改进的决策树SVM在脑电识别中的应用

为了识别3类意识任务,提出了一种改进的决策树支持向量机(SVM)算法.该方法将决策树与支持向量机结合构造多类SVM分类器,为了降低由决策树引起的"误差累积"效应,用基于类分布的可分离性测度来决定决策树走向.通过对2005国际脑机接口(BCI)竞赛中IDIAP研究协会提供的一组数据进行分析,分类最高准确率达到了80.8%,明显高于传统多类SVMs,表明了该算法的有效性.     

基于改进深度森林的运动想象脑电分类方法

基于运动想象的脑电信号是用户在执行不同运动想象任务时采集到的不同脑区的电信号.受到用户的大脑结构和头皮状态等因素影响,采集到的运动想象任务信号之间混乱,从而导致大量信号被错分.鉴于此,提出一种基于改进深度森林的运动想象任务信号分类方法.首先,利用变长粒子群算法强大的寻优能力,为深度森林中每一层的随机森林和完全随机森林预测的类概率值搜寻最优权重;然后,将此权重赋予对应的类概率值,以此实现对结果修正目的;最后,利用BCI竞赛IV的数据集2a评估所提出方法的有效性.实验结果表明,相比传统的深度森林,该方法对四分类运动想象脑电信号实现了更高的分类准确率.所提出方法根据分类器预测的结果进行学习,对于提升分类器性能的研究具有重要意义.     

Differential evolution algorithm as a tool for optimal feature subset selection in motor imagery EEG

One of the challenges in developing a Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is dealing with the high dimensionality of the data when extracting features from EEG signals. Different feature selection algorithms have been proposed to overcome this problem but most of them involve complex transformed features, which require high computation and also result in increasing size of the feature set. In this paper, we present a new hybrid method to select features that involves a Differential Evolution (DE) optimization algorithm for searching the feature space to generate the optimal feature subset, with performance evaluated by a classifier. We provide a comprehensive study of the significance of evolutionary algorithm in selecting the best features for EEG signals. The BCI competition III, dataset IVa has been used to evaluate the method. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method performs well with Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier, with an average classification accuracy of above 95% with a minimum of just 10 features. We also present a comparison of Differential Evolution (DE) with other evolutionary algorithms, and the results show the superiority of DE which implies that, with the selection of a good searching algorithm, a simple Common Spatial Pattern filter features can produce good results.     

An extended EM algorithm for joint feature extraction and classification in brain-computer interfaces

For many electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), a tedious and time-consuming training process is needed to set parameters. In BCI Competition 2005, reducing the training process was explicitly proposed as a task. Furthermore, an effective BCI system needs to be adaptive to dynamic variations of brain signals; that is, its parameters need to be adjusted online. In this article, we introduce an extended expectation maximization (EM) algorithm, where the extraction and classification of common spatial pattern (CSP) features are performed jointly and iteratively. In each iteration, the training data set is updated using all or part of the test data and the labels predicted in the previous iteration. Based on the updated training data set, the CSP features are reextracted and classified using a standard EM algorithm. Since the training data set is updated frequently, the initial training data set can be small (semi-supervised case) or null (unsupervised case). During the above iterations, the parameters of the Bayes classifier and the CSP transformation matrix are also updated concurrently. In online situations, we can still run the training process to adjust the system parameters using unlabeled data while a subject is using the BCI system. The effectiveness of the algorithm depends on the robustness of CSP feature to noise and iteration convergence, which are discussed in this article. Our proposed approach has been applied to data set IVa of BCI Competition 2005. The data analysis results show that we can obtain satisfying prediction accuracy using our algorithm in the semisupervised and unsupervised cases. The convergence of the algorithm and robustness of CSP feature are also demonstrated in our data analysis.     

