三次采油化学驱油技术现状与展望

介绍了几十年来采油技术的发展概况,概括了三次采油的种类,以及采油作用原理。针对化学驱采油的分类,详细阐述了表面活性剂驱和聚合物驱油采油所使用到的化学原料,并对化学驱油采油技术的发展要求和发展方向进行了展望。     

大港油田A区提高采收率实践与优化研究

针对复杂断块油藏注水开发后期高含水高采出程度的特点,大港油田在A区开展了污水聚合物驱工业化现场试验。现场取得了较好的增油效果,通过对相关指标分析,明确了A区聚合物驱油的影响因素,并在此基础上提出了进一步提高采收率的方案部署,预计提高采收率12%以上。根据室内物理模拟实验证实聚/表二元驱可提高采收率值大于20%,聚/表二元驱油藏数值模拟预测,提高采收率可在聚合物驱的基础上再提高4.76个百分点,使油田最终采收率达到50%以上。     

胜利油田稠油热采开发技术研究进展

针对胜利油田稠油油藏地质特点及开发难点,重点介绍了中深层特超稠油油藏、浅薄层超稠油油藏、敏感性稠油油藏和低渗透稠油油藏等复杂稠油油藏的开发技术,并对其提高采收率机理和现场应用效果进行了总结概括。在此基础上,根据目前研究进展指出了稠油热采开发技术的发展方向,重点介绍了超深层低渗稠油和浅薄层特超稠油的开发技术及其应用。     

低渗透油藏泡沫驱油机理及应用现状研究

低渗透油气藏在世界范围内分布范围广,储量大,在新探明储量中占得比例越来越大,是全球油气资源增产的主要来源,合理高效的开发低渗透油藏中的油气资源,是未来面临的主要问题。泡沫驱油作为继水驱、气驱之后新的驱油方式,结合了气体和泡沫的优点,以独特的优势越来越得到人们的重视,是低渗透油藏提高采收率的又一个重要途径。分析了泡沫驱相对于其他驱油方式的优势,概述了泡沫驱油的驱油机理,简要分析了空气泡沫驱、氮气泡沫驱各自特点,对泡沫驱油在国内外油田的应用现状做了介绍。对泡沫驱油存在的问题做了阐述,并提出了泡沫驱油的发展方向。     

重烷基苯磺酸盐微乳体系的相行为

能使大庆原油／地层水界面张力降至超低５的重烷基苯磺酸盐（中试产品）在无醇、１０ｇＮａＣｌ／Ｌ条件下,地壬烷产生最低界面张力。在４５℃下,以行烷为油相,重烷基苯磺酸盐为表面活性剂,仲丁醇为助表面活性剂,可以与盐水形成微乳体系。对重烷基苯磺酸盐浓度０．１５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ（水相浓度）,仲丁醇／重烷基苯磺酸盐ｍｏｌ比＝１８．５：１,水／油体系比＝１：１的微乳体系,增加盐度可导致ＷｉｎｓｏｒＩ→ＷｉｎｓｏｒⅡ宫     

强化分散体系提高稠油油藏采收率影响因素实验研究

针对LD5-2油田储层特征及流体性质,以强化分散体系提高采收率幅度为研究指标,通过室内实验模拟,得出稠油强化分散提高采收率的影响因素。结果表明,稠油油藏单靠增加药剂浓度增油效果十分有限,而在注入强化分散体系前采取调剖措施后,强化分散体系可使采收率明显增加;油井吞吐注入速度或注液压差大小应当与储层物性和流体性质相适应,本次实验最佳注入速度和注入液压差约为0.3 m L/min和0.25 MPa;采取堵水剂+强化分散体系措施组合方式可以取得更好增油降水效果。     

油水分离剂在化学驱采出液和含油污水处理中的应用

针对大庆油田聚北-1联合站处理的化学驱采出液和含油污水因含有表面活性剂(52 8mg/L)、碱(294 5mg/L)和聚合物(347 5mg/L)而油水分离困难,造成该站处理后污水含油量严重超标的问题。从非离子型药剂的思路出发研制了适用于含表面活性剂、碱和聚合物的反相原油乳状液的油水分离剂。在聚北-1联合站原有的两级沉降和一级石英砂过滤含油污水处理工艺不变的条件下,在采出液中投加60mg/L本文研制的油水分离剂(药剂费用为0 51元/m3)后,该站处理后污水的平均含油量由投加油水分离剂前的99 0mg/L降低到9 9mg/L。     

稠油、超稠油热采技术研究进展

稠油或超稠油与常规的石油资源不同,具有胶质沥青质含量高,粘度和凝固点高等特点,因此利用传统的采油技术很难将其抽出来。目前普遍采用热采技术进行重油的开发利用。本文主要介绍几种热采技术及其发展状况。     

