墙材内外保温之我见

我国建筑围护结构的保温有三种形式，即外墙内保温、外墙外保温及夹芯保温。采用何种形式，学术界一直存在争论。笔认为，应根据不同的地域，不同的建筑结构形式，不同的建筑部位，具体问题要具体分析，不能一概而论。     

与建筑同寿命外墙保温技术体系研究

建筑外墙保温材料和保温系统的使用寿命直接影响建筑的节能减排成效。开发与建筑同寿命的高效外墙保温材料和保温系统,对于推动建筑节能减排和建筑双碳目标具有重要推动作用。本文概述了我国建筑外墙保温系统的发展现状与趋势,深入分析了不同类型保温材料、不同外墙保温系统组成形式和不同建筑节能技术体系的优势和不足,并简要介绍了目前市场上出现的几种与建筑同寿命的外墙保温技术体系,提出了推进我国与建筑同寿命外墙保温体系发展的几点建议。     

《可持续发展建筑与四维空间》系列之一剪一段日光在黑夜释放——建筑移动保温

本篇文章介绍的是一个会所性建筑．如正立面图1。建筑面积约2000m^2．椭圆型的建筑四周安排不同使用要求的房间，如平面图2。建筑的一层是连通的．二层、三层只在朝南的方向安排了房间。建筑围合成的中庭顶部不封闭，内部有树木、景观山水．如剖面图3。这是一个太阳能建筑，就像一个向阳又背风的港湾。     

节能性建筑涂料的节能原理及研究现状

总结了节能性建筑涂料的节能原理及国内外研究现状。节能性建筑涂料在研制过程中,为了获得较大的隔热保温效果,应综合考虑不同的隔热保温机理,重点研制具有多种功能的复合型节能建筑涂料。     

浅谈建筑外墙保温设计

分析了推行建筑节能的重要性，针对建筑外墙保温设计做法进行了详细介绍，指出了不同的外墙保温做法的优缺点，以推进墙体保温技术的应用。     

保温节能建筑

<正> 寒冷地区建筑冬季采暖能耗,占其整个国民经济总能耗的30～50％。主要是建筑物保温不好。如我省采用的二砖厚粘土砖外墙(两侧抹灰),其传热系数为1.24W/(m~2·K)。而冬季气温远比我省要高的北欧、丹麦政府规定建筑外墙的传热系数为0.29～0.41W/(m~2k),是我省砖混建筑     

不同构造窗户的传热系数及其在设计中的应用

分析了不同构造窗户的传热系数以及不同构造窗户的保温性能与节能效果，指出在建筑设计中要从影响窗户热工性能的主要因素入手，提高其保温性能，创造一个具有舒适的热环境的节能建筑。     

重视大型耐侯试验提高节能建筑质量

我国节能建筑墙体保温主要有内保温、夹芯保温、外保温几种方式,无论是材质还是施工,以至保温效果,在不同建筑中应用都各有优缺点。近年来,由于我国对建筑节能的日益重视,节能产品和生产企业迅速增加．同时也出现了许多问题．主要是外墙外保温行业鱼龙混杂．存在着大量的假冒伪劣产品．这些产品根本没有任何技术保障,使节能产品和节能建筑的质量大打折扣。     

探究建筑外墙夹心保温与内保温的优点与不足之处

墙体是建筑外围结构最重要的组成部分,也是建筑能耗的主要构成,因此,有必要重视建筑节能技术中的墙体节能。文章综合实际对建筑外墙夹心保温和内保温的优点与不足进行了探讨。     

建筑保温用有机泡沫材料的发展与应用

泡沫塑料作为一种优质高效保温材料在我国建筑与工业保温中已逐步推广应用.本文较全面地介绍了国内外建筑与工业保温用有机泡沫材料的发展概况及材料性能,并着重介绍了泡沫塑料在我国建筑与工业保温中的生产与应用情况及存在问题.     

Reproducing the city? Heritage and Eigenlogik

The aim of this study is to explore the potential usefulness as well as the limitations of the paradigm of Eigenlogik for heritage studies. The contention is that Eigenlogik, understood as a lasting operative praxis that is locally specific and unconsciously implicit in all actions, should also be traceable in those practices and processes of negotiation that select, fashion and interpret monuments. Indeed, the example of medieval monuments in German cities shows that different communities attribute very different kinds of meaning to their built heritage; these observations in turn suggest that long-term, locally specific processes of meaning attribution and negotiation are in operation. Furthermore, it is argued that built heritage functions as an amplifier of Eigenlogik in as much as the monument embodies a particular structural form of self-reference, a locally specific mode of the reproduction of meaning that remains consistent through all ‘makings’ of it.     