基于对数欧氏度量学习的概率黎曼空间量化方法

在许多机器学习应用中,需要分析的数据可能由对称正定矩阵构成,而经典的欧氏机器学习算法处理这种数据的性能较差。针对此问题,提出一种新的基于对数欧氏度量学习的概率黎曼空间量化方法。该方法将对称正定矩阵看做对数欧氏度量下黎曼流形上的点,采用对数欧氏度量学习距离函数将概率学习矢量量化方法从欧氏空间推广到对称正定黎曼空间。在BCI IV 2a脑电数据集上,该方法相较于概率学习矢量量化方法识别正确率提升20%,高于竞赛第一名;并且计算速度快,模型训练及测试时间分别为基于仿射不变度量的同类型算法的1%和10%。在BCI III IIIa和图像数据集ETH-80上也取得了较好的结果。     

Adaptive learning with covariate shift-detection for motor imagery-based brain–computer interface

A common assumption in traditional supervised learning is the similar probability distribution of data between the training phase and the testing/operating phase. When transitioning from the training to testing phase, a shift in the probability distribution of input data is known as a covariate shift. Covariate shifts commonly arise in a wide range of real-world systems such as electroencephalogram-based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). In such systems, there is a necessity for continuous monitoring of the process behavior, and tracking the state of the covariate shifts to decide about initiating adaptation in a timely manner. This paper presents a covariate shift-detection and -adaptation methodology, and its application to motor imagery-based BCIs. A covariate shift-detection test based on an exponential weighted moving average model is used to detect the covariate shift in the features extracted from motor imagery-based brain responses. Following the covariate shift-detection test, the methodology initiates an adaptation by updating the classifier during the testing/operating phase. The usefulness of the proposed method is evaluated using real-world BCI datasets (i.e. BCI competition IV dataset 2A and 2B). The results show a statistically significant improvement in the classification accuracy of the BCI system over traditional learning and semi-supervised learning methods.     

Modified CC-LR algorithm with three diverse feature sets for motor imagery tasks classification in EEG based brain–computer interface

Motor imagery (MI) tasks classification provides an important basis for designing brain–computer interface (BCI) systems. If the MI tasks are reliably distinguished through identifying typical patterns in electroencephalography (EEG) data, a motor disabled people could communicate with a device by composing sequences of these mental states. In our earlier study, we developed a cross-correlation based logistic regression (CC-LR) algorithm for the classification of MI tasks for BCI applications, but its performance was not satisfactory. This study develops a modified version of the CC-LR algorithm exploring a suitable feature set that can improve the performance. The modified CC-LR algorithm uses the C3 electrode channel (in the international 10–20 system) as a reference channel for the cross-correlation (CC) technique and applies three diverse feature sets separately, as the input to the logistic regression (LR) classifier. The present algorithm investigates which feature set is the best to characterize the distribution of MI tasks based EEG data. This study also provides an insight into how to select a reference channel for the CC technique with EEG signals considering the anatomical structure of the human brain. The proposed algorithm is compared with eight of the most recently reported well-known methods including the BCI III Winner algorithm. The findings of this study indicate that the modified CC-LR algorithm has potential to improve the identification performance of MI tasks in BCI systems. The results demonstrate that the proposed technique provides a classification improvement over the existing methods tested.     

Harmony search-based hidden Markov model optimization for online classification of single trial eegs during motor imagery tasks

This paper presents an improved method based on single trial EEG data for the online classification of motor imagery tasks for brain-computer interface (BCI) applications. The ultimate goal of this research is the development of a novel classification method that can be used to control an interactive robot agent platform via a BCI system. The proposed classification process is an adaptive learning method based on an optimization process of the hidden Markov model (HMM), which is, in turn, based on meta-heuristic algorithms. We utilize an optimized strategy for the HMM in the training phase of time-series EEG data during motor imagery-related mental tasks. However, this process raises important issues of model interpretation and complexity control. With these issues in mind, we explore the possibility of using a harmony search algorithm that is flexible and thus allows the elimination of tedious parameter assignment efforts to optimize the HMM parameter configuration. In this paper, we illustrate a sequential data analysis simulation, and we evaluate the optimized HMM. The performance results of the proposed BCI experiment show that the optimized HMM classifier is more capable of classifying EEG datasets than ordinary HMM during motor imagery tasks.     