How to Attain Ultralow Interfacial Tension and Three-Phase Behavior with Surfactant Formulation for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Part 4: Robustness of the Optimum Formulation Zone Through the Insensibility to Some Variables and the Occurrence of Complex Artifacts

In enhanced oil recovery, not only the low-tension performance, but also the robustness at optimum formulation is an important issue. The fourth part of our review series is dedicated to robustness, defined as the width of the zone exhibiting three-phase behavior around the optimum formulation, whatever the scanned variable. It is first corroborated from a screening of the available data in the literature that the tension minimum is inversely proportional to the square of the three-phase range in the HLD scale. However, since there is still an inaccuracy of about a factor 10 in the tension minimum, some significant improvement can be attained in some cases by increasing the three-phase behavior width in two ways. The first approach consists of finding systems that are insensitive to some formulation variable such as temperature, surfactant mixture composition or concentration, and water-to-oil ratio. The second way is to produce an artifact through which the optimum formulation is produced twice in a scan. If the distance between the two events in the scan is reduced down to be zero, their corresponding three-phase behavior zones merge and result in a wider WIII region with a low tension. Several cases of such events are reported: alkaline scans, anionic-nonionic and anionic-cationic mixture changes, linear change in composition in three-surfactant mixture, partial precipitation from a surfactant mixture in a salinity scan, and excessive partitioning of polyethoxylated nonionics. More complex transitions with three effects in a single scan or three concomitantly scanned variables show even more possibilities in practice.     

Surfactant flooding characteristics of dodecyl alkyl sulfate for enhanced oil recovery

Surfactant-enhanced oil recovery is a type of enhanced oil recovery (EOR), a method to produce residual oil by injecting surfactant solution into the reservoir. The application of surfactant EOR requires knowledge of the phase behavior for more efficient production of residual oil.In this study, the relationship between dodecyl alkyl sulfate and some specific crude oils was examined through phase behavior test. It was found that the branched surfactant was more effective than the linear surfactant. The system was stable at salinities <3 wt%. On adding a small amount of co-surfactant, the emulsion activity was increased.The gravity drainage flooding test (GDFT) was performed to determine the potential of dodecyl alkyl sulfate to produce residual oil in porous media. It was found that the solution could be flooded at temperatures of 60 °C or higher. In the core flooding test, injecting one pore volume of 2 wt% surfactant solution with 3 wt% salinity produced 26.6% more oil after water flood. With the addition of only 0.01 wt% co-surfactant, oil production increased by 1.6%. Contrary to the phase behavior test, the linear surfactant produced 1.3% more oil than the branched surfactant in the core flooding test.     

Complexation of Surfactant/β‐Cyclodextrin to Inhibit Surfactant Adsorption onto Sand,Kaolin, and Shale for Applications in Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes. Part II: Dynamic Adsorption Analysis

Surfactant adsorption onto solid surfaces is problematic in some industrial processes, such as in surfactant flooding for enhanced oil recovery. In this work, it was hypothesized that the use of a surfactant delivery system could prevent surfactant adsorption onto solid surfaces. Therefore, the encapsulation of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) into the hydrophobic core of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) to generate a surfactant delivery system (SDS/β‐CD) was evaluated in this work. This complexation was characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). Dynamic adsorption evaluation was applied to determine the effectiveness of the complexation in inhibiting surfactant adsorption onto a variety of solid adsorbents including sand, and mixtures of sand–kaolin and sand–shale. Surfactant adsorption was also evaluated applying the quartz crystal microbalance technology (QCM‐D). The formation and morphology of the complexation was confirmed by optical microscopy, SEM, and FT‐IR. Dynamic adsorption tests demonstrated the effectiveness of the surfactant delivery approach in preventing the adsorption of surfactant (up to 74 % adsorption reduction). The QCM‐D technology confirmed these observations. Several mechanisms were proposed to explain the inhibition of surfactant adsorption including steric hindrance, self‐association of inclusion complexes, hydrophilicity increase, and disruption of hemimicelles formation.     

Preparation and Performance Evaluation of Fatty Amine Polyoxyethylene Ether Diethyl Disulfonate for Enhanced Oil Recovery in High‐Temperature and High‐Salinity Reservoirs

To enhance oil recovery in high‐temperature and high‐salinity reservoirs, a novel fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether diethyl disulfonate (FPDD) surfactant with excellent interfacial properties was synthesized. The interfacial tension (IFT) and contact angle at high temperature and high salinity were systematically investigated using an interface tension meter and a contact angle meter. According to the experimental results, the IFT between crude oil and high‐salinity brine water could reach an ultra‐low value of 10^?3 mN m^?1 without the aid of extra alkali at 90°C after aging. The FPDD surfactant has strong wettability alternation ability that shifts wettability from oil‐wet to water‐wet. The FPDD surfactant with a high concentration also has good emulsion ability under high‐temperature and high‐salinity conditions. Through this research work, we expect to fill the lack of surfactants for high‐temperature and high‐salinity reservoirs and broaden its great potential application area in enhanced oil recovery.     

