Teletraffic Analysis of SDMA-Systems with Inhomogeneous MS Location Distribution and Mobility

One of the most widely used buzzwords in mobile communications of the recent years is Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA). The introduction of an additional space domain multiple access component is likely to boost system capacity, due to the spatial reuse of physical channels within one cell. While early approaches of SDMA system modelling show capacity to be gained in the order of 300 to 400%, there remains some more in depth system analysis to be done, as inhomogeneities in the user distribution are expected to likely cause dramatic drops in the additional capacity gained by SDMA. The spatial distribution of terminals directly influences the number of channels to be gained by spatial multiplexing. Therefore, it is not until detailed models for user distribution, user mobility and the traffic load generated by users are combined with a model of the SDMA radio subsystem, that realistic approximations for these capacity gains are possible. In this paper, we discuss the issues in modelling and simulation of SDMA systems. We present an approach for integrated SDMA system modelling, discuss analytic teletraffic dimensioning methods for macro- and microcellular environments and their relevance to SDMA systems, and present some early simulation results.     

Information Capacity of the Space Division Multiple Access Mobile Communication System

An expression for the Shannon capacity lower bound of the space division multiple access (SDMA) mobile communication channel with interference is shown. The bound is tightly approaching the Shannon capacity of the orthogonal SDMA system over Gaussian channel with no interference. The information capacity of the SDMA system with adaptive MMSE receivers is presented as well. The SDMA system with MMSE receivers achieves at least 50% of the orthogonal SDMA system capacity for the input signal to noise ratio of practical interest in cellular mobile communications (10–30dB).     

Indoor Slotted-ALOHA Protocols Using a Smart Antenna Basestation

In this paper we consider the reverse-linkcapacity performance of indoor Slotted-ALOHA protocolsadapted for use with a multibeam smart antenna (SDMA)basestation. When SDMA is used in this application, the basestation attempts to transmit or receivemultiple packets simultaneously using its antenna array.S-ALOHA protocols are well suited for this purpose sincethey permit simultaneous station transmission more readily compared with conventional LANprotocols such as CSMA. It is assumed that the portablestations have omnidirectional antennas and share asingle radio link to the basestation. Versions of the protocols are considered where initial stationaccess occurs in the data slots directly, and when botha single-beam and multibeam reservation channel is usedprior to data slot access. Two slot allocation algorithms are proposed which can be used withthe reservation channel protocols to dynamically assignportable stations to the data channel. It is shown thatsignificant improvements in system capacity are possible when more sophisticated dynamicslot allocation is employed. In the results presented,we optimize the design of each system to maximize thecapacity achieved. The comparisons thus give an indication of the relative trade-offs betweencapacity and complexity possible in such a system. Ofthe cases considered, multibeam operation in bothreservation minislots and data slots can achieve the highest theoretical capacity. However, we findthat when operating under low SNR, and especially forlong packet lengths, only very marginal improvements incapacity are achieved compared with other methods. This is important to note, since operating thesystem with multibeam minislot contention is expected tobe highly complex due to the difficulties of dynamicacquisition. We find that when packet lengths are less than about 2 kbits, there is verylittle capacity advantage in using a single-beamreservation protocol over multibeam slotted ALOHA(S-ALOHA).     

A stochastic multipath channel model including path directions for indoor environments

A novel stochastic channel model for the indoor propagation channel is presented. It is especially for, but not limited to future communication systems with multiple antennas like space division multiple access (SDMA), spatial filtering for interference reduction (SFIR), or multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO). The model is designed for indoor scenarios, straight forward extendable to urban environments. It is based on physical wave propagation. The new approach describes the channel by multipath components, each characterized by its transfer matrix (including loss), delay, direction of arrival, and departure. The appearance and disappearance of multipath components over time is modeled as a birth and death process, a marked Poisson process. This enables first-time the correct modeling of spatial and temporal correlations. In each modeling step, path properties change according to the motion of transmitter and receiver. The changing delay times of propagation paths yield a realistic Doppler behavior of the channel. Deterministic ray tracing results are used to produce the huge data sets required for the statistical evaluation of the parameters of the proposed model. This method enables an automated parameter extraction for new environments or frequencies. The ray tracing tool has been verified by narrowband, wideband, and directional channel measurements. The novel stochastic spatial channel model allows the simulation of third-generation broadband radio systems including arbitrary antenna configurations and patterns. System simulations for the bit-error rate of radio links can be performed including intelligent antenna configurations like SDMA, SFIR, or MIMO. Furthermore, the capacity of complete systems can be investigated.     

