Quality of byproducts from chemical and physical refining of palm oil and other oils

Being byproducts, palm soapstock, palm acid oil and palm fatty acid distillates (PFAD) have a wide range of quality and composition. They also consist of many impurities and minor components. Due to development of refining techniques. PFAD have largely replaced palm acid oil, especially in the producing countries. Although both palm acid oil and PFAD can be used for making low-quality laundry soap directly, they are often subjected to further treatment. They have found many industrial applications, especially in the feed and fatty acid industries. Quality of recovered oil from spent earth can be as good as bulk of the bleached stock if proper solvent such as hexane is used for extraction. Spent earth can also be used for incineration to produce energy, cattlefeed and landfill.     

水分散型醇酸树脂的合成及性能研究

以脂肪油、邻苯二甲酸酐、偏苯三酸酐和三羟甲基丙烷为主要原料合成了水分散性醇酸树脂。以原料中酸酐的比例为基础设计了合成配方,讨论了合成工艺、脂肪油的种类和比例以及醇解催化剂对水分散性醇酸树脂性能的影响。     

Sunflower Acid Oil-Based Production of Rhamnolipid Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Its Application in Liquid Detergents

Utilization of industrial waste as substrates for the rhamnolipid synthesis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a worthy alternative for conventionally used vegetable oils and fatty acids to reduce the production cost of rhamnolipid. Sunflower acid oil (SAO), a by-product of the oil industry, contains 70% 18:0 fatty acid, with oleic acid as a major component. In this scope, production and analysis of rhamnolipid was successfully demonstrated using SAO as a new substrate. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced rhamnolipid (a glycolipid biosurfactant) at a maximum concentration of 4.9 g L⁻¹ with 60 g L⁻¹ of SAO in the medium. Structural properties of rhamnolipid biosurfactant are confirmed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Further surface-active properties of the crude rhamnolipid were evaluated by measuring surface tension and emulsification properties. The synthesized rhamnolipid reduced the surface tension of water to 30.12 mN m⁻¹ and interfacial tension (against heptane) to 0.52 mN m⁻¹. Moreover, rhamnolipid shows the highest emulsification index (above 80%) for vegetable oils. This study confirms the use of SAO as a potential substrate for rhamnolipid production. The synthesized rhamnolipid was incorporated in liquid detergent formulation along with alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) and sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES). The performance properties including foaming and cleaning efficiency of liquid detergent were compared.     

液体脂肪醇硫酸盐的生产及应用性能

简单介绍了液体脂肪醇硫酸钠的反应原理和工艺流程,对在生产过程中影响产品质量的因素进行了研究,得到了在生产过程中维持工艺空气的露点在-60℃以下、硫磺流量稳定、产品浓度不超过35％等条件,可生产出高质量的产品。通过对液体脂肪醇硫酸钠基本性能的测试,得出液体脂肪醇硫酸钠具有优异的去污、起泡、乳化和生物降解性能。同时,通过研究液体脂肪醇硫酸钠在洗洁精、洗衣粉和牙膏中的应用,得到的液体脂肪醇硫酸钠可代替部分脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠、烷基苯磺酸钠和固体脂肪醇硫酸钠在洗洁精、洗衣粉和牙膏中的应用。     

Covalorization of Palm Oil-Refining by-Products as Soaps

This study deals with the covalorization of spent bleaching clay (SBC) and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), the by-products of palm oil-refining plants (3 Mt. year⁻¹), through soap manufacture. Obtained SBC and PFAD samples show differing acidity and saponification values depending on their content of free fatty acids and of acylglycerols. The SBC sample had an acidity of 60.5% and a saponification value of 182 mg KOH g⁻¹ of oil, and the PFAD sample has an acidity of 88.4% and a saponification value of 204 mg KOH g⁻¹ of oil. Soaps are prepared using the stoichiometric amount of NaOH, under varying proportion of water introduced through the basic solution. The overall reaction (neutralization and saponification) is complete (99.9%) with PFAD, whereas the yield reaches only 56.1% with SBC. When mixing SBC and PFAD, for example under a 1:1 weight ratio, the overall reaction completion (87.7%) is surprisingly higher than expected based on the computed individual reaction yields (78%), showing a synergistic effect of about 10% on the course of the saponification reaction of acylglycerols in SBC. The water content was found to be a critical parameter, 30% w/w of added water providing the highest yield. These results show an innovative way for covalorizing two important by-products of palm oil industrial processing as a single final product. By-products of the physical refining of other oils could also be valorized following the same method.     

