Preparation of silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners using different surfactants and their effect on physical characteristics of polyester fabric

Silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners with different particle sizes can be prepared using different surfactants with various ratios aminosilicone oil, surfactants concentration and time of mixing. The silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners could penetrate well into the polyester fibers; therefore, they can induce desirable physicochemical properties in the fabric. In current study, we first prepared silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners by designing via DOE software and with different particle sizes using nonyl phenol, octyl phenyl ether and fatty alcohol surfactants, and we investigated them using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques. In DOE software, the effect of various independent variables of emulsification process such as surfactant type, oil weight fraction, surfactant concentration and time of mixing on dependent variables were studied including particle size, z-average and width. Then, we examined the physical characteristics of polyester fabric by applying silicone oil macro, micro and nanoemulsion softeners. The treated fabrics with these softeners were compared with each other through the physical properties. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed the polyester fabric treated with silicone nanoemulsion softeners appeared to have smoother fiber surface. To prove the penetration of silicone particles into the fabric fibers, a cross section was taken from the cross section of polyester fabric by microtome in liquid nitrogen. The TEM images from cross section of fabrics treated with the silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners confirmed that the nanoparticles had penetrated well into the polyester fibers; therefore, they could induce desirable physicochemical properties in the fabric.     

Experimental Study of Nanofluids Applied in EOR Processes

Nanoemulsions are small droplet-sized systems that have low surface tension and a small percentage of active material in their composition. In this study, low oil content nanoemulsion systems were developed for the use in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The experiments were performed on a device capable of simulating petroleum reservoir conditions using sandstone rock cores. Nanoemulsions were obtained from a pre-selected microemulsion system composed of: RNX95 as surfactant, isopropyl alcohol as cosurfactant, kerosene as oil phase, and distilled water as aqueous phase. Different percentages of polyacrylamide were added to the systems obtained to evaluate the influence of viscosity in EOR results. The nanoemulsion droplet sizes ranged from 9.22 to 14.8 nm. Surface tension values were in the range of 33.6–39.7  dyn/cm. A nanoemulsion system with 2.5 wt% surfactant was used in EOR assays. The oil recovery was directly proportional to polymer percentage in the nanoemulsion, ranging from 39.6 to 76.8%. The total oil in the place recovery ranged from 74.5 to 90%.     

复配非离子生物柴油纳米乳的制备工艺

选用复配壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚非离子表面活性剂作为生物柴油的乳化剂,考察了2种壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚m（NP-6）∶m（NP-10）、复配表面活性剂HLB值、m（油）∶m（表面活性剂）、水滴加速率以及搅拌速度等因素对纳米乳液乳化性能的影响。通过实验确定了制取纳米乳液的最佳工艺条件：m（NP-6）∶m（NP-10）=6∶4,复配表面活性剂HLB值为11.88,m（油）∶m（表面活性剂）=1.6～1.8,水滴加速率在0.7mL/min以下,以及搅拌速度为700～800r/min时,在25℃下用乳化反转点法制得稳定的水包油纳米乳,此条件下纳米乳颗粒形貌为球形,粒径分布主要在20～30nm。     

Statistical Analysis of Optimal Ultrasound Emulsification Parameters in Thistle-Oil Nanoemulsions

Thistle oil (INCI: Silybum marianum seed oil) is known as an anti-oxidant, moisturizing and skin regenerating cosmetic raw material. Nanoemulsions are a new form of cosmetic product showing very good user properties (ease of spreading over the skin with no greasy feeling). Moreover, due to their structure, they can also transport both hydrophilic and hydrophobic active substances to the skin. The aim of this work was the preparation and characterization of nanoemulsions, based on thistle oil. The non-ionic surfactants polysorbate 80 (PEG-20 sorbitan monooleate), decyl glucoside, and a polyglyceryl-4 ester blend were applied to stabilize the nanosystems. All formulations were obtained by a high energy method, using an ultrasonic device (Labsonic U, an ultrasound homogenizer). Variations in the emulsification parameters were tested, including surfactants concentration, pre-emulsification time, ultrasound power and sonication time. On the basis of statistical analysis (experimental design, cluster analysis, classification and regression trees) the best emulsification process parameters were determined. In order to verify the results of statistical analysis, once more an experimental study was conducted. The results obtained confirmed that statistical analysis can be a useful method in determining the conditions for obtaining stable nanoemulsions with desired properties. Formulations obtained with the use of Silybum marianum seed oil were characterized by long-term stability, a low polydispersity index, low viscosity and an average droplet size less than 200 nm.     