Blind Source Separation,ISI Cancellation and Carrier Phase Recovery in SDMA Systems for Mobile Communications

Current rates of demand for radio cellular services will soon reach the saturation point of the actual cellular infrastructures. Thus, spectral bandwidth-saving multiple access schemes are necessary to expand the actual networks' capacity. In the Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) approach, users within the same cell share the same time/frequency channel and the base station receiver exploits the spatial dimension of the radio resource to remove crosstalk. In this paper, we present a blind multi-user equalization technique for SDMA architectures which performs the separation of digital sources, in the presence of intersymbol interference (ISI) and phase carrier drifts. We take advantage of the sources' joint finite alphabet and statistical properties, and use only second-order statistics in order to produce valid channel estimates based on short data packets. Computer simulations using the TU-GSM multipath channel model for radio communications in urban environments demonstrate the potential of our technique.     

Smart-antenna operation for indoor wireless local-area networks using OFDM

This paper reports link-level Monte Carlo simulations for a system that is compatible with the physical layer of the 5-GHz IEEE 802.11a wireless-local-area network and utilizes an adaptive antenna array at the access point for single-user smart-antenna operation, as well as for space-division multiple access (SDMA). For the spatial indoor radio propagation channel, complex impulse-response recordings are used. These are obtained in wideband channel-sounder measurements in three different buildings at 5.3 GHz. Thus, no unrealistic assumptions about channel conditions are involved. The paper studies how the packet-error-rate performance for the downlink (DL) is affected by time evolution of the radio channel that takes place after the uplink operation in which channel estimation is performed, and before DL operation in which the estimated channel information is utilized. Based on simulations two-user SDMA is possible with four-antenna elements under indoor propagation conditions and with six antennas three users can simultaneously be served. Delay spreads, coherence bandwidths, and correlation properties (in space, frequency, and polarization) of the radio channels obtained in the measurements are also discussed. The results suggest that indoor time-division-duplex systems with access-point-controlled scheduling are desirable communication systems which can benefit from SDMA.     

CDMA／SDMA系统性能分析

空分多址接入技术（SDMA）可以通过信号不同的空间传播路径来区分用户，从而提高了蜂窝移动通信系统容量．而此技术又可以和其他多址方式相互兼容，比如频分多址，时分多址，码分多址．CDMA／SDMA系统就是码分多址和空分多址两种接入技术相结合的系统．该系统可通过时空编码实现的．文中分析此种系统的性能，并与多用户环境下的CDMA系统进行了比较．     

Effects of some nonuniform spatial demand profiles on mobile radio system performance

The design of future mobile radio systems will be based upon an estimated user demand. Systems probably will be engineered to serve the "average business day" spatial distribution of call attempts, which for the purpose of this study was assumed to be uniform. There will be day-to-day fluctuations about this long-term average, the magnitudes of which are only to be conjectured at this time. This paper compares the performance of computer simulated mobile radio systems operating with several demand profiles. The profiles were selected to give an indication of the effects on system performance of either uncompensated changes in average traffic or normal fluctuations which occur in the randomly offered traffic even when the long-term average value does not change. The dynamic channel assignment systems increased the traffic capacity at low blocking levels even over a perfectly designed fixed channel assignment system. In addition, it was found that the dynamic channel assignment systems were relatively insensitive to the periodic spatial demand distributions studied by this computer simulation. Even though new call attempts were made to fluctuate markedly between adjacent base stations within a reuse interval, the blocking rate of each base station remained constant. It appears that the blocking rate within a reuse interval depends (in the dynamic channel assignment systems) mainly on the average demand within that interval and not very strongly upon the distribution of that demand. In the fixed channel assignment system, uncompensated fluctuations in the spatial demand distribution away from the design value always degrade system performance.     

