罗汉果甜甙V在各部位的含量分布

以鲜罗汉果为原材料,将果皮、果囊和种子分离后,分别真空干燥得到罗汉果果皮、果囊和种子的质量百分数分别为25.42%～32.45%、30.00%～43.89%和29.29%～37.56%,再各取适量在微波辐射条件下,以水为溶剂提取罗汉果水溶物,经浓缩干燥,得到各部位水提物,将各提取物用无水乙醇回流后,利用分析型高效液相色谱法测定,得出干燥的罗汉果中果皮、果囊和种子中甜甙Ⅴ的含量在各部位的百分含量分别为0.26%、2.36%和0.06%。     

RP-HPLC法测定罗汉果鲜果及甜甙中总黄酮含量

利用反相高效液相色谱法，采用保留时间定性，证实了罗汉果中含有黄酮甙元山奈酚，并首次发现含有黄酮甙元槲皮素。利用外标法定量，测得罗汉果鲜果中总黄酮含量为5—10mg／个，甜甙中总黄酮含量为1．42％。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法快速测定罗汉果甜甙V的含量

建立一个快速、简单、准确的固相萃取预处理高效液相色谱法测定罗汉果甜甙V含量的方法.样品经C18固相萃取管(200mg/3mL)纯化后以高效液相色谱检测.色谱柱为NH2P-50,流动相为V(乙腈):V(水)=85:15,流速为1mL/min,检测波长为210nm.标准曲线自0.025g/L～1.000g/L呈线形关系(r2=0.9993).研究表明:固相萃取法能很好的纯化罗汉果甜甙V,回收率高达98.80%,RSD为O.52%.此法样品处理简单,溶剂消耗少,费用减少,分析结果重现性好,适于推广应用.     

鲜罗汉果素的稳定性研究

鲜罗汉果素是一种天然甜味剂,其主要甜味成分为罗汉果甜甙。本文用高温、沸水、酸、碱、紫外等条件对其进行处理,通过测定罗汉果总甙含量、甜甙V含量、甜度、吸光度的变化,检验鲜罗汉果素的稳定性,为罗汉果素在食品工业和药品工业的广泛应用提供了参考数据。实验结果表明,罗汉果素是一种对一般高温、一般酸、碱度和紫外环境都相当稳定的高甜度的天然甜味剂。     

同期罗汉果植株不同部位黄酮含量测试研究

以罗汉果植株为试材,采用甲醇水浴回流提取黄酮,除去滤渣,在滤液中加盐酸溶液,进行回流水解,采用高效液相色谱测定罗汉果植株各部位黄酮的总含量,实验结果表明:罗汉果植株不同部位总黄酮含量由高到低的排列顺序是:牙叶、中叶、上叶、下叶、中茎、下茎、芽茎、上茎、根,形成由上至下、由外至内递减的规律。     

微波技术在鲜罗汉果甜甙提取中的应用

采用正交试验法考察了微波技术提取罗汉果甜甙工艺中罗汉果投料物液比、微波输出功率、提取时间对提取效率的影响 ,优选出微波提取的最佳方案。以此方案为实验组 ,以常规水煮法为对照组 ,进行平行实验。结果证明 :微波提取罗汉果甜甙的效率明显优于常规水煮法。是一种省时、省能、操作简便的新的提取方法。     

一种罗汉果甜甙提取工艺的研究

创建了一种用膜分离技术从罗汉果中提取甜甙的新方法。其方法采用多种不同的膜件与传统的工艺技术有机结合,从罗汉果中提取甜甙,用多种不同的膜对罗汉果浸出液进行分离、提取和浓缩。分离、提取和浓缩一次完成,产品收率高,无污染,设备简单,投资少。     

罗汉果水提取物及其甜甙的体内抗氧化作用

利用高脂饲料饲喂ICR小鼠建立高脂模型,测定并比较了试验组与模型对照组及正常对照组的血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及丙二醛(MDA)的含量,探讨了罗汉果水提取物及其甜甙的体内抗氧化作用。试验结果表明,罗汉果水提取物及罗汉果甜甙均显著提高高脂模型小鼠的血清GSH-Px和SOD的活性(P<0.05),明显降低血清MDA的含量(P<0.05),罗汉果水提取物及罗汉果甜甙均具有强抗氧化作用。同时,罗汉果水提取物与罗汉果甜甙在提高小鼠体内抗氧化作用方面效果差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