Investigating Factors Affecting Water-In-Diesel Fuel Nanoemulsions

In this work, water-in-diesel fuel nanoemulsions were prepared with mixed nonionic surfactants. Several mixtures of sorbitan monooleate and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate, with different Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance (HLB) values (9.6, 9.8, 10, 10.2 and 10.4) were prepared to achieve the optimal HLB value. Three mixed surfactant concentrations were prepared at 6, 8 and 10 wt% to identify the optimum concentration. Five emulsions with different water contents: 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 % (wt/wt) were prepared using a high energy method under the optimum conditions (HLB = 10 and mixed surfactant concentration = 10 %). The effect of the HLB value, mixed surfactant concentration and water content on the droplet size has been studied. The interfacial tension and thermodynamic properties of the individual and the blended emulsifiers were investigated. Droplet size of the prepared nanoemulsions was determined by dynamic light scattering and the nanoemulsion stability was assessed by measuring the variation of the droplet size as a function of time. From the results obtained, it was found that the mean droplet size was formed between 49.5 and 190 nm depending on the HLB value, surfactant concentration and water content of the blended emulsifiers.     

乳化硅油的制备研究

以1 000 mPa.s硅油为主要原料,选用非离子型表面活性剂（span-60和tween-60的质量比为0.43：0.57）为复合乳化剂,复配乳化剂含量为硅油的50%,采用转相乳化法,乳化温度80℃,乳化时间60 min,制备了硅油含量为30%的二甲基乳化硅油,其外观为均匀、细腻的乳白色黏性液体。     

页岩储层保护用O/W纳米乳液的制备

针对钻井液滤液侵入页岩储层极易导致严重的水敏损害及液相圈闭损害问题,采用两步稀释法研备出粒径极小、分散性好且长期稳定的页岩储层保护用水包油(O/W)纳米乳液。选取Gemini季铵盐型表面活性剂GTN、Tween80与正丁醇三者复配作为表面活性剂组分(记为S+A),通过室内实验研究了水相中NaCl质量分数对NaCl溶液/(S+A)/正辛烷体系微乳液特性的影响,考察了微乳液相转变温度(PIT)、制备方法及其微观构型等因素对采用两步稀释法制备的纳米乳液粒径的影响,同时对纳米乳液体系的失稳机理进行研究。结果表明,NaCl溶液/(S+A)/正辛烷体系微乳液中NaCl的加入可以显著提高表面活性剂组分的乳化效率,改变微乳液微观构型,使PIT显著降低;当剂油体积比(R_os)为7:3时,通过调节双连续微乳液的PIT接近实验乳化温度,采用两步稀释法制备的O/W纳米乳液粒径最小且分布范围最窄;NaCl溶液/(S+A)/正辛烷体系纳米乳液主要失稳机理为奥氏熟化;纳米乳液具有良好的储层保护作用。     

A Comparative Study of O/W Nanoemulsions Using Extra Virgin Olive or Olive‐Pomace Oil: Impacts on Formation and Stability

Nanoemulsions are considered an innovative approach for industrial food applications. The present study explored the potential use of olive‐pomace oil (OPO) for oil‐in‐water (o/w) nanoemulsion preparations and compared the effectiveness of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and OPO at nanoemulsion formulations. The ternary‐phase diagrams were constructed and the o/w nanoemulsions properties were evaluated in relation to their composition. The results showed that it is possible to form OPO nanoemulsions using Polysorbate 20 or Polysorbate 40. Nanoemulsions with EVOO and OPO presented desirable properties, in terms of kinetic stability (emulsion stability index % [ESI%]), mean droplet diameter (MDD), polydispersity index (PDI), ζ‐potential, viscosity, and turbidity. EVOO exhibited lower surface and interfacial tension forming nanoemulsions with a high ESI% and a low MDD. However, OPO led to nanoemulsions with a high ESI% but with a higher MDD. It was observed that by increasing the emulsifier concentration the MDD decreased, while increasing the dispersed phase concentration led to a higher MDD and a lower ESI%. Finally, nanoemulsions with the smallest MDD (99.26 ± 4.20 nm) and PDI (0.236 ± 0.010) were formed using Polysorbate 40, which presented lower surface and interfacial tension. Specifically, the nanoemulsion with 6 wt% EVOO and 6 wt% Polysorbate 40 demonstrated an interfacial tension of 51.014 ± 0.919 mN m^?1 and an MDD of 99.26 ± 4.20 nm. However, the nanoemulsion with 6 wt% OPO and 8 wt% Polysorbate 20 presented an interfacial tension of 54.308 ± 0.089 mN m^?1 and an MDD of 340.5 ± 7.1 nm.     