Two-phase classification: ANN and A-SVM classifiers on motor imagery BCI

Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) based on Electroencephalograms (EEG) monitor mental activity with the ultimate objective of allowing people to communicate with computers only via their thoughts. Users must create precise cerebral activity patterns that the system uses as control signals to do this. A common activity used to elicit such signals is Motor Imagery (MI), in which certain signals are created in the sensorimotor cortex while imagining the movements. The three phases of the traditional EEG–BCI processing pipeline are preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. We provide categorization advances and track performance gains in 4-class MI-based BCIs. In this study, 4-class MI events are produced via an illusory elevation of the left hand, right hand, feet, and tongue. Finally, a two-phase classification technique is provided with ANN classifiers being used in the first phase to discriminate between different pair-wise MI tasks. Secondly, an adaptive SVM classifier is used to assess the user's end task based on the weighted outputs of the classifiers. An adaptive classifier is one technique to maintain consistency in performance, reduce training time, and eliminate non-stationaries, all of which are required for efficient BCI performance. The suggested approach outperformed conventional two-stage classification algorithms on MI data, according to experimental findings. The average classification accuracy of this technique is 96% for datasets BCI competition IV 2a. This is a 4% improvement over the comparison approach.     

基于MapReduce的大数据主动学习

针对传统的主动学习算法只能处理中小型数据集的问题,提出一种基于MapReduce的大数据主动学习算法。首先,在有类别标签的初始训练集上,用极限学习机（ELM）算法训练一个分类器,并将其输出用软最大化函数变换为一个后验概率分布。然后,将无类别标签的大数据集划分为l个子集,并部署到l个云计算节点上。在每一个节点,用训练出的分类器并行地计算各个子集中样例的信息熵,并选择信息熵大的前q个样例进行类别标注,将标注类别的l×q个样例添加到有类别标签的训练集中。重复以上步骤直到满足预定义的停止条件。在Artificial、Skin、Statlog和Poker 4个数据集上与基于ELM的主动学习算法进行了比较,结果显示,所提算法在4个数据集上均能完成主动样例选择,而基于ELM的主动学习算法只在规模最小的数据集上能完成主动样例选择。实验结果表明,所提算法优于基于极限学习机的主动学习算法。     

多类运动想象脑电信号的两级特征提取方法

共同空间模式（Common spatial pattern,CSP）是运动想象脑机接口（Brain-computer interface,BCI）中常用的特征提取方法,但对多类任务的分类正确率却明显低于两类任务.通过引入堆叠降噪自动编码器（Stacked denoising autoencoders,SDA）,提出了一种多类运动想象脑电信号（Electroencephalogram,EEG）的两级特征提取方法.首先利用一对多CSP（One versus rest CSP,OVR-CSP）将脑电信号变换到使信号方差区别最大的低维空间,然后通过SDA网络提取其中可以更好表达类别属性的高层抽象特征,最后使用Softmax分类器进行分类.在对BCI竞赛IV中Data-sets 2a的4类运动想象任务进行的分类实验中,平均Kappa系数达到0.69,表明了所提出的特征提取方法的有效性和鲁棒性.     

Enhanced grasshopper optimization algorithm with extreme learning machines for motor-imagery classification

In Brain Computer Interface (BCI), achieving a reliable motor-imagery classification is a challenging task. The set of discriminative and relevant feature vectors plays a crucial role in classification. In this article, an enhanced optimization technique is implemented for selecting active feature vectors to enhance motor-imagery classification using Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. After collecting the input EEG signals from BCI competition III-4a and IV-2a databases, the 6th-order butter-worth filter is employed for eliminating base-line wander noise from the raw EEG signals. Further, the Variational Mode Decomposition technique is applied for separating the important signal components from the composite EEG signals, and then, the Higher Order Statistic, kurtosis, skewness, standard deviation, and entropy are utilized for feature extraction. The high-dimensional feature values are given to the Enhanced Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm for optimum feature selection, which are given to the Extreme Learning Machines (ELM) classifier for motor-imagery classification. Finally, in the resulting section, the optimized ELM model achieved 99.48% and 99.12% of accuracy on the BCI competition III-4a and IV-2a databases, where the achieved results are maximum compared to the traditional deep learning models.     

