碳纳米管/聚乳酸复合材料的制备与性能

用熔融共混的方法制备了碳纳米管(CNTs)/聚乳酸(PLA)复合材料,观察了其球晶形貌和断面形貌,并研究了不同配比的CNTs/PLA复合材料的结晶性能和水解性能。结果表明:CNTs可以作为异相成核剂提高PLA的结晶速率和结晶度,CNTs质量分数为1%时,复合材料的结晶度达到44.9%,CNTs能够在基体中均匀分散;CNTs质量分数小于1%时,断面呈中间层破形貌;随CNTs含量增多,复合材料的球晶直径变大;CNTs能降低PLA的水解速率。     

增强纤维对纸基摩擦材料性能的影响

分别以碳纤维、芳纶纤维和纤维素纤维为增强体,采用湿法工艺制备出3种纸基摩擦材料。借助扫描电镜、热重分析仪和摩擦磨损性能试验机研究不同增强纤维纸基摩擦材料的微观形貌、耐热性能和摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:增强纤维在树脂基体中随机分布,形成大小不一的孔隙;纸基摩擦材料的热失重过程可以分为4个阶段,碳纤维增强纸基摩擦材料的第一阶段失重量仅为1.3%,耐热性能优异;在压力和转速变化条件下,碳纤维增强纸基摩擦材料动摩擦因数的稳定系数分别为91.7%和97.3%,磨损率为2.56×10-5mm3/J,远优于其他2种纤维增强的纸基摩擦材料。     

不同增韧剂对稻壳粉/PLA复合材料的性能影响

以稻壳粉与聚乳酸(PLA)为原料,分别添加不同含量的白炭黑和纳米碳酸钙作为增韧剂,通过模压成型的方法制备木塑复合材料;通过电子万能试验机等设备测试了其力学性能、吸水性能,研究了增韧剂种类及其含量对PLA复合材料的影响。结果表明,相较于白炭黑,CaCO3是比较好的增韧剂,能有效地提高材料的拉伸、弯曲和冲击强度并降低吸水率。且当CaCO3含量为9%时,材料的各项性能最佳。     

再生碳纤维回收利用及其增材制造复合材料性能评价

为实现碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料废弃物高效、高质、环境友好型回收与再生碳纤维高值再利用,提出了热活化氧化物半导体回收碳纤维与再生碳纤维增强复合材料(rCFRP)增材再制造的工艺方法。通过电磁顺磁共振与红外光谱测试分析了回收原理,基于单因素实验研究了树脂基体分解率的影响因素以及显著因素对再生碳纤维结构、性能的作用规律,探究了再生碳纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料(rCF/PLA)的力学性能及其产品应用。结果表明,回收过程无液相产物,气相产物主要为CO₂、H₂O;树脂基体分解率与温度、时间呈正相关,O₂浓度及流量作用不显著,树脂基体分解率可达97.1%且再生碳纤维表面无积碳产生。再生碳纤维表面氧化与石墨结构刻蚀程度随温度升高而增加,在一定温度下,合理的处理时间可减小其表面氧化与石墨结构刻蚀程度。再生碳纤维的单丝拉伸性能与温度、时间呈正相关,其单丝拉伸性能可保持原碳纤维的99%以上。与聚乳酸相比,rCF/PLA的抗拉强度提高了7.47%,抗弯强度与模量分别提高了12.29%与52.4%;与原碳纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料相比,rCF/PLA的抗...     

纳米Fe_(73.5)Cu_1Nb_3Si_(13.5)B_9颗粒/丁基橡胶复合膜的压磁性能

以纳米Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9颗粒为磁性增强材料,以丁基橡胶为基体,采用模压成型法制备了复合膜,并研究了其压磁性能。结果表明:在交流电频率较低时,该复合膜具有优良的压磁特性,但其重复性和温度稳定性误差较大;当压应力不变时,其电阻、电抗、阻抗、电阻变化幅度、电抗变化幅度和阻抗变化幅度都随着交流电频率的升高而减小;当交流电频率不变时,其电抗、阻抗随着压应力的增大而减小,而电阻、电阻变化幅度、电抗变化幅度和阻抗变化幅度随着压应力的增大而增大。     

铺粉工艺对SiC 颗粒增强铝基表面复合材料性能的影响*

搅拌法制备SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料时铺粉工艺对材料性能影响很大,影响SiC颗粒能否均匀地嵌入基体中。研究黏接剂、SiC颗粒粒径、颗粒铺粉厚度等对搅拌摩擦制备SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的影响。以焊缝宏观质量、SiC颗粒体积分数与硬度、基体组织及颗粒、复合材料不同深度维氏硬度、复合区面积(宏观)为表征参量对制备的复合材料进行表征,并得出最佳的铺粉工艺。结果表明:相比于α-氰基丙烯酸乙酯,聚乙烯醇作为黏接剂时,复合材料中SiC颗粒的分布更加均匀;嵌入基体的SiC颗粒体积分数随着SiC粉末粒径的增加而增加,而基体中SiC颗粒体积分数相同情况下,SiC颗粒的粒径越小对基体材料硬度的提高越明显;复合材料中SiC颗粒增强区面积会随着铺粉厚度的增加而增加,但增加铺粉厚度会使得SiC颗粒增强区硬度、体积分数的变化梯度增加。     