A new method for predicting the channel estimate influence onperformance of TDMA mobile radio systems

Receivers for time division multiple access mobile radio systems usually consist of two functional blocks: A channel estimator and an equalizer. We present a new method for predicting the channel estimate influence on performance of such receivers operating over frequency selective time-varying Rayleigh fading channels. The method can be applied to optimize system parameters. It is shown that global receiver performance can be analytically expressed in terms of the performance characteristics of two blocks considered disjointly, i.e. the equalizer operating over a perfectly known channel and the channel estimator operating over a time-varying channel. The analysis leads to expressions of the error probabilities in a form that can conveniently be used in numerical work. The results obtained from Monte Carlo evaluation agree well with the analytical evaluation of the error probability derived from the proposed method with the benefit of the low complexity and rapidity for the latter     

Smart antennas for combined DOA and joint channel estimation intime-slotted CDMA mobile radio systems with joint detection

In cellular mobile radio systems, the directional inhomogeneity of the mobile radio channel can be exploited by smart antennas to increase the spectral efficiency. In this paper, a novel smart antenna concept applying receiver antenna diversity at the uplink receiver is investigated for a time-slotted code-division multiple-access (CDMA) mobile radio air interface termed time-division CDMA (TD-CDMA), which has been selected by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in January 1998 to form part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) air interface standard. First, a combined direction-of-arrival (DOA) and joint channel estimation scheme is presented, which is based on DOA estimation using the Unitary ESPRIT algorithm and maximum likelihood estimation of the channel impulse responses associated with the estimated DOA's, which can also be used as an input for advanced mobile positioning schemes in UMTS. The performance of the combined DOA and joint channel estimation is compared with the conventional channel estimation through simulations in rural and urban propagation environments. Moreover, a novel joint data detection scheme is considered, which explicitly takes into account the signal DOA's and the associated channel impulse responses. The link level performance of a TD-CDMA mobile radio system using these novel schemes is evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations of data transmission, and average bit error rates (BER's) are determined for rural and urban propagation environments. The simulation results indicate that, depending on the propagation environment, the exploitation of the knowledge of the directional inhomogeneity of the mobile radio channel can lead to considerable system performance enhancements     

A flexibly configurable spatial model for mobile radio channels

The application of multiple directive antennas, i.e., directional diversity, may lead to significant capacity benefits in cellular mobile radio systems. A flexibly configurable statistical channel model for mobile radio systems using directional diversity is presented. The parameters of this model, which is available as a FORTRAN77 program, can be easily adjusted to various propagation areas such as, for example, rural, urban, microcellular, and picocellular environments. Therefore, the model is well suited to perform simulations, evaluations, and comparisons of mobile radio systems. Simulation results concerning a code-division multiple-access (CDMA) mobile radio system which uses multiple directive base station (BS) antennas in combination with joint detection illustrate the application of the presented channel model     

Performance of the π/4-DQPSK, GMSK, and QAM modulation schemesin mobile radio with multipath fading and nonlinearities

As mobile communications have become so indispensable, every possible effort should be spent to achieve the optimum operating conditions. In addition to the normal impairments associated with wireless communications, in general, the mobile channel suffers from particular limitations that confine the performance of a mobile radio system. Among those impairments are the bandwidth limitation, interference, and multipath fading. With the strong motivation toward portable radio and personal communication systems, power limitation has manifest itself in the picture, and, consequently, nonlinear operation of the amplifiers involved (hence, the channel) will have to be dealt with. Constant envelope modulation schemes have been used in digital mobile radio systems recently installed. The Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) is employed in the Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications installed in Europe, while in the North American IS-54 system, the modulation scheme used is the π/4-DQPSK. As the quest for higher data rates has kept on increasing, multilevel modulation schemes have been proposed with their performance over nonlinear channels having been overlooked. The paper provides a comparative study, based on simulation, and tests the performance of various modulation schemes operating over a wide variety of mobile radio channel conditions. The effective throughput of all systems is also considered     

