Exceptional pattern of extreme rainfall variability at urban centre of Addis Ababa,Ethiopia

This paper examines the long-term historical changes in frequency and amplitude of rainfall extremes in two very close stations of Addis Ababa, the Addis Ababa Observatory (AAO) and Addis Ababa Bole (AAB) records including some surrounding measurements using the second half of 20^th century data. The method used to examine trends and oscillatory patterns is the quantile perturbation method, especially designed for extreme conditions. The result shows that the Addis Ababa Observatory (AAO) shows an exceptionally increasing trend in its extreme events while the rest of the stations show an oscillating pattern. Exceptional behaviour at AAO is also noticed from unique global climatic indices. Both Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Southern Oscillation Index are opposed to other stations. A possible reason for the increasing trend is linked with the growing urbanization that has been occurring in Addis Ababa city in the past decades. Nevertheless the variability of AAO rainfall extremes is within the uncertainty range that indicates natural variability. Although the change may not be severe at present, it is important to note the increasing trend to avoid serious consequences in the future.     

混杂现代性与公共空间——浅析近代天津的公园发展

结合19世纪末20世纪初半殖民时期东西方政治、经济、文化碰撞的背景,考察近代开埠城市天津的公园发展历程,探究西方及日本造园手法和近代城市规划思想对它的影响,进而剖析在西学东渐背景下对中国传统园林元素的再利用,并尝试结合游园体验来解读近代城市公共空间的混杂现代性。     

城市现代性与历史传统辩证关系探究

本文通过分析城市现代性与历史传统在建筑、空间、生态环境以及社会方面的辩证关系,讨论了现代城市在与传统交接中应该深入思考的问题。最后明确,应该扬传统之长、避现代之短,充分发挥城市现代性的有利方面。     

URBAN GOVERNANCE AT THE NATIONALIST DIVIDE: COPING WITH GROUP‐BASED CLAIMS

ABSTRACT: This article examines how urbanism and local governance address group differences in cities of nationalistic conflict. I investigate four settings—Basque Country and Barcelona (Spain) and Sarajevo and Mostar (Bosnia‐Herzegovina)—that have experienced intergroup conflict, war, and major societal transformations. Findings come primarily from over 100 interviews with urban professionals (both governmental and nongovernmental), community officials, academics, and political leaders in these cities. I find that urban areas can constitute unique and essential peace‐building resources that can be used to transcend nationalist divides. Urban interventions aimed at creating inter‐group coexistence can play distinct roles in societal peace building and constitute a bottom‐up approach that supplements and catalyzes top‐down diplomatic peace‐making efforts. I discuss why some cities play a progressive role in shaping new societal paths while others do not, how this peace‐constitutive city function is actualized, and how this type of urbanism can be misplaced or neglected.     

Rethinking cities in the Middle East: political economy, planning, and the lived space

Urbanisation is an economic, political, and socio-cultural complexity, and so is its interaction with cityscapes. However, this truism rarely finds an expression in academic research. It is obvious that economic transitions would determine the quality and volume of the built environment. Municipal and state decision making further shape the nature of urban spaces, and socio-cultural transformations influence perceived notions of the lived space and, in turn, reshape the physical landscape itself. Nevertheless, research on cities in the Middle East and elsewhere remains fairly limited in scope, with little cross-discipline 'conversation' among scholars in different fields which attempts to account for such complexity. This is all the more surprising as life in cities has become, over the past half century or so, the most significant form of human collective dwelling; in the Middle East over half the population currently lives in urban settings and the numbers are forecast to grow in the future.1

This review article is the result of a dialogue between an architect and an economic historian in response to the foregoing. We have united in an attempt to offer a more integrative approach to Middle East urbanism, accounting for the interactions of the political economy of this region, planning, and the lived space. The key questions on which we focus are why and how do state transformation and economic structural change impact upon urban space. In seeking the answers we examine the long-term trajectory of cities as they went through the first period of globalisation under imperial intervention and/or direct colonial rule; gradually came under independent, inward-looking, national regimes; and presently experience the second wave of globalisation and the opening of local economies to international markets. Such a narrative explores common themes in the historical trajectories of cities' lives.

