MDC融合多径路由的无线图像传输方法

针对具有时间约束图像的无线网络传输中的数据出错和丢失问题,提出一种多重描述编码(MDC)结合网状多径路由的图像传输方法。首先,源节点利用MDC将图像帧分成多个等同重要的描述;然后,利用提出的多径路由策略寻找多条边不相交路径,并选择出合适的中间合并点对描述进行合并,利用链接错误信息对受损描述进行中间修复;最后,目的节点利用2 2过滤器和像素错误概率权重进行解码,根据其空间邻居插补丢失或损坏的像素。实验结果表明,提出的方法能够有效提高无线信道的容错性能,实现高信噪比图像传输。     

Energy-efficient multipath routing in wireless sensor network considering wireless interference

Due to the energy and resource constraints of a wireless sensor node in a wireless sensor network (WSN), design of energy-efficient multipath routing protocols is a crucial concern for WSN applications. To provide high-quality monitoring information, many WSN applications require high-rate data transmission. Multipath routing protocols are often used to increase the network transmission rate and throughput. Although large-scale WSN can be supported by high bandwidth backbone network, the WSN remains the bottleneck due to resource constraints of wireless sensors and the effects of wireless interference. In this paper, we propose a multipath energy-efficient routing protocol for WSN that considers wireless interference. In the proposed routing protocol, nodes in the interference zone of the discovered path are marked and not allowed to take part in the subsequent routing process. In this way, the quality of wireless communication is improved because the effects of wireless interference can be reduced as much as possible. The network load is distributed on multiple paths instead of concentrating on only one path, and node energy cost is more balanced for the entire wireless network. The routing protocol is simulated in NS2 software. Simulation result shows that the proposed routing protocol achieves lower energy cost and longer network lifetime than that in the literature.     

无线Ad Hoc网络中增强安全性的多路径路由算法

针对无线ad hoc网络的数据安全性问题,提出了一种增强安全性的多路径路由算法．该算法通过目标节点发送检测数据包的机制,动态维护多路径路由信息的有效性．源节点则根据收到检测包的信息自适应地更新当前的最优传输路径,充分利用路由寻找及维护过程中的信息建立多条可用路径,提供最优的路由方案,并增强了无线ad hoc网络数据传输的安全性．仿真结果表明此算法的数据传输安全性达到了合理的水平．     

Ad hoc网络中一种视频编码的多径路由算法

多描述视频编码是无线Adhoc网络中提高视频质量的一种很有效的编码方式,对于多描述编码的传输,常采用多径路由策略,论文将贝叶斯优化算法应用到多描述编码的多径路由中,以降低传输的失真。实验结果表明,贝叶斯优化算法对于解决多描述视频编码的传输失真具有良好的性能。     

无线网状网中自适应网络编码的MPTCP研究与设计

网络编码可以提高无线网状网的吞吐量,但是它在无线网状网中的实际应用是一个挑战性的问题。网络编码必须和TCP很好相容才能得到广泛应用。根据无线网状网的特点,研究和设计了一种自适应网络编码的多路径TCP。在提出的方案中,网络编码被加入到现有的网络系统,源节点根据目的节点编码数据块的自由度,调整发送编码的数据块,以降低多路径传输的数据报文的失序,提高网络的吞吐量,保证各个数据流之间的公平性。仿真结果表明设计的MPTCP有效。     

Survey of network coding-aware routing protocols in wireless networks

In recent times, there have been many advances in the field of information theory and wireless ad hoc network technologies. Regarding information theory progression and its connection with wireless ad hoc networks, this study presents fundamental concepts related to the application of the state-of-the-art Network Coding (NC) within wireless ad hoc networks in the context of routing. To begin with, this paper briefly describes opportunistic routing and identifies differentiation between NC-aware and NC-based routing mechanisms in wireless ad hoc networks. However, our main focus is to provide a survey of available NC-aware routing protocols that make forwarding decisions based on the information of available coding opportunities across several routes within wireless ad hoc networks. The taxonomy and characteristics of various representative NC-aware routing protocols will also be discussed. In summary, we provide a comparison of available NC-aware routing schemes and conclude that NC-aware routing techniques have several advantages over traditional routing in terms of high throughput, high reliability, and lower delay in a wireless scenario. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first that provides comprehensive discussion about NC-aware routing protocols.     