Technological Aspects of Nanoemulsion Formation of Low‐Fat Foods Enriched with Vitamin E by High‐Pressure Homogenization

Formation of a low‐fat oil‐in‐water (O/W) nanoemulsion enriched with vitamin E using the nonionic surfactant Tween 40 is studied by means of a high‐pressure homogenizer. The effect of different process variables of the emulsification process, including pressure, temperature, and concentration of the emulsifying agent, is evaluated. The relation between pressure and the obtained mean droplet diameter is derived and described by an equation which can be taken as a basis of any process design. The droplet size can be decreased by increasing the vitamin E concentration. A higher fat content slightly affects the droplet size distribution and the mean droplet diameter of the nanoemulsion, so it is recommended to use preparations of nanoemulsions with low fat contents enriched with vitamin E for dietary supplement.     

影响乳化硅油颗粒度因素的考察

以二甲基硅油为主要原料,非离子表面活性剂复配制备乳化硅油,考察了乳化剂用量、乳化时间、乳化温度、pH、搅拌速度、乳化水温度和乳化方法等工艺条件对乳化硅油颗粒度的影响。结果表明,在50～90℃,乳化温度对乳液粒径影响不显著;乳化剂用量、乳化时间、pH、搅拌速度和乳化方法对乳液的粒径均有影响。w(乳化剂)=7%,乳化时间45min,乳化温度80℃,乳化体系的pH≈6,在1200r/min的搅拌速度下采用乳化剂在油中法,制得了平均粒径为1.561μm,折光率为1.403,表观黏度216mPa.s的固体份质量分数为30%的硅油乳液。应用文中所述的工艺条件,脱膜剂厂家制备出了性能优良的乳化硅油脱模剂产品。     

Potential of Green Nanoemulsions in Removal of Congo Red from Aqueous Solution

In the present study, potential of green nanoemulsions in the removal of Congo red (CR) from aqueous solution was investigated. Nanoemulsions were prepared by low energy emulsification technique using ethyl acetate (EA), Triton-X100, ethylene glycol (EG), and water. Nanoemulsions were characterized for thermodynamic stability, self-nanoemulsification efficiency, droplet size, polydispersity, viscosity, refractive index, and transmittance. Adsorption studies were carried out for contact time of 10, 15, and 20 min. The influence of contact time and EA & Triton-X100/EG concentrations on droplet size, viscosity, and % CR removal was also investigated. It was observed that droplet size, viscosity, and % CR removal were significantly influenced by EA and Triton-X100/EG concentrations. However, contact time had negligible/little impact on % CR removal. Based on the lowest droplet size (14.3 nm), lowest viscosity (11.4 cp), and highest % CR removal efficiency (91.6%), the nanoemulsion F7 containing 5% w/w of EA, 33.3% w/w of Triton-X100, 16.7% w/w of EG, and 45% w/w of water was optimized as the best formulation for the removal of CR from its bulk aqueous solution. These results indicated the potential of green nanoemulsions in the removal of toxic dyes such as CR from its aqueous solution via liquid-liquid adsorption.     