Our long-term, geographically extensive overview (Map 1) is bound to miss some specific developments that have made a significant impact on the transformations of cities in the region; our aim is not to totalise Middle East experiences and reduce a variety of narratives to a simplistic linear model of change. Even more so, our study of the Middle East is mostly focused on Egypt, the Asian Arab countries (the mashraq), Israel/Palestine, and Turkey, the geographical unit which roughly corresponded with the Ottoman Empire, the last state to control the Middle East before the age of nations. We acknowledge that any bird's eye view perspective is bound to do some injustice to historically specific contexts, and city transitions that occurred in such contexts. We would welcome any future work that brings our suggestion here, namely to integrate political economy with the study of urban development and city life, to bear on more specific research on urbanism in the Middle East.     

新都市主义与中国当代居住建筑初探

本文通过对新都市主义理论的阐述及其在中国当代居住建筑中的反映,发现了当代居住建筑在城市层面存在的问题,并粗略展望了未来新都市主义居住建筑的前景,学习了新都市主义研究问题的方法。     

Landscape and the cultural politics of China’s anticipatory urbanism

China has seen a proliferation of monumental urban projects in recent years extending to lower tier cities. This paper examines the production of new urban landscapes in the Kangbashi New District of Ordos Municipality to assess the political economy and cultural logics of China’s current-day city-making programmes. The concept of ‘anticipatory urbanism’ is developed to interpret how monumentality in the built environment is aimed at foretelling new developmental futures promising to deliver power to the local state and prosperity to residents. The analysis assesses public responses to landscape transformations and discusses how speculation in the production of new city spaces generates conflict and crisis for the local state. Anticipatory urbanism is found to feed off government ambition and undermines sustainable urban growth.     

Rethinking cities in the Middle East: political economy,planning, and the lived space

Urbanisation is an economic, political, and socio-cultural complexity, and so is its interaction with cityscapes. However, this truism rarely finds an expression in academic research. It is obvious that economic transitions would determine the quality and volume of the built environment. Municipal and state decision making further shape the nature of urban spaces, and socio-cultural transformations influence perceived notions of the lived space and, in turn, reshape the physical landscape itself. Nevertheless, research on cities in the Middle East and elsewhere remains fairly limited in scope, with little cross-discipline ‘conversation’ among scholars in different fields which attempts to account for such complexity. This is all the more surprising as life in cities has become, over the past half century or so, the most significant form of human collective dwelling; in the Middle East over half the population currently lives in urban settings and the numbers are forecast to grow in the future.1 1. The authors thank Kerem Oktem and Kobi Peled for their insightful comments on an earlier version of this article.

This review article is the result of a dialogue between an architect and an economic historian in response to the foregoing. We have united in an attempt to offer a more integrative approach to Middle East urbanism, accounting for the interactions of the political economy of this region, planning, and the lived space. The key questions on which we focus are why and how do state transformation and economic structural change impact upon urban space. In seeking the answers we examine the long-term trajectory of cities as they went through the first period of globalisation under imperial intervention and/or direct colonial rule; gradually came under independent, inward-looking, national regimes; and presently experience the second wave of globalisation and the opening of local economies to international markets. Such a narrative explores common themes in the historical trajectories of cities' lives.

Our long-term, geographically extensive overview (Map 1) is bound to miss some specific developments that have made a significant impact on the transformations of cities in the region; our aim is not to totalise Middle East experiences and reduce a variety of narratives to a simplistic linear model of change. Even more so, our study of the Middle East is mostly focused on Egypt, the Asian Arab countries (the mashraq), Israel/Palestine, and Turkey, the geographical unit which roughly corresponded with the Ottoman Empire, the last state to control the Middle East before the age of nations. We acknowledge that any bird's eye view perspective is bound to do some injustice to historically specific contexts, and city transitions that occurred in such contexts. We would welcome any future work that brings our suggestion here, namely to integrate political economy with the study of urban development and city life, to bear on more specific research on urbanism in the Middle East.     