一种新的有效支持智能天线应用的多址接入协议

本文研究将智能天线应用于分组无线网络中,提出了支持智能天线应用的自适应时隙分配多址接入协议(ASAMA).该协议采用时分双工(TDD)方式,每一帧开始时用户节点依次发送训练序列,基站的智能天线据此计算出各用户节点的空间特征(Spatial Signature).基于波束形成的信干噪比最大化准则,设计了逐点优化与全局优化两种不同复杂度的时隙分配算法.由基站对上下行业务的时隙进行动态分配,在保证通信质量的前提下,使每个时隙容纳多个数据分组,以充分实现信道的空分复用(SDMA).对该协议的信道利用率进行了近似分析,并利用仿真方法考察其性能.结果表明,ASAMA协议能有效支持智能天线应用并具有很高的信道利用率与良好的时延性能.     

Modeling and performance analysis of multi‐service wireless CDMA cellular networks using smart antennas

In this paper, we present an analytical model to assess the blocking capacity of multi‐service code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. We include smart antenna systems in our model and show how the capacity of CDMA systems can be improved if smart antennas are employed at the base stations. Applying smart antennas can actually transform CDMA systems from being interference limited to being channel/code limited. To investigate this effect, we extend our model to include the limitation of channelization codes in CDMA‐based universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) systems. From the point of view of the call admission control (CAC) in a smart antenna CDMA system, we can either accept the capacity loss due to code limitation, or we can additionally apply space division multiple access (SDMA) techniques to re‐use channelization codes and thus re‐approach the capacity which is obtained if no code limitation is considered. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The performance evaluation of spatial–temporal algorithms in W‐CDMA systems

Differing from FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA, space division multiple access (SDMA) uses space resources to improve communication system performance. Utilizing the smart antenna system is an approach to realize the SDMA technique. Smart antenna systems using the beamforming technique can reduce the co‐channel interference and multipath fading to increase the channel capacity and communication quality. In this study the smart antenna system and rake receiver are integrated. The performance of spatial–temporal structure applied to the W‐CDMA system is evaluated. From the cumulative distribution function simulation results, W‐CDMA system with spatial–temporal algorithm can exactly provide SINR gain to improve the system performance and capacity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic slot allocation (DSA) in indoor SDMA/TDMA using a smartantenna basestation

We introduce and study the use of dynamic slot allocation (DSA) in packet-switched space-division-multiple-access (SDMA) systems. In conventional SDMA, a smart antenna is used at the basestation to simultaneously communicate with multiple stations on the same frequency channel. When dynamic slot allocation is added, the basestation uses uplink channel measurements to intelligently construct future SDMA/TDMA frames. It is shown that under a simple minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) constraint, the problem of performing optimal dynamic slot allocation is NP-complete. Heuristic slot allocation algorithms are introduced which are capable of greatly increasing SDMA/TDMA frame capacity compared with a random allocation of stations. The paper uses both theoretical results and measured data from an experimental testbed to characterize the performance of dynamic slot allocation. The experimental system operates at a carrier frequency of 1.86 GHz and uses an eight-element circular antenna array. It is demonstrated that significant increases in system capacity are possible using DSA in the indoor situations that were tested. Dynamic slot allocation requires the channel to be essentially constant from the time that channel measurements are made until the SDMA/TDMA frame is transmitted. We also present channel measurements which show the effects of channel time coherence in the presence of indoor pedestrian movement. This and other results we have taken suggest that dynamic slot allocation is possible at the frequency considered, provided turnaround times are in the low-to-mid tens of milliseconds     

Idle-signal casting multiple access with collision detection (ICMA-CD) for land mobile radio