半监督学习的运动想象脑电信号分类

为了减少枯燥和耗时的训练进程和提高脑机接口系统的分类率,将半监督学习运用到了运动想象脑电的分类中,提出了一种基于分段重叠共空间模式的自训练算法,将分段重叠共空间模式作为特征提取算法,使用少量标记的数据进行学习,然后使用置信度评估准则从未标记样本中挑选信息量大的样本来提高线性判别分类器的性能。提出的算法在少量标记样本和大量未标记样本的帮助下,能够获得比基于共空间模式作为特征提取的自训练算法和基于滤波带宽共空间模式作为特征提取的自训练算法有更好的分类效果。使用2005 BCI竞赛的数据集Iva来证明算法的有效性,结果表明了提出的算法能有效提高运动想象脑电的分类率。     

免疫多域特征融合的多核学习SVM运动想象脑电信号分类

针对多通道四类运动想象(Motor imagery, MI)脑电信号(Electroencephalography, EEG)的分类问题, 提出免疫多域特征融合的多核学习SVM (Support vector machine)运动想象脑电信号分类算法.首先, 通过离散小波变换(Discrete wavelet transform, DWT)提取脑电信号的时频域特征, 并利用一对多公共空间模式(One versus the rest common spatial patterns, OVR-CSP)提取脑电信号的空域特征, 融合时频空域特征形成特征向量.其次, 利用多核学习支持向量机(Multiple kernel learning support vector machine, MKL-SVM)对提取的特征向量进行分类.最后, 利用免疫遗传算法(Immune genetic algorithm, IGA)对模型的相关参数进行优化, 得到识别率更高的脑电信号分类模型.采用BCI2005desc-Ⅲa数据集进行实验验证, 对比结果表明, 本文所提出的分类模型有效地解决了传统单域特征提取算法特征单一、信息描述不足的问题, 更准确地表达了不同受试者个性化的多域特征, 取得了94.21%的识别率, 优于使用相同数据集的其他方法.     

基于希尔伯特变换联合卷积神经网络的脑电信号识别方法

传统运动想象脑电信号识别方法需要人为提取大量特征,识别性能受研究人员经验影响较大,主观性强;提出一种基于希尔伯特变换(HT)联合卷积神经网络(CNN)的运动想象脑电信号自动识别方法,首先利用HT对原始EEG信号进行分析,实现一维数据向二维幅-相图像转换的同时增加信息提取维度;然后将其作为输入利用CNN层次化的对幅-相二维图像进行理解和解译,自动提取特征并完成分类识别,基于BCI竞赛中所用Graz数据集开展试验,结果表明相对于传统特征提取方法,文章所提算法在低、中、高信噪比条件下均能获得更好的识别性能,具有更强的噪声鲁棒性.     

A discriminative subject-specific spatio-spectral filter selection approach for EEG based motor-imagery task classification

Motor-imagery tasks generate event related synchronization and de-synchronization in certain subject-specific frequency ranges of the subject’s ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG) signals. The selection of frequency ranges for each subject is important for obtaining better classification accuracy of motor-imagery based Brain Computer Interface (BCI). Further, the spatial filters extracted corresponding to the selected spectral ranges also influence the classification accuracy. In this paper, a subject-specific spatio-spectral filter selection approach using a cognitive fuzzy inference system for classification of the motor-imagery tasks in a two step approach is presented. The cognitive fuzzy inference system (CFIS) employs an evolving interval type-2 system to classify the non-stationary features. The classifier employs a meta-cognitive sequential algorithm to determine both the structure and parameters of the CFIS. In the first step, the CFIS classifier is used to find the desired spectral filters by eliminating those frequency bands that do not affect the classification performance. In the second step, CFIS is used to eliminate those spatial filters which do not affect the performance. The performance of CFIS based spatio-spectral scheme has been evaluated using two publicly available BCI competition data sets and compared with other existing algorithms like FBCSP, DCSP and BSSFO. The results indicate that the proposed approach outperforms the CSP method by approximately 15–18% and other algorithms like FBCSP, DCSP by 8–10%. Compared to a recently proposed algorithm BSSFO, it achieves an improvement of 2%, but is simpler in comparison to BSSFO. The main impact of the work is its ability to handle non-stationarity using interval type-2 sets and provide good classification performance. In general, the proposed CFIS algorithm can be applied in the field of expert and intelligent systems where it is necessary to deal with non-stationary signals.     