Study of Formulation and Stability of Co-surfactant Free Water-in-Olive Oil Nano- and Submicron Emulsions with Food Grade Non-ionic Surfactants

Nanoemulsions are of great interest in food industry finding various food applications. However, oil-in-water (o/w) nanoemulsions have been intensively investigated, but there are few studies on w/o nanoemulsions. In the present work the preparation of nanoemulsions with olive oil using non-ionic surfactants (Tween 20, 40, 60, 80, Span 20, 80) without the addition of a co-surfactant was studied and their emulsion properties and stability were examined. The stable nanoemulsions were presented in ternary phase diagrams (oil–water-surfactant) for each surfactant and the emulsifying ability of the efficient surfactants was determined. The nanoemulsions properties were evaluated in relationship to compositional components. From the results of this study it can be concluded that stable olive oil nanoemulsions without use of a co-surfactant were obtained and moreover the most efficient type of emulsifier and its ratio of addition in the system were determined.     

Effects of oil and drug concentrations on droplets size of palm oil esters (POEs) nanoemulsion

Aim of the present work is to study the effects of oil and drug concentrations on droplets size of a nanoemulsion. Newly introduced oil, palm oil esters (POEs) by Universiti Putra Malaysia researchers was selected for the oil phase of the nanoemulsion, because the oil was reported to be a good vehicle for pharmaceutical use. Nanoemulsions were prepared with different concentrations of oil and drug and their effects on droplets size were studied by laser scattering spectroscopy (Nanophox). The results of droplets size analysis shows the droplets size increase with increasing concentration of oil and drug concentrations. It can be concluded from this study, that oil and drug concentrations have an effect on the droplets size of POEs nanoemulsion system.     

驱油用表面活性剂AF性能评价及驱油效果研究

评价了脂肪酸烷醇酰胺表面活性剂AF的界面张力和乳化性能,利用岩心驱替实验对其提高采收率效果进行了研究。结果表明,在模拟地层水的矿化度为5 119.63 mg/L时,AF浓度为0.2%～1.2%,其界面张力均能达到超低值;NaCl浓度为0.4%～2%,AF有效浓度为0.3%～0.6%时,体系的界面张力均能达到10-3mN/m数量级。AF具有较好的乳化原油的能力,在浓度为0.5%时,形成的O/W乳状液的稳定性最强,液滴粒径最小。岩心驱替实验表明,AF表面活性剂可在水驱基础上提高原油采收率20%以上,提高采收率效果明显,具有良好的应用前景。     

Enlargement of Nanoemulsion Region in Pseudo-ternary Mixing Diagrams for a Drug Delivery System

The purpose of this research was to develop the pseudo-ternary mixing diagrams for a potential drug delivery system consisting of vitamin E (potential drug) + soybean oil + surfactant + co-surfactant (anhydrous glycerol) + water. The potential drug (vitamin E) was loaded in the oil phase. The effects of different surfactants (pure and mixed) on the mixing diagrams, especially on the nanoemulsion region, were investigated. The influence of the drug loading level on the mixing diagrams was also determined. The surfactants studied were polyethoxylated (20) sorbitan monolaurate, polyethoxylated (20) sorbitan monooleate, polyethoxylated (35) castor oil and their mixtures. The size (area) of the nanoemulsion region of the mixing diagrams was found to be dependent on the type of surfactant used and the loading level of the drug (vitamin E).     

Application of polyurethane/citric acid/silicone softener composite on cotton/polyester knitted fabric producing durable soft and smooth surface

Application of softeners on fabrics can usually increase the fabric pilling tendency and it is difficult to obtain a soft handle fabric without pilling during wearing. This research was conducted to use various chemicals to reduce pilling with reasonable softness on the cotton/polyester knitted fabric. Diverse composites of the water‐based polyurethane resin (PU), citric acid (CA) as a crosslinking agent and silicone‐based softener were selected and applied on the fabric through conventional pad‐dry‐cure method. The characteristics of the treated fabrics including pilling rate, pilling density, water droplet adsorption time, bending length, crease recovery angle, tensile strength, and water contact angle were examined and reported. Application of the polyurethane resin along with citric acid reduced the fabric pilling. However, co‐application of resin, CA, and softener improved the fabric crease recovery angle, bending length, and water droplet adsorption time. The preferred formulation was 20 g L^?1 CA, 25 g L^?1PU resin, and 20 g L^?1 silicone softener. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Making homogeneous and fine droplet O/W emulsions using nonionic surfactants