近代长春城市面貌的形成与特征，1900-1957

1900年以来,长春经历了快速的城市化和近代化过程,其城市功能发生了三次转变：从边疆集镇发展到铁路城市,再变为伪满的“政治中心”城市空间,最后通过“一五”建设成为综合性的工业城市。在不同历史阶段,“现代化”和“现代性”的定义和表达各不相同。梳理长春近代以来的发展历史,有助于指导长春今天的保护规划。     

Determining transit nodes for potential transit-oriented development: Along the LRT corridor in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia

The aim of transit-oriented development (TOD) is to create a livable urban environment by improving the integration between land-use and transportation systems. The capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, aims to promote a sustainable transportation system by launching its first light rail transit (LRT) network to control the current pattern of increased congestion and the need for mass transport. Planning for TOD around existing transit stations helps achieve improved transit choice and encourages local economic development. Therefore, this article proposes a methodology to quantitatively measure the existing TOD in terms of a TOD index within the walkable distance of transit nodes by measuring the criteria that define TOD levels. The TOD index is calculated for areas of 22 stations on the East-West LRT line of Addis Ababa. Depending on the value of the TOD index, certain stations are identified to have a potential TOD but poor transit accessibility. With these results, the recommendation to improve TOD planning can become accurate for each station, depending on its relevant factors. Such results also help identify each station's potential for TOD planning and its improvements toward future local developments.     

埃塞俄比亚的荷兰大使馆

埃塞俄比亚的新荷兰大使馆位于亚的斯亚贝巴城郊的一片桉树林里,长长的平伸式建筑横穿斜坡,周围的景观沿着斜坡的长度方向与这座砂红色的粗糙混凝土建筑相衔接,因而使室内外空间形成了紧密的联系.带有荷兰建筑风格的宽阔的雨篷,     

基于气候适应性的中国古代城市形态研究

中国古城有数千年的历史,不同历史朝代的城市记录了不同时期的城市规划设计思想。其中有许多古代城市的规划设计手法对今天的城市规划有借鉴的价值。中国古代城市形态的气候适应性研究,对指导现代城市设计,创造和建设具有中国特色的现代化城市,继承和发扬地域传统文化,以及弥补古代城市建设史的学科缺失都具有重要的理论意义。该文采用训诂法等研究方法对历史文献资料进行了大量的调查和分析,深入分析古代城市选址、城市水系和城市布局的气候适应性,试图从一个全新的视角,系统整理基于气候适应性的古代城市形态。     

Making cities global: the new city development of Songdo,Yujiapu and Lingang

Looking at the South Korean case of New Songdo City and comparing it with two Chinese cities, the Yujiapu Financial District and Lingang New City, this study examines practices of city building in Northeast Asia not simply from an ambitious urban design aspect, but more critically from the planning patterns and emphatic discourses employed in these developments. Designed by top-down decisions to reach the ocean coast from the centres of the metropolitan region, New Songdo City drew upon the Global City paradigm that employs comprehensive modernist urban plans, while city developers aspired it to be a strategically positioned, new urban gate to its metropolitan region. Similar ambitions feed the creation of Yujiapu and Lingang and are coloured by a competitive developmental agenda of catching up the West on the one hand and surpassing regional rival cities on the other hand. These South Korean and Chinese examples stand as emblematic instances of how the currency of global city development is now articulated through popular planning discourses like ecologically conscious and technologically advanced urbanism. Framed as Green City Development, the three new cities reveal narrowly tailored global themes of sustainability and intelligence that address the current modes of imagining urban space in Northeast Asia.     

莫斯科Rublyovo-Arkangeskoye新城,俄罗斯

Rublyovo-Arkangeskoye新城坐落于莫斯科近郊,是城市西部郊区重要的组成部分,它也是现今欧洲最大的房地产开发项目,占地约430hm2。新城规划突出表现欧洲典型的城市特色,集中体现欧洲理想的生活方式,包括洁净的市区环境、完善的基础设施、丰富的建筑形态和便捷的交通系统。规划     