低油价形势下改善稠油热采开发效果对策研究

针对胜利油田边底水能量强、原油黏度高、油层厚度薄、储层物性差、强水敏等油藏特征,以及稠油油藏热采开发成本高的特点,分析了当前低油价形势下稠油热采无效直井的治理对策。通过研究,提出了强边水油藏一线井提液二线井调剖、优化注汽参数、组合吞吐、分层注汽和氮气补充地层能量等技术措施,有针对性地解决了高含水井、无效益井的问题。现场应用表明,该系列技术对策有效提高了热采直井的开发效果,取得了良好的经济效益。     

提高复合驱油体系的抗钙镁能力研究

针对中原油田的胡状原油 ,在已筛选出SD驱油剂的基础上 ,在配方中添加两性离子表面活性剂 ,使原有配方的抗钙镁能力由 35 0mg/L提高到 2 0 0 0mg/L。并在SD复合驱油体系中进行了阳离子聚合物抗钙镁能力的研究。     

Effect of Ethylene Oxide Group in the Anionic–Nonionic Mixed Surfactant System on Microemulsion Phase Behavior

The phase behavior of microemulsions stabilized by a binary anionic–nonionic surfactant mixture of sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (SDHS) and C12-14 alcohol ethoxylate (C_{12 − 14}E_j) that contains an ethylene oxide (E_j) group number, j, of either 1, 5, or 9 was investigated for oil remediation. The oil–water interfacial tension (IFT) and optimal salinity of the microemulsion systems with different equivalent alkane carbon numbers (EACN) were examined. The anionic–nonionic surfactant ratio was found to play a pivotal role in the phase transition, IFT, and optimal salinity. The minimum IFT of mixed SDHS − C_{12 − 14}E_j systems were about three times lower than those of neat SDHS systems. A hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) empirical model for the mixed anionic–nonionic surfactant system with the characteristic parameter was proposed, as represented in the excess free energy term . The results suggested that the mixed system of SDHS − C_{12 − 14}E₁ was more lipophilic, while SDHS − C_{12 − 14}E₉ was more hydrophilic than the ideal mixture (no excess free energy during the microemulsion formation), and the SDHS − C_{12 − 14}E₅ system was close to the ideal mixture. The findings from this work provide an understanding of how to formulate mixed anionic–nonionic microemulsion systems using the HLD model for oils that possess a wide range of EACN.     

Effect of Sodium Carbonate on the Cloud Point in Alkyl Ether/Brine Systems: Apparent Relation with Dynamic Interfacial Tension Minimum

The effect of Na₂CO₃ on the cloud point in Na₂CO₃/surfactant/brine was investigated using two series of nonionic surfactants, C₁₃EO _x and C₁₇EO _x . The cloud point, T _cp, was found to decrease linearly with increasing Na₂CO₃ concentration. This was attributed to Na⁺ and particularly to CO₃ ^2?salting-out effect. The slope a = dTcp/d[Na₂CO₃] became more and more negative as the degree of ethoxylation is increased, suggesting that the higher the number of ethylene oxide (EO) groups the stronger is the cloud point depression for a given increment in Na⁺and CO₃ ^2?ions in solution. This was also illustrated by the linear variation of ΔT _cp = T _cp,0 ? T _cp,[Na2CO3] with the surfactant degree of ethoxylation.     

Complexation of Surfactant/β‐Cyclodextrin to Inhibit Surfactant Adsorption onto Sand,Kaolin, and Shale for Applications in Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes. Part III: Oil Displacement Evaluation

This proof of concept research evaluates the performance of a surfactant/β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) inclusion complex during chemical flooding for enhanced oil recovery. It was hypothesized that the encapsulated surfactant propagates well through the porous media. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used to study the surfactant/β‐CD complexations. Phase behavior analysis was carried out to prepare the most favorable chemical slug formulation. A series of core flooding tests were conducted to determine the efficiency of the SDS/β‐CD inclusion complex in displacing residual oil. Surfactant flooding was conducted as tertiary oil recovery mode (after mature water flooding) by injecting 0.3 pore volume (PV) of the optimum surfactant slug that was chased by 0.3 PV of a polymer slug; followed by continuous water flooding until oil production stopped. The experimental results indicate that the encapsulated surfactant propagates well through the sandpack system and consistently produces higher incremental oil recoveries that range from 40 to 82 % over the incremental oil recovery achieved by conventional surfactant flooding.