In many emulsion systems, creaming occurs during the first stage of emulsion breakdown. To reduce the rate of creaming, emulsions having small and uniform droplets are desirable. In this work, types and HLB of nonionic surfactants, emulsification methods, and combinations of oils and nonionic surfactants were investigated in order to make stable and homogeneous emulsions. Emulsification was attained by dissolving the surfactants in the oil phases. The addition speed and volume of water to the oil phases were important factors affecting the emulsion droplet size. The change of the solute state in the process of emulsification was observed stage by stage, and the mechanism of emulsification was elucidated. Homogeneous emulsions were formed in the HLB region, showing liquid crystalline and gel phases in the emulsifying process. The addition speed of water to the oil phase was very important in forming the liquid crystalline and gel phases. Polyoxyethylene(n)sorbitan monostearate could emulsify three kinds of oils (hydrocarbon, fatty acid ester and triglyceride). Polyoxyethylene(n)alkyl ether could emulsify hydrocarbon and fatty acid ester. Polyoxyethylene(n)-monostearate could emulsify only hydrocarbon. Surfactants with proper HLB which were soluble in the oil phase and in the presence of a very small amount of water formed a stable emulsion. The solubility state of oil and surfactant was the key to making a fine emulsion.     

Synthesis of a Series of Anionic Surfactants Derived from NP and their Properties as Emulsifiers for Reducing Viscosity of Highly Viscous Oil via Formation of O/W Emulsions

A series of alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene glycidyl ether (NP-n-O) and alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether hydroxypropyl sulfonate (NP-n-S) surfactants was synthesized to explore emulsification viscosity reduction. The optimum sulfonation conditions were obtained through orthogonal experiments, the ratio of alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene glycidyl ether and sodium bisulfite 1:1.5, 100 °C, and 6 h. The effects of concentrations of the synthesized surfactants, pH values, emulsifying temperature (40 and 60 °C) and water content on emulsification viscosity reduction and the stability of the emulsion to Venezuela’s Orinoco heavy oil were investigated. The water diversion ratio of emulsion at the reservoir temperature (55 °C) in 30 days was taken as an index, the results show that under the conditions of a temperature of 40 °C, an oil/water ratio of 7:3 and a surfactant NP-4-S concentration of 0.5 %, emulsions can be formed with a viscosity reduction rate reaching up to 99.69 % and with a water diversion ratio in 30 days reaching 9.38 %; while at 60 °C and an oil/water ratio of 7:3, at an NP-4-S concentration of 1 %, the viscosity reduction rate can reach 99.55 % and water diversion ratio is merely 4.23 % in 30 days. The mixture of NP-n-S, xanthan gum and cocamidopropyl dimethylamine oxide (CAO-30) at suitable concentration can greatly improve the emulsification viscosity reduction and emulsion stability, which gives an emulsion viscosity rate of over 98 %. Moreover, the emulsion can be stable for at least 30 days without water emerging.     

有机硅改性水性聚氨酯的合成及织物整理应用

以羟丙基硅油改性二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)型聚氨酯合成了一种有机硅改性聚氨酯预聚体,将预聚体乳化后制备了一种有机硅改性水性聚氨酯。确定了乳液最佳配方,讨论了各工艺条件对改性水性聚氨酯整理棉织物综合性能的影响。结果表明,原棉织物、聚氨酯乳液整理和改性水性聚氨酯整理的棉织物表面粗糙度(SMD)分别为2.625、2.605和2.190,弯曲刚度B分别为0.0894、0.0869和0.0464,可见聚氨酯乳液整理前后棉织物的表面特性和柔顺性变化不大,但经有机硅改性水性聚氨酯整理后棉织物的表面特性和柔顺性则大为改善。     

单组分乳化剂制备硅油乳液及影响因素研究

通常硅油乳液是在加热条件下,采用复配型乳化剂乳化硅油获得。而试验在常温条件下,以100mPa·s的二甲基硅油为原料,以单组分乳化剂成功制备出固含量约为60%的硅油乳液,并且所得乳液不必调节pH值,工艺实现简化。主要研究了硅油乳化工艺中乳化剂类型及用量、乳化方法、乳化水用量、搅拌速度、乳化时间等的选择。获得的最佳工艺条件:采用剂在油中法,异构醇醚系E型乳化剂用量为5%(质量百分含量),乳化水用量约40%,搅拌速度900r/min,乳化时间30min。在此条件下得到的硅油乳液外观均匀、细腻,具有良好的稳定性和分散性。