基于改进原型网络的P300脑电信号检测

从脑电信号中检测P300电位是实现P300脑机接口的关键. 由于不同个体间的脑电信号存在较大差异, 现有的基于深度学习的P300检测方法均需要大量的脑电数据来训练模型. 对于小样本的患者数据, 至今仍没有令人满意的解决方案. 本文提出了一种改进的适用于小样本P300脑电信号检测的原型网络方法. 该模型通过卷积神经网络提...     

Motor Imagery Electroencephalograph Classification Based on Optimized Support Vector Machine by Magnetic Bacteria Optimization Algorithm

In this paper, an optimized support vector machine (SVM) based on a new bio-inspired method called magnetic bacteria optimization algorithm method is proposed to construct a high performance classifier for motor imagery electroencephalograph based brain–computer interface (BCI). Butterworth band-pass filter and artifact removal technique are combined to extract the feature of frequency band of the ERD/ERS. Common spatial pattern is used to extract the feature vector which are put into the classifier later. The optimization mechanism involves kernel parameters setting in the SVM training procedure, which significantly influences the classification accuracy. Our novel approach aims to optimize the penalty factor parameter C and kernel parameter g of the SVM. The experimental results on the BCI Competition IV dataset II-a clearly present the effectiveness of the proposed method outperforming other competing methods in the literature such as genetic algorithm, particle swarm algorithm, artificial bee colony, biogeography based optimization.     

面向运动想象分类任务的任务导向子域对抗迁移网络

运动想象是一种应用前景广泛的脑机接口范式. 在基于脑电的运动想象分类任务中, 由于设备和被试的缘故, 会导致与被试、时间相关的数据分布漂移现象. 这种数据分布漂移会使得分类器分类精度下降. 而迁移学习能很好地解决这种分布漂移现象. 本文提出了一种新的单源域选择算法, 多子域可迁移性估计(multi-subdomain transferability estimation, MSTE)和一种新的迁移方法, 任务导向的子域对抗迁移网络(task-oriented subdomain adversarial transfer network, ToSAN), 用于脑电信号的分类任务. MSTE能评估源域和目标域在时间和类别上的相似性. ToSAN能面向分类任务分解特征, 在与任务相关的特征上进行多个子域对齐, 从而克服分布差异. 在BCI Competition IV 2a和BCI Competition IV 2b上的实验结果表明, ToSAN相比于其他方法在分类准确率上提高了最少2.67%, 8.6%. MSTE和ToSAN的结合在BCI Competition IV 2a和BCI Competition IV 2b数据集上分别达到了81.73%和88.73%的分类准确率, 显著优于所有对比方法.     

改进的半监督聚类在MEG脑机接口中的应用

脑磁信号(MEG)作为一种新的脑机接口(BCI)输入信号,含有手运动方向的模式信息。鉴于半监督聚类融合了训练数据先验知识的优势,提出一种基于训练中心的半监督模糊聚类算法。该算法分为降维和改进的半监督聚类,采用主成分分析和线性判别分析将高维数据降到低维,改进的半监督聚类在对训练数据进行模糊聚类的基础上,将得到的聚类中心加权到测试数据聚类过程中,以增加测试数据聚类中心的鲁棒性。结果表明,该算法识别率较高,平均识别率达到了55.1%,优于BCI竞赛Ⅳ的最好结果46.9%。