Production and utilization of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD)

PFAD (palm fatty acid distillate) is a by‐product of physical refining of crude palm oil products and is composed of free fatty acids (81.7%), glycerides (14.4%), squalene (0.8%), vitamin E (0.5%), sterols (0.4%) and other substances (2.2%). PFAD is used in the animal feed and laundry soap industries as well as a raw material for the oleochemicals industry. Vitamin E, squalene and phytosterols are value‐added products which could be extracted from PFAD and are of potential value for the nutraceutical and cosmetic industries.     

Improving coating characteristics of palm stearin alkyd by modification with ketone resin

The present study describes the modification of long oil palm stearin based alkyd resin through blending it with a commercially available ketone resin to improve its coating characteristics. The effects of blending on air drying time, hardness, adhesion, gloss, impact strength, chemical resistance and thermal behavior of dried films of blends were investigated and compared to virgin alkyds. It was found that blending results in modifying coating characteristics of palm stearin based alkyd resins, significantly. Best result was observed for weight ratio 70:30 of alkyd and ketone resins.     

双组分聚氨酯涂料用改性醇酸树脂的研究

采用不同改性的短油度醇酸树脂作甲组分,异氰酸酯预聚物作乙组分,配制双组分聚氨酯涂料,探讨甲组分对双组分聚氨酯涂料性能的影响。结果表明,椰子油改性短油度醇酸树脂,颜色水白、耐黄变性能和丰满度好,可以作为高档的亮光清面漆、耐黄变的面漆用树脂;蓖麻油改性短油度醇酸树脂,颜色较深、丰满度较好、干燥速度慢及柔韧性好,可以作为普通的亮光面漆用树脂;豆油改性短油度醇酸树脂,干燥速度较快,应用于底漆和哑光面漆;合成脂肪酸改性短油度醇酸树脂,颜色水白、流平好、干燥速度慢、丰满度高及硬度高,可以作为高档的亮光面漆用树脂。     

Synthesis and characterization of tall oil fatty acids-based alkyd resins and alkyd–acrylate copolymers

The polymerization and properties of environmentally friendly waterborne binders for wood coatings were studied. Conjugated and non-conjugated tall oil fatty acids-based alkyd resins were synthesized and further copolymerized via miniemulsion polymerization with acrylates (butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate). The ratio between alkyd resin and acrylate monomers was varied and the effect on copolymerization and the copolymer binder properties, such as particle size, molecular weight, grafting of acrylate to alkyd resin and reaction of double bonds, were studied. It was observed that the use of MMA influenced on the degree of grafting of acrylate and monomer conversion because the steric hindrances prevent MMA to react with alkyd double bonds as eagerly as BA. The increasing amount of alkyd resin was noticed to decrease the polymerization rate. The research showed that it was possible to prepare stable hybrids, alkyd–acrylate copolymers, with varied chemical composition.     

涤纶／松香改性醇酸树脂及其在涂料中的应用

选用豆油酸,松得,涤纶废丝等原料合成了改性醇酸树脂,用其制成的涂料具有优良异的光泽和丰满度。该树旨与中油度醇酸树脂配合,制得的醇酸磁漆具有光泽优,硬度等,硬度高,附着力强,柔韧性好等特点。讨论了影响生醇酸树脂合成的因素。探讨了其增光作用。     

水溶性苯乙烯改性醇酸树脂的合成工艺研究

采用脂肪酸法合成基础醇酸树脂,然后用苯乙烯和丙烯酸接枝共聚,制得了水溶性苯乙烯改性醇酸树脂.通过探讨油度、K值、苯乙烯、丙烯酸用量等因素对改性后树脂成膜性能的影响,确定了水溶性苯乙烯改性醇酸树脂的最佳工艺和配方;同时比较了水溶性常规未改性醇酸清漆、溶剂型苯乙烯改性醇酸清漆与水溶性苯乙烯改性醇酸清漆的性能优劣.结果表明:水溶性苯乙烯改性醇酸树脂较未改性醇酸树脂干性、硬度有了较大提高,与溶剂型苯乙烯改性醇酸树脂相当;当选取油度60％、K值1.05、苯乙烯质量分数35％、丙烯酸质量分数6.5％时,水溶性苯乙烯改性醇酸树脂白干表干达到0.5 h,实干20 h,硬度HB,水溶性优异,漆膜耐水、耐碱性获得很大提高,同时兼具了性能要求和环保要求.     