石墨烯增强AZ91镁基复合材料的力学性能

分别以质量分数为0.1%的氧化石墨烯和石墨烯纳米片为增强相制备了AZ91镁基复合粉和复合材料,分析了氧化石墨烯与AZ91镁合金的界面反应机理;测试了复合材料的力学性能并观察了拉伸断口形貌。结果表明:以氧化石墨烯为增强相复合材料的屈服强度、伸长率和显微硬度分别为224.85MPa,8.15%和70.14HV,与基体镁合金的相比分别提高了39.7%,35.4%和31.8%,高于以石墨烯纳米片为增强相复合材料的;氧化石墨烯因带有含氧官能团极易与镁合金粉混合均匀,且两者反应生成的MgO有利于提高石墨烯与镁合金基体的界面结合强度,从而提高复合材料的力学性能。     

PS/PMMA复合材料的光散射

对以聚苯乙烯(PS)和自行合成的纳米"类双亲"PMMAPS为光散射剂,以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)为基体的复合光散射材料进行了实验研究.测试并分析了样品的雾度及透光率与添加量之间的关系,目的在于通过调节散射剂添加量来调控以PMMA为基体的高聚物材料的光散射性能.实验结果表明,添加少量PS到PMMA中即可制备出光散射材料,PS添加量为1%时,复合光散射材料的透光率为80%;不添加PMMAPS时雾度为50%,添加了PMMAPS时雾度达到80%,PMMAPS可以改善PMMA和PS之间的相容性,提高样品的雾度值.因此通过调节散射剂PS和PMMAPS添加量可实现光散射高雾度和高透光率的双高要求.     

聚乳酸竹粉复合材料性能影响因素分析

以竹粉、聚乳酸(PLA)为原材料,以模压成型的方法制备竹粉/PLA复合材料,通过测试其力学性能,摩擦磨损性能和吸水性能来分析竹粉的含量对复合材料性能的影响。实验结果表明:当竹粉含量为30%时,复合材料的洛氏硬度值,弯曲强度以及抗摩擦磨损性能达到最高,之后呈下降趋势。竹粉含量为50%时,材料的冲击强度,拉伸强度达到最大值,竹粉含量超过50%之后,开始明显下降。复合材料的吸水性能逐渐增加。综合实验结果来看,竹粉的添加有利于改善力学性能,提高材料的抗摩擦磨损性能和吸水性能。     

不同含量纳米羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸复合材料的性能

利用双螺杆挤出机制备了纳米羟基磷灰石(n-HA)质量分数分别为10%,20%,30%,40%的n-HA/PLA(聚乳酸)复合材料,研究了复合材料中n-HA的分散性以及n-HA含量对复合材料热学性能、黏度和弯曲强度的影响。结果表明:当n-HA质量分数在10%~40%时,n-HA在PLA基体中均具有较好的分散性;随着n-HA含量的增加,n-HA/PLA复合材料的冷结晶温度及特性黏度降低,而冷结晶焓和弯曲强度则均先升高后下降;当n-HA质量分数为10%时,n-HA/PLA复合材料的综合性能较好,其弯曲强度最大,为97.2 MPa,n-HA对PLA分子链的破坏程度最小。     

基于电场驱动熔融喷射聚合物基复合材料高分辨率3D打印

针对当前聚合物基复合材料(Polymer matrix composites,PMC)成型存在打印分辨率低、打印材料受限、成型结构较为简单、工序复杂等方面的不足和局限性,尤其是还面临难以实现宏/微结构跨尺度高效制造的挑战性难题,提出一种基于电场驱动熔融喷射PMC高分辨率3D打印新工艺。阐述了基于电场驱动熔融喷射PMC高分辨率3D打印的基本原理和工艺流程。通过试验,揭示了主要工艺参数(碳填料含量、施加电压、螺杆转速、打印速度、加热温度等)对于打印件分辨率(精度)和质量的影响及其规律。利用自主搭建的试验平台,并结合试验优化的工艺参数和提出的两种打印模式,实现了多层石墨烯/聚乳酸(Polylactic acid,PLA)和多壁碳纳米管/PLA复合材料微尺度三维网格、多层石墨烯/PLA大高宽比薄壁圆环、多壁碳纳米管/PLA复合材料柔性导电网格以及其他聚合物复合材料3D结构典型工程案例的制造。研究结果表明,提出的电场驱动熔融喷射3D打印能实现高分辨聚合物基复合材料成型(使用内径300μm喷嘴,实现了分辨率为40μm的PMC特征结构制造),而且还具有大面积宏/微结构跨尺度集成制造的优势。     