图像的多描述编码

图像的多描述编码(MDC)是针对单描述编码(SDC)而言,其编码方法是将图像编码为多个位流(描述),并使每个描述都能恢复可接受质量的图像。其恢复图像的质量只依赖描述的个数,即如果解码器接收到的描述越多,则由这些描述共同形成的图像质量就越高。在图像通信应用中,在无信道编码的情况下,用MDC方法可适应传输条件恶劣的信道,尤其是无线信道和网络信道。为了能在传输信道恶劣的条件下进行有效的图像传输,在对MDC的基本理论及其应用以及近几年MDC的研究现状进行概述和总结的基础上,提出了一种基于EZW编码的MDC方法。实验结果表明,此法简单、有效,其不仅实现了压缩图像传输的健壮性,同时兼顾了压缩效率。     

一种累计多路径的移动自组网络路由策略

描述了一种基于多路径移动自组网络按需路由策略.在移动自组网络,由于网络节点的移动性及拓扑结构的易变性,路由成为最受关注的问题.在以前的移动自组网络路由算法中,主要采用的是传统的单路径方式.最近,多路径方式也逐渐出现,因为相对单路径路由而言,多路径为移动自组网络提供的QoS支持更可行、更高效.鉴于现有的移动自组网络多路径策略未能为源节点提供充分的信息,提出了一种新型的移动自组网络多路径路由算法.该算法可以将路由信息保存在源节点中,并依此在源节点中采用替换路径或多路径并发的方式进行数据传输.     

Joint routing, scheduling, and power control for multichannel wireless sensor networks with physical interference

Reliability and real-time requirements bring new challenges to the energy-constrained wireless sensor networks, especially to the industrial wireless sensor networks. Meanwhile, the capacity of wireless sensor networks can be substantially increased by operating on multiple nonoverlapping channels. In this context, new routing, scheduling, and power control algorithms are required to achieve reliable and real-time communications and to fully utilize the increased bandwidth in multichannel wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we develop a distributed and online algorithm that jointly solves multipath routing, link scheduling, and power control problem, which can adapt automatically to the changes in the network topology and offered load. We particularly focus on finding the resource allocation that realizes trade-off among energy consumption, end-to-end delay, and network throughput for multichannel networks with physical interference model. Our algorithm jointly considers 1) delay and energy-aware power control for optimal transmission radius and rate with physical interference model, 2) throughput efficient multipath routing based on the given optimal transmission rate between the given source-destination pairs, and 3) reliable-aware and throughput efficient multichannel maximal link scheduling for time slots and channels based on the designated paths, and the new physical interference model that is updated by the optimal transmission radius. By proving and simulation, we show that our algorithm is provably efficient compared with the optimal centralized and offline algorithm and other comparable algorithms.     

A survey on routing algorithms for wireless Ad-Hoc and mesh networks

Wireless networking technology is evolving as an inexpensive alternative for building federated and community networks (relative to the traditional wired networking approach). Besides its cost-effectiveness, a wireless network brings operational efficiencies, namely mobility and untethered convenience to the end user. A wireless network can operate in both the “Ad-Hoc” mode, where users are self-managed, and the “Infrastructure” mode, where an authority manages the network with some Infrastructure such as fixed wireless routers, base stations, access points, etc. An Ad-Hoc network generally supports multi-hopping, where a data packet may travel over multiple hops to reach its destination. Among the Infrastructure-based networks, a Wireless Mesh Network (with a set of wireless routers located at strategic points to provide overall network connectivity) also provides the flexibility of multi-hopping. Therefore, how to route packets efficiently in wireless networks is a very important problem.A variety of wireless routing solutions have been proposed in the literature. This paper presents a survey of the routing algorithms proposed for wireless networks. Unlike routing in a wired network, wireless routing introduces new paradigms and challenges such as interference from other transmissions, varying channel characteristics, etc. In a wireless network, routing algorithms are classified into various categories such as Geographical, Geo-casting, Hierarchical, Multi-path, Power-aware, and Hybrid routing algorithms. Due to the large number of surveys that study different routing-algorithm categories, we select a limited but representative number of these surveys to be reviewed in our work. This survey offers a comprehensive review of these categories of routing algorithms.In the early stages of development of wireless networks, basic routing algorithms, such as Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing, were designed to control traffic on the network. However, it was found that applying these basic routing algorithms directly on wireless networks could lead to some issues such as large area of flooding, Greedy Forwarding empty set of neighbors, flat addressing, widely-distributed information, large power consumption, interference, and load-balancing problems. Therefore, a number of routing algorithms have been proposed as extensions to these basic routing algorithms to enhance their performance in wireless networks. Hence, we study the features of routing algorithms, which are compatible with the wireless environment and which can overcome these problems.     