Synthesis and characterization of solvent-free hybrid alkyd resin with hyperbranched melamine core

In this study, a new hybrid alkyd resin was formulated using melamine-based hyperbranched polymer having 24 hydroxyl groups on its structure and relatively low molecular weight alkyd. The alkyd was synthesized using an oil mixture (40% linseed + 60% sunflower). Melamine was used as the core molecule for the hyperbranched polymer due to its excellent properties such as greater hardness, alkali and solvent resistance, and thermal stability. Melamine was first hydroxylated using formaldehyde and changed into hexamethylol melamine. This product was then twice hydroxylated with dimethylol propionic acid to obtain a hyperbranched polymer with 24 hydroxyl end groups. It was then reacted with low molecular weight alkyd resin at different proportions. The product had a low viscosity and could easily flow like oil. It is a solvent-free and water-free liquid. The ‘hyperbranched polymer/alkyd’ ratio affected physical properties of the liquid polymer and also the mechanical properties of the hardened polymer, which can be used for surface coating. The viscosity of the liquid resin decreases from 148 to 8.84 Pa.s as the hyperbranched-polymer-to-alkyd ratio is decreased from 1:3 to 1:24. On the other hand, the hardness of heat-treated resin decreases from 198 Persoz to 43 Persoz, respectively. That is, the increase in the amount of hyperbranched polymer in the resin increases hardness, whereas the increase in the amount of alkyd decreases it. The mechanical tests of hardened resins showed that all specimens passed conical mandrel bending test, and they all depicted high adhesion, and high abrasion and impact resistance. The specimens also had excellent gloss properties.     

Investigation of the effect of hydrolysis products of postconsumer polyethylene terephthalate bottles on the properties of alkyd resins

Hydrolysis of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flakes obtained from grinding postconsumer bottles was carried out at 200–230°C and molar ratios of PET/H₂O were taken as 1/5; 1/10; 1/20. The reaction products, when extracted with boiling water, yielded a water soluble crystallizable fraction (WSCF) and a water insoluble fraction (WIF). These fractions were characterized by acid and hydroxyl value determinations and DSC analysis. WSCF and WIF were used for preparation of alkyd resins. Five long oil alkyd resins were prepared from phthalic anhydride (PA) (reference alkyd resin) or hydrolysis products of the waste PET (PET‐based alkyd resin), pentaerithrithol (PE), soybean oil fatty acid (SOFA), and ethylene glycol (EG). Film properties and thermal degradation stabilities of these alkyd resins were investigated. Drying time, hardness, alkaline resistance, and thermal oxidative degradation resistance of the PET‐based alkyd resins are better than these properties of reference resin. The results show that hydrolysis products of waste PET obtained from postconsumer bottles are suitable for manufacturing of alkyd resins. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Polyurethane Dispersions Based on Interesterification Product of Fish and Linseed Oil

Alkyd and styrenated alkyd resins based on fish oil and their interesterifications with linseed oil were synthesized. The various properties of fish oil, such as its iodine value, acid value, saponification value and moisture content were determined. The interesterification product of fish oil and linseed oil can be used to partially replace the commercially available linseed oil alkyd resin. Alkyd resin and styrenated alkyd resin were modified with 2,2 dimethylolpropionic acid to introduce acid functionality and then sequentially reacted with isophorone diisocyanate, neutralized with amine, chain extended with ethylenediamine and dispersed in water to form a polyurethane dispersion. The newly synthesized resins and polyurethane dispersions were studied for coating properties such as scratch hardness, adhesion, flexibility, impact, solvent and chemical resistance. The polyurethane dispersions exhibited superior coating properties to those of their respective alkyds and styrenated alkyds.     