Tribological behaviour of Langmuir—Blodgett films of polymerised 22‐tricosenoic acid and 22‐tricosenoic acid/CdS nanoparticles

Langmuir—Blodgett (LB) films of 22‐tricosenoic acid and of 22‐tricosenoic acid polymerised in the presence of an electron beam, and in situ composite LB films of 22‐tricosenoic acid/CdS were prepared. The friction and wear behaviour of the LB films were investigated with a ball‐on‐block one‐way reciprocating friction tester. The structures and morphologies of the LB films were analysed and observed using atomic force microscopy. The wear resistance of the LB films was increased after polymerisation of the acid, and the composite LB film of 22‐tricosenoic acid/CdS showed better wear resistance because the inorganic nanocores of CdS acted to resist wear and to carry load. The LB film of the acid experienced structural changes during the friction process.     

Mechanical properties of bio-absorbable PLA/PGA fiber-reinforced composites

This study investigated important mechanical properties, the flexural strength and flexural modulus, of polyglycolic acid (PGA) fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites fabricated by melt-mixing. The flexural strength and flexural modulus were estimated using three-point bending tests conducted at 37°C. Both the flexural strength and flexural modulus were increased by PGA fiber reinforcement. Viscoelastic properties were also investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) under tensile loading. Results show that PGA fiber, which acts as the nucleate agent of PLA, restrains the molecular chains of PLA. That restraint reduces deformation at the same stress condition, thereby improving the PLA flexural properties.     

Pliable polylactide plates for guided bone regeneration: manufacturing and in vitro

Three different types of pliable and bioabsorbable plates, 0.4 mm thick, were developed for guided bone regeneration to cover cranial defects. The processing (extrusion, melt-spinning, knitting and heat pressing) and in vitro degradation of the materials were studied. Materials used were poly-L,DL-lactide with an L/DL ratio of 70/30 (PLA70) and poly-L,D-lactide with an L/D ratio of 96/4 (PLA96). The initial tensile strengths of gamma-sterilized PLA96, PLA70 and the PLA70-PLA96 composite plates were 45.7 +/- 3.8, 51.2 +/- 3.6 and 24.7 +/- 5.1 MPa respectively. The composite plates were the stiffest and lasted for more than 24 weeks. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of both polymers decreased in vitro. The crystallinity of PLA96 increased tenfold within 18 weeks. For initially amorphous PLA70 the highest melting enthalpy was 89 J/g at 60 weeks. PLA70 became partially crystalline and the plates changed from transparent to white and swollen. Extrusion and sterilization decreased the initially different molecular weight (Mw) values to the same level. After 18 weeks of hydrolysis, Mw was 15,000 Da for PLA96 and 12,000 Da for PLA70. For the components of the composite plate Mw was 15,000 Da for the PLA70 plate and 27,000 Da for the PLA96 mesh. Morphologically, all the hydrolysed plates retained, for a long period, a solid surface layer under which a porous structure formed. Crystalline branches and some single crystals were seen. The composite plates had the slowest degradation rate and they remained intact the longest.     

Bending actuation in a single-layer carbon-nanofiber/polypyrrole composite film and its fabrication

Thin CNF/PPy composite single-layer films were produced by the electrophoretic deposition and polymerization process which was developed for this study. It was demonstrated that the films could generate a bending motion subjected to an actuating electric voltage even though they consisted of only single-layer. Carbon nanofiber and polypyrrole composite films were obtained from only one side of a working electrode. Several different CNF/PPy films were synthesized, as varying the CNF weight ratios from 3%, 5%, and 7% to 10%. Conductivity of pure PPy and CNF/PPy composite films were measured. Conductivity of the films is improved linearly from 77.9S/cm (pure PPy film) to 124.3 S/cm (10% CNF/PPy) as the CNF weight ratio increases. Adding CNF was effective for improving the conductivity of PPy. As results of electromechanical actuation tests with the films, it was noticed that the strain of the films was reduced a little as the CNF weight ratio increased. Bending motions were observed for both PPy and CNF/PPy films subjected to a voltage. The tip bending deflections was in the range of 0.5 mm to 2 mm. CNF/PPy films showed a great potential to be a good candidate for small light actuators.     

