Surface Phenomena in the Smelting Bath of an Oxygen Converter

The oxygen-converter production of steel is determined by processes in the converter’s reaction zone, which consists of primary and secondary regions. The primary region is the crater formed by the collision of a supersonic gas jet with the molten-metal surface. It is filled with metal droplets (diameter 0.1–2 mm). The surrounding secondary region consists of melt with an enormous quantity of gas bubbles (diameter 0.2–4 mm). The total surface area of the droplets and bubbles is four orders of magnitude greater than the surface of the quiescent melt. That indicates the important role of processes at phase boundaries in steel production. The structure of the reaction zone and the corresponding temperature distribution are studied by hot simulation, when the molten metal is blown by oxygen in a transparent quartz crucible. The transparent walls permit photographic and video recording of the processes in the crucible. Besides the temperature distribution, the hydrodynamics of the bath may be studied directly in the injection zone. The most unexpected result of hot simulation is the motion of the bubbles in the secondary region. They move normal to the crater surface. In other words, their motion is almost horizontal, rather than vertical, as in cold simulation in water. This may be attributed to nonuniformity of the melt’s surface tension, resulting in motion of the bubbles toward higher temperatures. In liquid with a temperature gradient, the surface tension will be different ahead of and behind the bubbles. The forces pushing the bubbles from behind are greater than the forces at the front. Accordingly, they move toward the region of lower surface tension. The nonuniformity of the surface tension is due to the temperature gradient (up to 1200°C within the secondary region) and the change in concentration of the melt components, especially oxygen. The surface tension of the ferrocarbon melt changes in a complex manner with increase in temperature. The surface tension rises on heating to 1550°C, but begins to decrease beyond 1550–1600°C. With decrease in carbon content in the melt, the maximum value of the surface tension increases. The motion of gas bubbles and other phases toward lower surface tension begins at the 1550°C isotherm, which is therefore the external boundary of the secondary region, separating it from the remainder of the bath. Within this boundary, the resultant vector of the surface forces pushes the gas bubbles and slag particles, together with the molten metal, horizontally toward the crater, at increasing speed. This determines the hydrodynamics of the smelting bath and the associated redistribution of oxygen over different parts of the bath and hence the refining process as a whole.     

电沉积法制备泡沫镍的研究

采用聚氨脂泡沫为基体,经预处理、化学镀、电沉积工艺制备了均匀分布三维网状孔结构的高空隙率泡沫镍。通过电子扫描电镜(SEM)观察了制备过程中泡沫的形貌,并测定了泡沫镍的主要物理性能。     

表面现象观察法在转炉操作中的应用

全面介绍表面现象观察法在转炉操作中的应用。通过对转炉炉口火焰、喷溅物、炉后风眼钎子、炉前样品等表面现象的观察,判断转炉内的反应及造渣情况、造渣终点、筛炉终点。     

Hypervelocity Impact Penetration Phenomena in Aluminum Space Structures

All long‐duration spacecraft are susceptible to high‐speed impacts by meteoroids and pieces of orbiting space debris. Damage to critical spacecraft systems caused by such impacts can lead to spacecraft failure and loss of life. In order to develop adequate protection against penetration for crew compartments and other critical spacecraft systems, an aerospace design engineer must possess a full understanding of the penetration mechanics involved in the hypervelocity impact loading of a variety of structural components. This paper describes the results of an experimental investigation of the penetration phenomena associated with oblique hypervelocity projectile impact of aluminum dual‐wall structures. Equations that quantitatively describe these phenomena are obtained through a regression of hypervelocity impact test data. These equations characterize observed penetration phenomena as functions of the geometric and material properties of the impacted structure and the diameter, obliquity, and velocity of the impacting projectile. A review of the test data shows that oblique hypervelocity impact penetration phenomena are strongly dependent on impact obliquity and therefore can differ significantly from those associated with normal high‐speed impacts. It is concluded that the possibility of non‐normal impacts and their effects on structural integrity must be considered in the design of any structure that is to be exposed to the hazardous meteoroid and space debris environment.     

