which is caused by a fault current, has a high current, high temperature, strong light emission, etc., thus it sometimes causes heavy damages to electric power equipment. The arc discharge is influenced by the conditions around the arcs, i.e., gas, insulation materials, gap length, weather, etc. Also, the arc voltage along the arc column indicates the characteristics of the arc. If the voltage waveforms of the arcs caused by the fault on transmission or distribution systems are classified, it is possible to find the location and the equipment where the fault occurred. In this paper, the arc voltage data in 6-kV class XLPE cables and 6-kV class overhead lines are analyzed and an artificial neural network method is applied to classify the arc voltage waveforms. The results obtained from the six artificial neural networks developed show that the artificial neural network method is effective for classification of arc voltage waveforms if adequate input parameters are selected.     

Research on the interfacial reaction between amine group in urea and the coating materials of polyurethane coated urea

Abstract

In this work, the polyurethane coated urea (PCU) and PE coated urea (PECU) were prepared by spraying the coating material. The isocyanates coatings on the surface of urea and granule inorganic compound fertilizer (NPK) were prepared and their infrared spectra were compared. The polyurethane coatings of PCU was analyzed by IR. The interface morphology between the PU coating and PE coating PECU and the surface of urea was compared by scanning electron microscope. The inner and outer surfaces morphology of polyurethane coatings was studied. The results showed that the peak of -NCO groups in the infrared spectrum of the coating on urea was weaker than of the coating on NPK, while the peaks of N-H, C-N and C?=?O were all relatively stronger, which proved that -NH₂ in urea reacted with -NCO during the coating formation. SEM images showed that there was an obvious gap between PE coating and its urea core, while PU coating was tightly bonded with the surface of urea core, and the inner surface of PU coating had something undissolved after fully dissolved in water, which further illustrated that urea participate in the reaction of isocyanates with polyols. All of this results demonstrated that the amine group (-NH₂) in urea reacted with the -NCO group in isocyanates and urea linkage (-NH-CO-NH-) was formed in the polyurethane coating.     

低气压下空气间隙电弧对覆冰绝缘子串直流闪络的影响

覆冰绝缘子串在直流闪络过程特别是低气压条件下中易产生空气间隙电弧形成"飘弧"现象,飘弧易桥接覆冰绝缘子串,且空气间隙电弧和冰面电弧具有不同的伏安特性,而传统的覆冰绝缘子串直流闪络模型由冰面电弧和剩余冰层电阻构成,没有考虑空气间隙电弧,在低气压下计算结果与实际情况相差较大。为了解此一现象,首先从理论上分析了飘弧对低气压下覆冰绝缘子串直流闪络电压的影响,建立了考虑和忽略空气间隙电弧的覆冰绝缘子串直流闪络模型,根据理论模型计算了相应的闪络电压,并与试验结果进行了比较分析。试验与理论计算结果表明,飘弧现象随着气压的降低和绝缘子串覆冰及污秽的程度增加而增加,低气压下进行绝缘子串直流闪络建模、预测和特性试验时应考虑空气间隙电弧及其飘弧的影响。     

Controllability of arc jet from arc horns with slits

Ultrahigh-voltage transmission lines must be protected from lightning surges and the large-current fault arcs which follow. Horns which are installed at the jumpers on the strain towers have a role in protecting the insulators from the fault arcs by coordinating insulation strength and holding large-current fault arcs between the horns. Although a flat surface of the electrode tip with a small diameter effectively meets these requirements, it results in the deterioration of corona discharge depressing capabilities in a steady state on power transmission lines. To improve corona discharge depressing capabilities and to reduce deflection of arc jets, finally two types of hemispherical-shaped arc horn electrodes with slits are developed. The arc jet control performance of those horns was disclosed experimentally as follows:

• (1) Two types of arc horn electrodes with our or six slits show remarkable arc jet control performance in the current of larger than 5 kA.
• (2) The addition of a rod-type central electrode at the center of the hemispherical-shaped electrodes results in the considerable extension of arc jet controllability in the wider current zone by containing the arc spot within the tip area of the central electrodes.

Based on the foregoing results, arc horn electrodes with slits have been designed and utilized for practical application.     

Impedance spectroscopy studies of K0.5Bi0.5TiO3

Lead free Potassium bismuth Titanate K_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ (KBT) was prepared by high temperature solid state reaction method in a closed crucible with excess KBT powder around the samples. A room temperature study of XRD confirms, single phase formation with tetragonal structure .Grain and grain boundary conduction is observed from complex impedance spectrum at high temperatures (425°C) by the appearance of two semicircular arcs. The Cole-Cole plots of impedance spectrum consisted of a Circular arc followed by a semicircular spur indicate that the dielectric phenomenon of KBT is due to conductive grain boundaries. The temperature variation of grain resistance and grain boundary resistance is observed with the activation energies. The presence of non-Debye type multiple relaxations has been confirmed by complex modulus analysis. The dielectric data obtained from impedance measurements, indicates broad dielectric peaks around 380°C. The ferroelectric nature confirmed from hysteresis plot. The DC Conductivity results indicate activation energy 0.54 eV below 400°C and 0.85 eV above 400°C. The AC conductivity values and electric modulus values are computed from the impedance data. The activation energies of AC conductivity have observed to decrease with decrease in frequencies.     