GlareShade: a visual comfort-based approach to occupant-centric shading systems

This paper presents a novel method for designing of an occupant-centric shading algorithm that utilizes visual comfort metric as the form-generating criteria. Based on the premise of previous studies that demonstrate glare as the most important factor for operating shading devices, GlareShade is introduced as a simulation-based shading methodology driven by occupant's visual comfort. GlareShade not only responds to changing outdoor conditions such as the movement of the sun and the variation of cloud cover, but it also accounts for building specific local conditions. GlareShade draws its strength and flexibility from an occupant-centric approach that is based on the visual field of view of each occupant as the occupant is performing common visual tasks in a given environment, and the developed shading system is linked to a distributed sensing network of multiple occupants. ShadeFan is demonstrated as a proof-of-concept dynamic shading system utilizing the GlareShade method.     

The ‘Place’ of Cosmopolitan Architecture

The paper takes as its point of departure the necessity to open a space between the international and the national. That space will be as much political as will be one that allows for a certain architecture. For the sake of argumentation that space has been identified as the cosmopolitan. What characterises the cosmopolitan is the possibility that it is the form of modernity once the modem has been freed from the oscillation between the national and the international. Once modernity is introduced then the question to be addressed is not what is modern architecture but what is the architecture of modernity. Part of the argument developed here is that a beginning can be made once it is understood that modernity has to eschew the symbol. And yet, the symbols that proliferate are either national or international. Consequently, this gives rise to a complex interplay between the cosmopolitan, modernity and the possibility of an architecture that is non-symbolic. The question of how to think this complex set of relations is the project undertaken by the paper.     

The impact of contract duration on the cost of cash retention

Cash retention is a common means of protecting an employer from a contractor's insolvency as well as ensuring that contractors finish the work that they start. Similarly, contractors withhold part of payments due to their sub-contractors. Larger contracts tend to be subjected to smaller rates of retention. By calculating the cost of retention as an amount per year of a contract, it is shown that retention is far more expensive for firms whose work consists of short contracts. The extra cost is multiplied when the final payment is delayed, as it often is for those whose work takes place at the beginning of a project. This may explain why it is that main contractors are a lot less interested than sub-contractors in alternatives to cash retention, such as retention bonds.     

A digital model of pattern and productivity in an agroforestry landscape

Agroforestry is an approach to land-use which offers much promise in addressing many of the inter-related problems associated with rural development and land degradation (Scherr, 1992; Nair, 1993). This research incorporates remotely sensed agroforestry landscape information within a computerized model that relates spatial structure at the field and landscape scale to maize production. Remote sensing, cartographic modeling as well as landscape ecological theory and methods of analysis figure prominently in the work. The study area is in the coffee zone on the southern footslopes of Mount Kenya. The research tests the hypotheses that: there is a correlation between landscape, field structure and crop production. Specifically, it is hypothesized that spatial configuration at the field scale, (e.g. patch size, shape and adjacency relationships etc.) as well as at the landscape scale (density of trees and hedgerows) can be significantly correlated with productivity. The central hypothesis is that spatial variability across the landscape, at scales both at and beyond that of the field, can explain a significant amount of the variability in yields. In order to carry out the work, a recent innovation in remote sensing, the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI), has been used in the project. The CASI was used to acquire a detailed digital image of the site at a high spatial resolution (1.75 m pixel size). Six spectrally narrow width bands were acquired with the purpose of determining chlorophyll density as well as crop type and vigor. Findings indicate that the spatial measures that were undertaken at the landscape scale do not explain enough crop variability to be statistically significant. Rather, it is far better explained at the individual field level. Here it was demonstrated that the distance from shelter plantings is inversely and curvilinearly related to crop vigor as measured by the relationship between the Near Infra Red and Red wavelengths. Findings indicate that the positive effects of trees in the study landscape are limited to within 25 m of the canopy and may increase production as much as 32% at the optimal distance. An optimum hedgerow inter-distance of 40 m is suggested in order to maximize crop vigor. The impact of both the existing conditions as well as two possible alternatives are evaluated for their total landscape wide impacts on maize yields and wood production. It was determined that removal of the existing hedgerows (50% of all the trees in the area) by a disturbance such as a pest outbreak would cause a 5% reduction in maize production. A second alternative, which identified under-utilized planting niches throughout the landscape, is predicted to result in a modest increase in maize production and a doubling of wood products.     