喷雾热解氧化亚镍制备微细镍粉工艺研究

需要对还原工艺参数进行严格控制,以满足新材料对微细镍粉粒度、松装密度、氧含量的要求。利用氢还原技术,采用推舟炉进行试验,研究了不同条件下喷雾热解氧化亚镍粉的氢还原效果。结果表明,采用推舟炉还原喷雾热解氧化亚镍生产微细镍粉的最佳工艺条件为:还原温度745～800℃、推舟时间1 200s、氢气流量7.5m~3/h。所制得的还原镍粉松装密度低、粒度细,氧含量可低至0.25%。     

纯镍钝化膜的电化学性能

为了搞清镍的钝化行为,本文用极化曲线法及交流阻抗技术,通过对纯镍在中性H₃BO₃-Na₂B₄O₇溶液及添加了K₃Fe(CN)₆/K₄Fe(CN)₆氧化-还原系溶液中的极化行为及交流阻抗特性的研究,讨论了钝化膜的电模型和电极反应。     

Impact of Membrane Surface Modification on the Treatment of Surface Water

New polyethersulfone (PES) based membranes for ultrafiltration (UF) were developed by blending a surface-modifying macromolecule (SMM) in the casting solution, in an attempt to minimize the impact of fouling. Fouling was evaluated using concentrated Ottawa River water (CORW), either unfractionated or fractionated via UF. These membranes also included some polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a pore forming additive. A statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of some variables on the treatment of the surface water. The independent variables included PVP/PES ratio in the casting solution, with and without SMM, and the nature of the feed CORW [low molecular weight (LMW) fraction, unfractionated, high molecular weight (HMW) fraction]. The performance variables studied were total organic carbon (TOC) removal, the foulant accumulation at the membrane surface after filtration, the flux reduction, and the final permeate flux. The most important variable was the feed water. Filtration of LMW had a higher final flux, less fouling, but slightly lower TOC removal. The SMM did not significantly impact the membrane performance. TOC removal was high, compared with results reported in the literature for UF membranes.     

超细镍粉制备技术研究进展

文章综述了近年来国内外超细镍粉的制备方法及进展,分别就气相法、液相法和固相法制备超细镍粉的研究方法进行了简要的评述,对其未来发展趋势提出了自己的观点。     

纳米镍粉的研究进展

对纳米镍粉的应用领域及近年来国内外制备方法进行了简要综述,提出了纳米镍粉的研究方向.     

泡沫镍的制备工艺与性能

探讨了在聚氨酯泡沫塑料上用化学镀镍法制备泡沫镍的工艺和性能。经化学镀镍的可导电泡沫的电阻率越大 ,电铸时电流增加速度越慢 ;电阻率的偏差越大所得泡沫镍均匀性越差 ;泡沫镍的化学成分主要受原料镍纯度影响 ;构成泡沫镍网状结构的丝均为中空体 ,其截面呈三角形 ,中空微孔部分的体积占总孔隙率的 1 5 %～3 0 % ;各条件下所得产品孔隙率均大于 95 8%。     

超细镍粉制备技术研究进展

综述了近年来国内外超细镍粉的制备方法及研究进展,分别评述了气相法、液相法和固相法的优缺点,并提出了其未来的发展趋势。     

粗碳酸镍制备工艺的优化改造

提出了镍电解生产过程中粗碳酸镍制备工序优化改造的方案,并进行了论证试验。结果表明,现有镍电解生产工艺设备可以进行三方面改造,即改变反应槽镍液和碱液进液位置及流量分布;反应槽改为并联反应方式;碳酸镍制备工艺技术条件改为:停留时间5h,pH 7.8±0.1,反应温度55℃。改造后的碳酸镍各项指标和产能可以达到工艺要求,工艺容易实现自动控制。     

Volume and Surface Properties of Antimony-Containing Nickel Melts

A decrease in the detrimental effect of an antimony impurity in nickel is considered using structure-sensitive parameters, namely, density and surface tension. Samples of experimental heats containing 0.01–0.05 wt % Sb are prepared from a preliminarily cast master alloy. Antimony additions are found to increase the density of the nickel melt substantially. A negative density hysteresis appears in the temperature dependences recorded upon cooling. Antimony in the nickel melt is found to have a high surface activity and to decrease its surface tension strongly. When the melt is heated, its surface tension increases, which is accompanied by the passage of antimony into the volume and by changes in the volume and surface solution compositions.     