高效液相色谱法测定罗汉果饮料中甜苷V的含量

建立了高效液相色谱法测定罗汉果饮料中甜苷V的方法。样品经70%甲醇溶液提取溶解,采用C18反相色谱柱分离,用乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(22∶78)为流动相进行洗脱,检测波长为203nm,流速为1m L/min,以色谱峰保留时间和紫外可见光谱进行定性,外标法进行定量,并应用该方法对多个样品中甜苷V含量进行检测。结果表明,甜苷V在0.0024~0.384mg/m L范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.9999),检出限为3mg/kg,加标回收率为98%~105%。该方法操作简单,精密度好,能满足罗汉果饮料中甜苷Ⅴ的检测要求。固体饮料甜苷V含量在0~65mg/100g之间,液体饮料在0~15mg/100g之间,甜苷在罗汉果饮料生产中对其含量控制较低,因其甜味性质,含量高会导致口感不佳,消费者难以接受。因此,该方法可作为罗汉果饮料产品的质量控制及真伪鉴别的检测方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定白酒中罗汉果V的含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定白酒中罗汉果甜苷V的含量,从而达到检测白酒中添加罗汉果浸泡液的目的。检测条件为:Welch Materials Column-XB-C18(4.6×250mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-水(77∶23)为流动相,流速为1mL/min,检测波长为203nm,柱温25℃。罗汉果甜苷V进样量在0.4～20μg之间线性关系良好(R2=0.9983),回收率范围在97.5%～105.5%,RSD为2.56%(n=6)。该方法操作简便、测定快速、结果准确,同时具有良好的精密度、重复性和稳定性,可作为白酒中添加罗汉果浸泡液的检测方法。     

CHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF CULTIVATED AND WILD FRAGARIA AND RUBUS BERRIES

ABSTRACT

Content of individual sugars, organic acids, total phenolics (TPH), some important phenolic compounds (kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, and ellagic acid) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the fruits of strawberry, raspberry and blackberry were studied. A comparison was made between cultivars and wild relatives of each species (Fragaria vesca L., Rubus idaeus L. and Rubus fruticosus L.). The main sugars found were fructose and glucose both in the fruits of wild species and the studied cultivars. Citric acid was determined to be the major organic acid in most of tested berries with the exception of blackberry cultivars, where malic acid was dominant. The content of individual phenolic compounds varied among the wild species, as well as among the studied cultivars. Ellagic acid content was higher in F. vesca, R. idaeus and R. fruticosus (122.5 µg/g FW, 12.71 µg/g FW and 61.7 µg/g FW, respectively) than that obtained in analyzed cultivars. Overall, TPH expressed higher values in the wild strawberry and blackberry species in comparison to the studied cultivars, and consequently, the highest levels of TAC were recorded in F. vesca (5.78 mg asc/g FW), followed by R. fruticosus (4.95 mg asc/g FW).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In recent years, both wild and cultivated berries have become very attractive for consumers because of potentially beneficial phytochemicals contained in these fruits. Fruit nutritional quality can be described by standard quality parameters (sugars and organic acids), and the analysis of antioxidant capacity influenced by specific related compounds. The importance of flavonoids and other phenolics have been suggested to play a preventive role in the development of cancer and heart disease. A significant positive correlation observed in this study between total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity indicate the need for the use of wild species in the breeding programs of small fruits, especially strawberry and blackberry, in order to increase their nutritive value and the health benefits.     

新合纤及其制造加工技术

说明了日本新合纤(新聚酯)的发展阶段,介绍了国外(日本西欧和美国)新合纤的市场情况,指出了日本在新合纤领域目前处于世界最先进水平。概括了新合纤制造加工技术及1990～1992年间日本各合成纤维厂商推出的新合纤产品。最后指出了新合纤存在的某些缺点。     

BARLEY AND MALT TANNINOGENS AND BEER QUALITY

Anthocyanogen and catechin contents (tanninogen values) were determined for ten two-row and thirteen six-row barleys and for their corresponding malts. Four barley-malts were then selected for brewing, one with high, one with low, and two with intermediate tanninogen contents. The brews were made using bottom-fermenting (lager) as well as top-fermenting (ale) yeasts, both at 50–55° F. and at 68° F. The quality of the beers, as expressed by standard analyses and flavour evaluation, is discussed in the light of the tanninogen contents of the barleys and the different brewing parameters (yeast type and fermentation temperature).     