图像信号的多描述编码方法

鉴于数据在不可靠信道传输时，可能会发生数据包丢失或出错的问题，因此在图像与视频信号传输中如何解决由此而产生的图像质量严重下降问题已成为近年来的一个重要研究课题，而多描述编码作为一种可选的解决方案已开始受到关注。由于多描述编码是将信号分解为多个独立的码流，并通过不同的信道进行传输，因而可在较高压缩效率下增强信号的稳健性。在对目前的图像多描述编码文献进行分析和综合的基础上，首先阐述了多描述编码的历史和信息论背景；然后对图像多描述编码方法进行了分类，即分为基于量化、基于变换和基于空间扩展的多描述编码等几类，并对各种方法的数学模型以及适用情况等进行了讨论；最后给出了图像多描述编码的存在问题及研究展望。     

基于SDN的胖树数据中心网络的多路径路由算法

近年来,具有多路径能力的胖树拓扑结构已经被应用在很多数据中心网络(DCNs)中,以提高网络带宽和容错性。但其使用的传统路由协议对多路径路由的支持是非常有限的,并没有充分利用胖树数据中心网络的多余的可用带宽。因此研究了基于SDN的胖树网络的多路径路由。首先提出一个属于线性规划范畴的问题并证明它的NP完全性;然后提出了一个利用软件定义网络架构优点的实用算法,其依赖于一个中心控制器来收集网络状态信息,以作出最优的路由转发决策;最后把算法实现为OpenFlow控制器的一个模块并进行仿真验证。实验结果表明,所提算法无论在提高吞吐量还是减小端到端时延方面都优于传统的基于拓扑感知启发式的多路径算法。     

适用于WSNs的拥塞自适应多径路由算法

针对无线传感器网络(WSNs)数据汇聚特性易导致网络拥塞的问题,结合改进AOMDV协议的多径建立、选择机制的缺陷,提出一种拥塞自适应的多径路由算法。新协议首先引入相关因子模型建立相互干扰度最小的路径集;其次建立路径拥塞信息采集、更新机制,并利用HELLO消息传递。最终源节点通过实时感知路径拥塞信息,自适应选择低拥塞路径来避免拥塞。仿真结果表明:改进的协议显著提高了分组投递速率,降低了端对端时延。     

异构无线传感器网络基于区分服务的网络编码协议

通过将来自多条链路的数据包融合为一个单独的编码信息流进行传输,网络编码技术能够显著地提高无线 多}a}网络的容量。提出一种基于区分服务的异构无线传感器网络编码协议(DI3NO。协议的核心思想是周期性地计 算节点剩余能量的均值和标准差,对节点进行动态分类。在此基础上,将服务质量需求映射到网络编码协议中。为 此,引入能量感知编码包转发机制,以高效地利用节点的能量;另一方面,设计多优先级数据包调度策略,目的是创造 更多的编码机会。仿真结果表明,DI3NC不仅可以保障数据的可靠传输,而且可有效地减少低能量节点的能耗,从而 延长网络的生命周期。     

应用累积系数确认的网络编码机会路由协议

在无线mesh网络中,机会路由通过高效使用无线传输的广播特性显著地提高了无线网络的吞吐量.引入网络编码,使得机会路由协议可以避免复杂的调度,更加易于实现.然而,网络编码的引入给机会路由协议带来新的问题：转发节点应该发送多少编码包?MORE等协议依据平均链路状况信息来预计节点转发编码包数目的方法,无法准确判定发送的冗余.以CCACK为代表的研究采用逐跳反馈的方式来减少编码包的冗余发送.首先,针对采用正交向量确认的CCACK机制进行分析,说明了CCACK尽管可以减少确认开销,减少误判,但却带来了“信息空间已覆盖而无法正交”的漏判问题.在此基础上,提出了一种基于累积编码系数反馈确认的网络编码机会路由协议CFACK.该确认机制中转发节点通过侦听下游节点的编码系数向量,并与来自上游节点的编码系数向量进行相关性分析,从而获知下游节点信息是否覆盖自身信息.证明了在无差错网络环境下该确认机制不存在误判和漏判的可能,同时,在有差错网络环境下对该确认机制的有效性进行了分析.结果表明：在一般节点分布情况下,利用额外的一次携带确认,可以确保90%以上的准确性.仿真测试结果表明：CFACK相比CCACK,显著提高了网络的吞吐量,平均提高率为72.2%,同时在编码计算、存储和包头开销上都少于CCACK.     

基于分层结构的多描述编码

为了适应不可靠网络传输对编码抗干扰能力的要求,提出了一种基于分层结构的多描述编码方案,该方案根据质量可分级的编码思想将小波系数分为两个描述,独立传输。其每个描述均包含基本层和增强层两部分信息。基本层由系数的关键信息组成,可拷贝到两个描述中同时传输,而增强层是系数的剩余信息,可拆分成两个部分通过不同描述传输。由于每个描述均包含可以恢复图像基本质量的关键信息,因此即使在丢失一个描述的情况下也可以保证较高的图像重建质量。实验结果表明,该方案是正确的和有效的,其在保证较高编码效率的同时,还能提高编码的抗干扰能力。