电沉积法制备多层泡沫铜/镍

采用聚氨脂泡沫为基体,经预处理、化学镀、电沉积制备了均匀分布三维网状孔结构的高空隙率多层泡沫金属铜/镍。通过电子扫描电镜(SEM)观察了泡沫的形貌,并测定了多层泡沫材料的主要物理性能。     

The Impact of Microstructure on Yield Strength Anisotropy in Linepipe Steels

We describe here the effect of microstructure on the yield strength anisotropy in high-strength microalloyed linepipe steels. The anisotropy in steel with ferrite-bainite microstructure was lower compared to the steel with ferrite-pearlite microstructure and is attributed to the significant difference in their transformation texture components, {112}〈110〉 and {332}〈113〉. The yield strength anisotropy is discussed in terms of crystal plasticity concept involving estimation of average orientation factor and its relation to yield strength.     

Preparation of Ferro–Nickel Alloy from High-Iron Red Mud and Laterite Nickel Ore

Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals - Low-cost ferro–nickel alloy was fabricated by recycling high-iron red mud and laterite nickel ore with coke reductant. Na2CO3 and CaO additives...     

化学镀镍法制备中空镍纤维

采用化学镀的方法制备中空镍纤维,通过对不同纤维进行筛选和优化,选取晴纶纤维作为化学镀镍的基体,纤维直径约10 μm,长度3 mm左右.采用NaH2PO2为还原剂的碱性低温镀液体系在晴纶纤维表面镀镍,通过SEM,EDS和XRD分析了镀层表面形貌、结构和化学成分.研究发现,未经烧结的Ni/晴纶复合纤维镀层致密均匀,主要成分为低磷含量的Ni-P合金.将复合纤维先在空气中进行氧化烧结去除晴纶基体,发现烧结温度对去除有机基体得到中空镍纤维有较大影响.当烧结温度低于300℃时,有机基体去除不完全;当烧结温度为400℃时,基本没有有机基体残留,管壁致密;当温度为500℃时,得到的中空氧化镍纤维管壁有大量微孔,质脆易碎.将去除基体后的氧化物在氢气气氛下进行高温还原处理,得到中空镍纤维,组成为Ni和Ni3P,镍元素占93.83%(质量分数).     

由废镍催化剂制备氯化镍的研究

本文采用湿法工艺以氯化镍形式回收废镍催化剂中的镍。重点考察了硫酸浸镍过程的影响因素和水解除杂效果。在硫酸浓度40％、液固比3、温度75℃条件下,120min时镍浸出率可达98．50％;用NaOH中和浸出液pH为6时,Fe、Al、Ti等杂质均以氢氧化物沉淀形式被过滤除去,除杂后上述杂质含量均降至0．3mg／L以下。制得产品NiCl2·2H2O主体含量为99．80％,镍的总回收率为96．50％。     

纳米镍颗粒空心纤维的制备及其表征

探索采用化学镀制备纳米镍颗粒有机复合纤维，经热解脱芯后得到纳米镍颗粒空心纤维的方法，并用SEM，TEM和XRD对其显微形貌和结构进行观测和分析。SEM观测显示，脱芯后得到的金属镍纤维为空心壳层结构，壳层完整且有微孔。XRD和TEM分析结果都表明：空心镍纤维壳层是由面心立方金属镍纳米颗粒构成σs，平均颗粒尺寸约40nm。强磁震动样品磁强仪测量纳米镍颗粒空心纤维的磁性能。为33．80emu·g^-1,He为151 Oe。研究结果表明，采用化学镀制备金属有机复合纤维脱芯，可以获得纳米镍金属颗粒构筑的空心纤维。