姜与人体营养健康

对姜的营养、保健功能及其在日常生活中的应用进行了介绍，更利于推动我国调味品业的进一步研究与开发。     

Tencel机织物的染整加工及所用染化料

Ｔｅｎｃｅｌ纤维易于原纤化和很高的横向膨润性对染整加工设备选型、工序安排、染化料选用提出了很高的要求，关键的助剂是润滑剂、纤维素酶、柔软剂、树脂整理剂、防原纤化助剂，于是详细讨论了Ｔｅｎｃｅｌ机织物的前处理、初级原纤化、酶处理、染色、二次原纤化和柔性、树脂整理及染化料的应用。     

INSTRUMENTAL AND SENSORY TEXTURE ASSESSMENT AND FRACTURE MECHANISMS OF CHEDDAR AND CHESHIRE CHEESES

Textural attributes of Cheddar and Cheshire cheeses, falling within narrow compositional ranges, were assessed by sensory panels, and from force-compression curves generated by compression between two plates, and, for Cheddar cheese only, by penetrometry. Individual sensory measurements did not relate well to any instrumental one, and were better at discriminating between cheeses. Samples of each cheese variety were fractured in different ways and the fracture surfaces were examined in a scanning electron microscope. Fracture surfaces were formed by cutting directly through the matrix, tearing of the matrix along planes high in fat or cracking at grain boundaries. It is suggested that consideration of fracture mechanism may aid the selection and development of useful instrumental methods for texture assessment of cheese.     

AREA- AND PERIMETER-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES AND FAILURE OF MATURE-GREEN AND RED-RIPE TOMATO PERICARP TISSUE

The influence of tomato fruit ripeness on area- and perimeter-dependent properties and dominant failure mechanisms of pericarp tissue were investigated. Tissue discs from mature-green and red-ripe fruit were punctured with a flat-ended cylindrical probe and compressed with a flat plate at a constant rate of deformation. Approximately linear force-deformation curves were obtained to tissue failure by both puncture and flat plate compression, interrupted by a region of pseudoplastic deformation at a relatively low initial bioyield force. Based on estimated area- and perimeter-dependent coefficients and firmness (force/deformation) values, initial bioyielding of tissue appeared to be associated with an abrupt increase in cell-to-cell compaction. Puncture of mature-green tissue led to premature failure induced by shearing or rupture of tissue at the probe perimeter. The contribution to puncture of perimeter-dependent or shear-associated forces and a putative "zone of influence" increased markedly with ripening, while the contribution of area-dependent or compression associated forces generally decreased. A concomitant decrease in failure force and firmness with ripening reflected a general loss of both tissue compression and shear strengths. These results suggested that the dominant mode of tissue failure changed with ripening, from cell relaxation and rupture to cell debonding. The data obtained in this study emphasize the need to exercise caution in the interpretation of force-deformation parameters derived from puncture tests alone.     

THIOLS AND DISULPHIDES IN QUIESCENT AND GERMINATING BARLEY GRAINS,BOTH DORMANT AND MATURE

Reduced and oxidised glutathione, cysteine, cystine and traces (too small to quantify) of γ-glutamyl-cysteine and cysteinylglycine were detected, in about the same amounts, in extracts of the embryos of dormant and mature barleys. During micromalting the levels of the thiols and disulphides altered in various ways, but altered in the same ways in dormant and mature samples of grain until germination began. An early decline in the glutathione content of embryos was mirrored by a rise in the amount in degermed grains. Histochemical tests and analyses of isolated tissues showed that in the quiescent grains thiols were concentrated in the embryo (particularly the scutellum) and in the aleurone layer and isolated embryos released thiols into an incubation medium. We conclude that the endogenous thiols and disulphides are not obviously involved in the regulation of dormancy.