Mechanical and tribological properties of phenolic resin-based friction composites filled with several inorganic fillers

The calcined petroleum coke (CPC), talcum powder (TP) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) were used as the friction modifiers to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of phenolic resin-based friction composites (the resin matrix was coded as PHE). Thus the composites filled with the inorganic particulates of laminar structures were prepared by compression molding. The hardness and bending strength of the friction composites were measured. The tribological properties of the composites sliding against cast iron were evaluated using a pin-on-disc test rig. The morphologies of the worn surfaces of the composites and the transfer films on the counterpart cast iron disc were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy, and the elemental plane distributions on the transfer films were analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). It was found that the friction composites of different compositions showed different friction and wear behaviors, which was highly dependent on the volume fractions of the friction modifiers in the composites. Namely, the inclusion of CPC, h-BN, and TP at a volume fraction of 10% helped to greatly increase the bending strength and wear resistance of the composites, and in these cases the coefficients of friction for the composites were ranged within 0.43–0.47. In particular, the PHE-based composite with 10% h-BN had excellent friction stability at various testing conditions and showed the best wear resistance above 125 °C, which was attributed to the formation of a compact friction film (third-body-layer) on the rubbing surface of the composite and of a durable transfer film on the rubbing surface of the counterpart cast iron. The PHE-based composite with 10% CPC showed the best wear resistance below 125 °C, which was ascribed to the same reasons mentioned above. The different actions of various friction modifiers in terms of their effects on the friction and wear behavior of the phenolic resin-based friction composites could be related to their different bonding strengths with the resin matrix and their different abilities to form friction films (third-body-layer) on the surfaces of the composites and transfer films on the counterpart cast iron surface as well.     

Microstructure Evolution and Enhanced Tribological Properties of Cu-Doped WS2 Films

To improve the tribological properties of WS₂ film both in vacuum and in humid air conditions, its microstructure was optimized by doping different concentrations of Cu via radio frequency co-sputtering method. The film microstructure and composition were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It was verified that Cu was presented in amorphous phase in the WS₂ matrix and could also induce amorphization and densification of the composite films gradually. The film microstructure changed from coarse columnar platelet structure at low Cu content (0–5.8 at.%) to transition structure with two separate layers at increased Cu content (11.5–16.2 at.%) and to a featureless structure at high Cu content (above 24.4 at.%). The mechanical and tribological properties of films were evaluated using the scratch tester and ball-on-disk tribometer, respectively. It was found that the incorporation of a suitable content of Cu dopant could significantly improve the film toughness, but excess amount of Cu dopant lead to high brittleness. All the composite films exhibited much lower wear rate and longer wear life than those of pure WS₂ film both in vacuum and in humid air conditions. The wear mechanisms were proposed after correlating the mechanical performance with film microstructure.     

聚乳酸/羟基磷灰石复合材料激光选区烧结工艺优化与性能研究

以生物可降解材料聚乳酸（PLA）和生物骨基质的主要无机成分羟基磷灰石（HA）为研究对象。为获得复合材料激光选区烧结(SLS)制件的最佳成形参数,首先对纯PLA的SLS工艺进行了优化,发现最优的激光能量密度范围为0.040~0.075 J/mm2,且制得的纯PLA试样的拉伸强度均超过23 MPa,最高可达27.28 MPa。为研究HA含量对PLA/HA复合材料微观结构与力学性能的影响,以激光能量密度为0.040 J/mm2（激光功率12 W,扫描速度1 500 mm/s）对不同HA含量的PLA/HA复合材料进行了成形。实验结果表明,当HA质量分数为10%时,PLA/HA复合材料的力学性能和微观形貌最优。水接触角测试显示材料的接触角从69.52°降至57.96°,表明材料的亲水性能得到了改善。     

Revealing the 3D internal structure of natural polymer microcomposites using X-ray ultra microtomography

Properties of composite materials are directly affected by the spatial arrangement of reinforcement and matrix. In this research, partially hydrolysed cellulose microcrystals were used to fabricate polycaprolactone microcomposites. The spatial distribution of cellulose microcrystals was characterized by a newly developed technique of X-ray ultra microscopy and microtomography. The phase and absorption contrast imaging of X-ray ultra microscopy revealed two-dimensional and three-dimensional information on CMC distribution in polymer matrices. The highest contrast and flux (signal-to-noise ratio) were obtained using vanadium foil targets with the accelerating voltage of 30 keV and beam current of >200 nA. The spatial distribution of cellulose microcrystals was correlated to the mechanical properties of the microcomposites. It was observed that heterogeneous distribution and clustering of cellulose microcrystals resulted in degradation of tensile strength and elastic modulus of composites. The utilization of X-ray ultra microscopy can open up new opportunities for composite researchers to explore the internal structure of microcomposites. X-ray ultra microscopy sample preparation is relatively simple in comparison to transmission electron microscopy and the spatial information is gathered at much larger scale.