GALILEO'S CONFIRMATION OF A FALSE HYPOTHESIS: A PARADIGM OF LOGICAL ERROR IN DESIGN

Galileo's classic analysis of a cantilever beam is explicated, and the contemporary persistence of the fundamental error he made in it is discussed. The incorrect hypothesis that Galileo set forth as his first proposition about the behavior of the beam is examined in the context of his pioneering analysis, as is the process whereby the erroneous basic assumption led to a result that was confirmed.

The example of Galileo and the cantilever beam is presented as a paradigm for human error in engineering analysis and design, and it is argued that familiarity with such a paradigm among the community of engineering educators and practitioners can help reduce design erors and failures.     

环境美学视域下的黔阳古城“居住”解读

环境美学的基本问题是人与自然的关系问题。然对于人具有两种意义：一是资源,二是家园。环境就其本质来说,是人的家园,是生命之本,更是居住之所。在环境美学的视域中,黔阳与人类的“居住”本质,在大地上最为原初的居住之思息息相关。黔阳作为古老的,“曾在的”居住来阐明居住如何才能够建造。“居住”比“筑造/建筑”更为本源,筑造/建筑是为了居住,但居住不是一般意义上的居住,而是“诗意地居住”,与人们的居住所依靠的一切建筑物有关。居住的本质是自然环境的完美性与人居环境的完美性是统一的。     

Concept cathedral and “squaring the circle”: Interpreting the Gothic cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris as a standing hymn

Semiotics is used in the sphere of visual arts as a tool that helps reading the message included in a certain work. Gothic architecture, as an outcome of the rich cultural context of medieval tradition, where metaphysics, numbers and geometry were indispensable tools to symbolically manifest cosmological and theological concepts, is suggested as a good example for testing this approach in the field of architecture. In this paper, a semiotic reading for one of the most distinguished works of this era; i.e., the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris, is introduced as a model for this methodology. Among many message included in the building, such as the functional or the technical messages, this is a trial to introduce a reading, i.e., an interpretation, of what could be called “a hidden spiritual message”. The paper comes to a conclusion that the Gothic cathedral, as represented in Notre Dame de Paris, might be perceived as an externalization of a standing hymn that was meant to send continuous appeals of protection to Heaven.     

Role of bazaars as a unifying factor in traditional cities of Iran: The Isfahan bazaar

A city is a vital organism that lives and grows like other organisms. Therefore, implementing development plans that would provide a sense of unity and integration in relation to the city as a whole is necessary. Traditional Iranian architecture is full of samples evolved during the course of Iranian history that can serve as architectural paragons of the city. In Iran's traditional cities, a sense of unity exists in various urban areas. The traditional city of Isfahan is one of the most valuable samples and was selected as the case study in this research. Accordingly, the most important questions of this research are as follows: (1) What is the role of bazaars in creating a sense of unity in the traditional cities of Iran? (2) How do bazaars play out their role in the integration of these cities? This research focuses on the concept of a “traditional city” to determine the role of bazaars in such cities. The results show that bazaars are crucial in giving a sense of integrity to the concept of a traditional Iranian city. Bazaars provide cohesion among the different parts of cities, such as residential areas, as well as socio-political and trade centers. This condition means that traditional bazaars play two important roles in traditional cities: (1) they interconnect the different parts of the city's physical structure; and (2) the crucial role of bazaars in a city's social and cultural structure brings about unity among the citizens in the city. Bazaars as a unifying element connect the main urban functions and guarantee the city's economic and social life.     

Comparison between detailed model simulation and artificial neural network for forecasting building energy consumption

There are several ways to attempt to model a building and its heat gains from external sources as well as internal ones in order to evaluate a proper operation, audit retrofit actions, and forecast energy consumption. Different techniques, varying from simple regression to models that are based on physical principles, can be used for simulation. A frequent hypothesis for all these models is that the input variables should be based on realistic data when they are available, otherwise the evaluation of energy consumption might be highly under or over estimated.In this paper, a comparison is made between a simple model based on artificial neural network (ANN) and a model that is based on physical principles (EnergyPlus) as an auditing and predicting tool in order to forecast building energy consumption. The Administration Building of the University of São Paulo is used as a case study. The building energy consumption profiles are collected as well as the campus meteorological data.Results show that both models are suitable for energy consumption forecast. Additionally, a parametric analysis is carried out for the considered building on EnergyPlus in order to evaluate the influence of several parameters such as the building profile occupation and weather data on such forecasting.