Extension of Mathematical Models Taking Temperature Variation in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors into Consideration

We have developed novel mathematical models of d‐axis and q‐axis magnetic fluxes ?_d and ?_q for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). The models can be used to approximate magnetic characteristics using simple fractional equations with i_d and i_q as variables. They include eight constants, and some of them represent the degree of magnetic saturation and cross‐coupling. However, the magnetic characteristics are varied with the temperature rise in PMSMs, which are dependent on the load torque and motor speed. In this paper, the characteristics of the eight constants that vary with the motor temperature and the residual flux density B_r are shown. Further, we propose to extend the mathematical models by considering the temperature and B_r variation.     

Extinction of spherulites and improvement of polyethylene properties by the use of lithium carbonate

Polyethylene (PE) consists of nonpolar molecular chains having simple structural units. Physically, this polymer is so stable and flexible that it is widely used for insulation of electric wires and power cables, as well as for fabrication of various molded products. The crystalline texture and the presence of spherulites are major factors determining the mechanical and electrical properties of polyethylene. For the purpose of improving these properties of PE, the spherulites are eliminated completely by heat mixing of PE with Li₂CO₃. PE processed in this manner is free of spherulites, has a uniform structure and excellent electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties, such as short treeing length, high dielectric breakdown strength, and high tearing impact strength. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(2): 22–38, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10296     

特高压半波长输电线路潜供电弧低压模拟实验研究

潜供电弧是半波长输电技术面临的关键问题之一,因此针对特高压半波长输电线路潜供电弧进行了低压物理模拟实验研究。通过分析半波长线路潜供电流与恢复电压特性,进行回路等效变换,获得满足等价性的低压模拟实验回路拓扑,通过实验获得了不同潜供电流值、恢复电压梯度等组合方案下潜供电弧的燃弧时间,并与常规输电线路的情况进行对比。比较了短路电弧与潜供电弧的电流、电压特征,并通过高速摄像仪获得潜供电弧的运动轨迹,分析了风速等因素对短路电弧与潜供电弧运动的影响机制。研究表明:当潜供电流值<150A,恢复电压梯度<3.9kV/m时,潜供电弧将快速自灭;当潜供电流值>240A,恢复电压梯度>7.0kV/m时,潜供电弧将会长时间燃弧;风力是影响潜供电弧运动与燃弧的关键因素。研究结果可为解决半波长输电技术的潜供电弧问题提供参考依据,同时对常规线路潜供电弧以及长间隙电弧研究具有借鉴价值。     

Study of space charge accumulation in polyolefins submitted to acstress

The aim of the present study was to follow space charge formation under ac field (50 Hz) in polyolefins. The thermal step method was used, and charge accumulation was observed in crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE), very low density polyethylene (VLDPE), isotactic polypropylene (PP) and a PE /PP copolymer, the temperature varying from 45 to 90°C. It was found that the amount of charge accumulated under ac conditions may reach a maximum value at a given temperature, while the highest space charge was found in the polyolefin with the lowest crystallinity ratio. The conduction current characteristics of XLPE specimens show the existence of traps in the polymer at a level deeper than the potential barrier electrode/dielectric, explaining the accumulation of injected charge in the material. The injection and conduction mechanisms observed were interpreted by Schottky and Poole-Frenkel processes and used to explain the maximum accumulation of charge occurring at certain temperatures     

Dead space effect on excess noise factor in double heterojunction avalanche photodiodes

A double heterojunction avalanche photodiode (DHAPD) model using Monte Carlo (MC) method is applied to study the effect of dead space on excess noise factor. The mean multiplication gain and excess noise factor involving electron and hole impact ionizations are simulated in our work. The higher order impact ionization occurs in three multiplication layers is considered in the model. The avalanche characteristics of DHAPD are obtained by incorporating the dead-space, d _ij , hole to electron coefficients ratio, k _j and heterointerface probability, p _im . Among these factors, the dead space effect plays an important role in reducing the excess noise factor in thin DHAPD. The dead space effect is also known in minimizing noise in homojunction APD when the device length is getting smaller. The distributions of carriers in multiplication region are demonstrated to explain the effect of dead space in DHAPD. Meanwhile, it is also shown that the hole to electron ionization coefficients ratio, k ₂=0.1 in the second layer gives the small excess noise factor in designing the DHAPD.     

Basic characteristics of high-Tc superconductor as a current-limiting element

This paper shows the basic characteristics of a current-limiting element for the power system using y-type high-T_c superconductor. (1) A YBa₂Cu₃O_x-type superconductor was produced. Its size was 4.7 × 1.5 × 47 mm. (2) Current I and voltage V were measured under the low temperature of 50 to 100 K. (3) The flow resistance and the resistance of the element were defined and evaluated from the I - V characteristics obtained under the conditions of lower temperature than the critical value T_c, and larger current density than the critical value J_c. (4) The resistance value change due to temperature rise also was evaluated under the larger current than the critical current. (5) A schematic calculation was tried for practical use in some system condition.