A population of mobile terminals communicating with a central station over a packet-switched multiple-access radio channel is investigated. In land mobile radio communication, in which terminals cannot sense the carrier transmitted from other terminals (either because they are out-of-range or obstructed), a central controlled multiple access system in which a central station broadcasts idle/busy information of the access channel is used for multiplexing the packets from the terminals. Idle-signal casting multiple access (ICMA), which is a practical application of this central controlled system, has been used in the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corp. (NTT) mobile phone system for some years. ICMA-CD, which is an advanced ICMA scheme characterized by collision detection and evaluates its improved throughput, channel capacity and loss probability in a mobile radio fading environment with restrictions on retransmission, is proposed. It is clarified that ICMA-CD is suitable for the mobile multiple access scheme, especially in the case where packet detection delay and collision recovery time are short and offered traffic is heavy.     

Forward-link capacity in smart antenna base stations with dynamicslot allocation

We consider a base station, which communicates to a set of portable stations using a smart antenna operating in multibeam, packet-switched, space division multiple access (SDMA) mode. We assume that the system operates using time division duplexing (TDD) and focus on the problem of access to the stations by the base station in the forward-link direction. A polling protocol is used which permits efficient access in this type of system. The operation of the protocol is unique in that it permits dynamic slot allocation and accommodates variations in channel time coherence. In the protocol, dynamic slot assignment is integrated into the forward-link beam scheduling. This allows us to explore the value of dynamic station slot assignment when constructing the SDMA/TDMA frames. The results show the improvements in capacity, which are possible in such systems and give insight into the degradation in protocol performance that occurs when channel coherence times decrease. We find that very large improvements in capacity are possible using dynamic slot allocation, especially under harsh channel conditions. We also investigate various base station queueing issues in this type of system. It is shown that care must be taken in how buffering is performed so that blocking effects do not unnecessarily degrade the forward-link capacity     

Smart Antennas with Two-Dimensional Array Configurations for Performance Enhancement of a Joint Detection CDMA Mobile Radio System

Smart antennas for base stations of cellular mobile radio systems offer the potential of system performance enhancement by taking advantage of the directionally inhomogeneous signal reception at the receiver. In this paper, two-dimensional array configurations employed at the uplink receiver of a joint detection CDMA (JD-CDMA) mobile radio system are investigated. This smart antenna concept can be split up into a novel channel estimator and data detector which incorporate explicitely the information of the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of signals emerging from users assigned to the considered base station. Proceeding from channel models that model the directional inhomogeneity of the mobile radio channel with single DOAs, the link level performance of a JD-CDMA mobile radio system using this smart antenna concept is evaluated for the rural propagation environment. The performance evaluation is based on Monte Carlo simulations of data transmission and average bit error rates versus the average signal to noise ratio per net information bit are presented for different array configurations. Although these results should be considered as upper bounds for the link level performance, they reveal the advantages of implementing two-dimensional array configurations at the uplink receiver of a JD-CDMA mobile radio system.     

Experimental studies of spatial signature variation at 900 MHz forsmart antenna systems

A spatial signature is the response vector of a base-station antenna array to a mobile unit at a certain location. Mobile subscribers at different locations exhibit different spatial signatures. The exploitation of spatial diversity (or the difference of spatial signatures) is the basic idea behind the so-called space-division multiple-access (SDMA) scheme, which can be used to significantly increase the channel capacity and quality of a wireless communication system. Although SDMA schemes have been studied by a number of researchers, most of these studies are based on theoretical analyses and computer simulations with ideal assumptions. Not much experimental study, has been reported on spatial signature variation due to nonideal perturbations in a real wireless communication environment. The purpose of this paper is to present, for the first time, extensive experimental results of spatial signature variation using a smart antenna testbed. The results presented include the spatial signature variation with time, frequency, small displacement, multipath angle spread and beamforming performance. The experimental results show the rich spatial diversity and potential benefits of using an antenna array for wireless communication applications