反思都市史——比较都市史与规划史阅读书目的导言

百花齐放的都市史成就展现在出版上,包括了社会与文化取向的都市史、在通史写作之外对都市形式课题与对城市设计的历史研究、威尼斯学派的批判史学以及新马克思主义的历史地理学、社会学与史学等方面的杰出学术贡献。作者指出面对21世纪网络社会的挑战,工业社会崛起时的都市化方法论假设必须通过理论的检验才能面对1980年代后中国大陆都市现实中浮现的悖论性空间与社会。以马克思·韦伯为代表的两方现代城市的普同价值,不仅不易区分中国城市的政治性格与繁华市井的都市氛围,而且面对新的信息技术冲击,在研究分析上显得过时,在实践上难接地气。所以,值得由比较的角度重建亚洲的都市史写作,而规划史则是其中重要的现代专业者反思空间实践的历史环节。     

Self-initiated transformations of public-provided dwellings in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Transformations of human settlements are very dramatic in cities of the developing countries where, despite the rapid urbanization process and demographic change, housing provisions fall short of demand. This results in continuous transformation of shelters in order to meet basic needs and changing situations. Unlike in the industrialized countries, this is largely accomplished through spontaneous private initiative. Thus, construction of new dwellings and also modification and maintenance of government-owned ones are private concerns. Especially the low-income groups have no alternative other than to use their own sporadic means. Encouragement and coordination of this enthusiasm by the formal sector is, however, scarce. As a component part of a Ph.D. thesis which involved field surveys from March up to July 1997, the following synopsis sketches user-initiated transformations on government-provided low cost houses in Addis Ababa. Information and figures are extracted from three of the studied residential areas and revealed the fact that self-initiated transformation represents a valuable resource for improving the housing conditions of the low income groups     

后奥林匹克北京的城市化

试图对北京后奥林匹克公园中日后可能发生的一切进行再阐述,其前提是对奥林匹克城市肌理和景观在中国如何产生的质疑——以一种高速化、图像化、符号化、普遍化、政治化和装饰化的方式,缺乏对城市社会、文化、建筑品质的基本关注。我们希望提出一种全新的"为城市的概念",通过采取渐进的和灵活的方式推动城市化,在此过程中以新的肌理和景观溶解奥林匹克绿地。对突然的建设和破坏的批评在北京城市史上十分平常。我们的策略是让奥林匹克回归到人,通过使用新的肌理逐步溶解它,替换奥林匹克公园的部分片段以激活北京的其他部分。如果这一城市策略能在下一个30年实现,那时北京将成为一个真正的国际化都市,并以意识形态的力量影响其他城市。我们试图终结北京奥林匹克这一章,并在当代中国城市化的未来考古学中开启新的篇章。我们使用的多种类型转换和景观生成方法,以及渐变的土地策略,都将通过城市案例分析、过程模型、图片得以展示。     

Large-scale tactical urbanism: the Denver bike share system

How did one of the most historically automobile-dependent US cities end up with the first large-scale modern US bike-sharing system? The story reveals that it is less about transportation demand planning and engineering and more about the principles of what has been termed tactical urbanism. The tactical urbanism movement revolves around the idea that temporary interventions can help one understand what interventions might work in a particular context and lay the foundation for more permanent ones. That the first large-scale bike-sharing system in the US began as such an intervention is quite remarkable and illustrative of the potential of this strategy to build public aspiration and political will via temporary, short-term empirical success. Beginning with preparations for the 2008 Democratic National Convention (DNC) in Denver, Colorado, this paper details what went into creating the temporary Freewheel!n bike-share system and how that was able to be leveraged into a permanent bike-sharing system, Denver B-Cycle, two years later. Consistent with the characteristics of tactical urbanism, the partnerships formed with the temporary DNC implementation served as a catalyst. The paper then identifies lessons that other cities can learn and apply in similar large-scale tactical urbanism interventions.     

水域城市的主题

水文地理景观需要一种独特的设计思考及实践方式，甚至一种当代设计语境下新的水理念。鉴于水域都市主义急需认知的转变，文章引用达卡城作为此理念的起点。将达卡与经历了类似爆炸式增长的其它城市区别开来的是达卡城与由壮丽河流、凶猛洪水、大量的河道淤积与陆地偏移所构成的景观之间错综复杂的关系。在三角洲变幻莫测的水文世界里，动态的河流、运河、湿地、冲积平原、农田、冲积阶地，及人类栖息地构成了城市及聚落。对这类城市的水利愿景应从其边缘的珍贵湿地和农田景观开始，引导一种整合都市生活、农业和洪泛区的理念。