环氧改性水性醇酸树脂的研究进展

综述了目前国内产量较大,应用较广的环氧改性醇酸树脂常见的3种方法:物理共混改性、溶剂型环氧改性醇酸、环氧改性水性醇酸。同时介绍了影响环氧改性水性醇酸树脂制备及涂膜性能的多种因素,如环氧树脂的种类、一元脂肪酸种类与含量、油度等。最后对环氧改性水性醇酸树脂的应用前景进行了展望。     

Cleaning Ability of Mixed Solutions of Sulfonated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

Here, we present results from a systematic study on cleaning of oily deposits from solid surfaces (porcelain and stainless steel) by solutions of fatty acid sulfonated methyl esters (SME), sodium salts. The zwitterionic dodecyldimethylamine oxide (DDAO) has been used as a cosurfactant. As representatives of the vegetable and mineral oils, sunflower seed oil and light mineral oil have been used. The process of oil drop detachment from the solid substrates (roll-up mechanism) has been monitored. In the case of porcelain, excellent cleaning of oil is achieved by mixed solutions of SME and DDAO. In the case of stainless steel, excellent cleaning (superior than that by linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and sodium lauryl ether sulfate) is provided by binary and ternary mixtures of SME, which may contain also DDAO. For the studied systems, the good cleaning correlates neither with the oil/water interfacial tension, nor with the surfactant chainlength and headgroup type. The data imply that governing factors might be the thickness and morphology of admicelle layers formed on the solid/water interface. The results indicate that the SME mixtures represent a promising system for formulations in house-hold detergency, having in mind also other useful properties of SME, such as biodegradability, skin compatibility, and hard water tolerance.     

椰子油脂乙氧基化物在餐具洗涤剂中的应用

通过对椰子油脂乙氧基化物（COE）与阴离子表面活性剂直链烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）及脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠（AES）等的复配实验,研究了复配体系的黏度、去污力和泡沫性能。实验结果表明,COE与AES、LAS有优异的协同效能,COE适合做餐具洗涤剂中的主表面活性剂。     

Preparation and characterization of water reducible alkyd resin/colloidal silica nanocomposite coatings

In this study, water reducible alkyd resins containing different amounts of colloidal silica were synthesized for the first time. In order to achieve this, alkyd resin, which has an oil content of 35%, was prepared with tall oil fatty acid, isophthalic acid, trimellitic anhydride, and trimethylolpropane. The alkyd resin was neutralized with triethylamine, and was dissolved in an isobutyl alcohol-isopropyl alcohol-butyl glycol mixture to produce 75% (wt.) solution, which was called stock alkyd resin. The stock alkyd resin was diluted with water to 50% (wt.) concentration with water and colloidal silica mixture in order to prepare an alkyd solution containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% colloidal silica. Then the effect of the silica nanoparticle addition on the surface coating properties, thermal behaviors and surface morphologies of water reducible alkyd resins was investigated. As a result, the addition of colloidal silica has improved surface coating properties and thermal behaviors of nanocomposite water reducible alkyd resin.     

Alkyd resins synthesized from postconsumer PET bottles

Simultaneous glycolysis and neutral hydrolysis of waste PET flakes obtained from grinding postconsumer bottles was carried out in the presence of xylene and an emulsifier at 180 °C. The product was separated from EG, water and xylene by filtration and was extracted by water at boiling point three times. The remaining solid was named water insoluble fraction (WIF). The filtrate was cooled to 4 °C and the crystallized solid obtained by filtration was named water-soluble crystallizable fraction (WSCF). These fractions were characterized by acid value (AV), hydroxyl value (HV) determinations. WSCF and WIF were used for preparation of the alkyd resins. Three long oil alkyd resins were prepared from phthalic anhydride (PA) (reference alkyd resin) or depolymerization product of the waste PET (PET-based alkyd resin), glycerin (G), sunflower oil fatty acids (SOFA) and glycol (EG) (reference alkyd resin) or depolymerization product of the waste PET (PET-based alkyd resin). Film properties and thermal degradation stabilities of these alkyd resins were investigated. Physical properties (drying times, hardness and abrasion resistance) and thermal degradation stabilities of the PET-based alkyd resins are better than these properties of the reference alkyd resin.     

紫胶改性水性醇酸树脂的合成工艺研究

从改进树脂综合性能着手,研究了水性醇酸树脂的合成工艺。确定了以熔融法和分步加料来制备醇酸树脂。以紫胶部分替代三羟甲基丙烷,顺丁烯二酸酐/偏苯三酸酐部分替代苯酐,所得水性醇酸树脂的干燥性能、硬度和柔韧性等性能得以提高。紫胶用量以5%为宜。