Effects of retainer frame,irradiance level and specimen thickness on cone calorimeter test results

The effects of retainer frame use, irradiance level and specimen thickness were studied as the second phase work of a round robin project on the cone calorimeter. The project was conducted in support of various U.S. building code groups, developing a system to determine the degrees of combustibility of building materials. The results of the second phase and a comparison with the corresponding round robin results conducted at 75 kW/m² according to the Board for the Coordination of the Model Codes (BCMC) protocol, are presented here. For most of the materials, no significant differences in parameters measured in the cone calorimeter were found when the retainer frame was not used, versus when the retainer frame was used. The irradiance of 50 kW/m² compared with 75 kW/m² produced significantly longer ignition times (with one exception) and lower heat‐release‐related variables as expected. The exception was gypsum board, for which heat release related values were usually higher at 50 kW/m² than at 75 kW/m². The specimen thickness effect could not be studied adequately due to the small number of tests conducted. A significant thickness effect was shown for the heat‐release‐related variables but not for time to ignition. The effect, however, was opposite for polyurethane foam in comparison with cellulosic materials. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of decreased sample size on cone calorimeter results

Cone calorimeter sample size sensitivity and the influence of sample size on the results were studied in order to investigate the possibility to use smaller samples than prescribed by the standard. The influence of the position of the sample on the sample holder of the decreased samples was also studied. Samples of birch plywood, industrial two‐component polyurethane adhesive and polypropylene wax were tested. The results from standard size sample experiments, 100 cm ², and decreased sample size, 50 and 25 cm², were compared, in order to investigate the sample size influence on the results. The experiments were performed using an external heat flux of 50kW/ m². The results show differences between the sample types. The measured heat release rates for plywood and polyurethane adhesive indicate that the sample size is possible to down‐scale, while the polypropylene wax results show the opposite. All sample types and sizes show constant results for the effective heat of combustion, indicating down‐scalability. For in‐house testing and screening of materials, downscaling can be used for most sample types. However, results from experiments carried out with decreased sample size should not be compared to results from experiments executed according to the standard procedure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of thermal fire hazard of 10 polymeric building materials and proposing a classification method based on cone calorimeter results

The use of polymeric building materials has been grown in many countries of Middle East in recent years. However, there are only a few fire testing laboratories in this region. Therefore, development of a method for controlling the reaction to fire of materials with bench scale tests is necessary. Providing a framework for classification of thermal fire hazard of materials based on bench scale heat release rate results was attempted. The fire behavior of 10 polymeric building materials was tested with cone calorimeter. The relationship between reaction to fire variables and physical properties of tested samples was examined. The thermal fire hazards of materials were assessed using methods presented by different researchers and with Conetools software. The results revealed that time to ignition, peak rate of heat release, and total heat release are essential variables for determining the fire hazard of materials. A classification method is proposed, which can be used in building codes in countries where the full‐scale test facilities are not available. The method also can be used for quality control purpose and evaluation of fire behavior of materials in bench scale by manufacturers. An example of potential requirements for interior finishes for some occupancy types is also presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Foamed rigid vinyl for building products

PVC foamed building products have seen good growth lately because of their favorable properties and economics. Continued good growth is seen for the future. Expanding application areas, especially in the U.S. market, have created a need for knowledge on formulation and processin prarameters. Application areas are explored as well as raw material considerations, processing methods and parameters, and final physical properties.     

Oleochemical products as building blocks for polymers

The use of oleochemical derivatives is dominated by applications in the field of surfactants and emulsifiers. There also is a remarkable amount of highly specialised uses, for example in lubricants and as additives to modify the characteristics of polymers. Besides this, some products have been developed on the basis of oleochemical building blocks in the polymer backbone. Starting with oleic acid, the difunctional azelaic acid (C-9) is produced by ozonolysis for application in high-value polyesters and polyamides. Pyrolysis of castor oil or ricinoleic acid is the commercial route to sebacic acid (C-10). Castor oil itself is used as a polyol for the production of polyurethanes. Similar polyols with modified viscosity and application characteristics are made by epoxidation and ring-opening reactions of unsaturated fatty acid derivatives. Dimer acid (C-36) is obtained by a double bond reaction of C₁₈ unsaturated fatty acids. By using hydrogenation technology, which is wellknown in the oleochemical industry to produce fatty alcohols, dimerdiols can be prepared from dimer acid. This dimerdiol is of great interest in polyurethane application fields in general, because it is a liquid, hydrophobic, long-chain raw material with two primary hydroxyl groups. By condensation of dimerdiol to building blocks with a molecular weight around 2,000 it is possible to prepare soft segments, that allow the production of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) with modified application characteristics. Two different soft segments based on dimerdiol, ethers, and carbonates are discussed. The advantages for TPUs prepared from these building blocks are hydrolytic and oxidative stability and resistance to saponification and polar solvents.     

Prediction of fire classification for wood based products. A multivariate statistical approach based on the cone calorimeter

Wood has long traditions as a building material, and is often used in construction elements, and as interior and exterior surfaces in the Nordic countries. In most applications, there are reaction to fire requirements to products used as surfaces, e.g. in escape routes and larger public spaces. Most wood products will therefore have to be treated with fire retardant (FR) agents to fulfil the strict requirements to properties connected to heat release and flame spread. Unfortunately, FR agents usually also increase the smoke production, as they cause a more incomplete combustion of the wood. The wood product manufacturers seek to find the optimal amount of FR additives where both heat release and smoke production in the classifying test are within the requirements given in the building regulations. This paper describes models for prediction of the European reaction to fire classes of wood products. The models are based on multivariate statistical analysis, and use test results from the cone calorimeter test as input. The presented models are, with very good precision, able to predict which Euroclass and additional smoke class a wood based product would obtain if it were to be tested in the single burning item test. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

建筑陶瓷产品实施绿色建材产品认证的相关技术要求

建筑陶瓷的绿色建材评价标准已于2019年09月12日发布,并于2020年03月1日实施;市场监管总局办公厅、住房和城乡建设部办公厅、工业和信息化部办公厅于2020年8月3日下发了《关于加快推进绿色建材产品认证及生产应用的通知》(市监认证〔2020〕89号);自2021年2月1日起,已先后有北京国建联信认证中心、建筑材料...     

框架结构设计在建筑结构设计中的应用探讨

基于我国经济的快速增长,使得建筑行业得到了飞速发展,对此,人们也越来越注重建筑工程实用性,为了更好的满足人们对建筑的多样化需求,就必须要提升对高层建筑框架结构的设计水准,实现建筑的实用性与美观性都能跟得上时代的发展.在实际的工程建设中,框架结构的设计是整个建筑工程中最基础也是最重要的一项工作,要想确保后期工程施工的安全...     

Glass fiber for reinforcing building products made from Portland cement

Translated from Steklo i Keramika, No. 6, pp. 30–32, June, 1989.     

Recent results from single-cell microspectrophotometry: Cone pigments in frog,fish, and monkey

A modified design of a previous microspectrophotometer (DMSP) is described that utilizes a phase-modulated light beam. Applied to rod and cone outer segments, it can simultaneously measure optical density (OD) and linear dichroism (LD) spectra. LD spectra were found to be largely unaffected by the presence of light scattering and the absorption of the less anisotropic photoproducts. The bullfrog was found to have blue-absorbing cones in addition to other previously known photoreceptors in amphibians. Four visual pigments of the sea raven are described. Preliminary data are presented on the four pigments in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys.