炭黑非催化燃烧特性的固定床实验研究

含碳燃料在还原气氛下燃烧会生成炭黑，在动力设备的燃烧装置中，炭黑的后期氧化对污染控制是非常重要的。利用石英管固定床反应器对天然气扩散火焰中生成的炭黑在不同氧浓度下（20％、15％、10％和5％）的燃烧特性进行了研究，并选用了蜡烛炭黑、丁烷炭黑和煤焦作为对比。根据实验中得出的燃烧特性，与煤焦相比，炭黑的着火温度较低，但是炭黑的燃烧活化能相对更高。氧浓度对各试样着火温度影响不大，而却影响各试样燃烧过程。还进行了水蒸汽对天然气炭黑燃烧的影响研究，水蒸汽能引起炭黑燃烧速率的显著增大。图9参12     

甲烷火焰中氢气对着火与燃尽的影响

利用化学反应动力学机理研究了甲烷－空气预混火焰添加H2的着火和燃尽特性。通过分析计算,讨论了氢气对甲烷燃烧过程及着火温度、燃烧速率、燃尽时间的影响。结果表明,甲烷火焰中少量氢气的存在不仅可以降低甲烷的着火温度,而且可以显著增大燃烧速率,缩短燃尽时间,这些结果与已有的实验结果吻合。     

涡流室式柴油机相关火焰微元燃烧模型的三维数值模拟

把涡流室式柴油机不同区域与不同时期的燃烧过程分开处理,将涡流室的燃烧过程划分为３个阶段,即：低温着火化学动力学反应阶段、高温预混燃烧化学动力学反应阶段和相关火焰微元的扩散燃烧阶段,而认为主燃烧室的燃烧只有相关火焰微元的扩散燃烧阶段。用Ｓｈｅｌ着火模型、Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ方程和相关火焰微元模型来分别模拟低温着火、高温预混燃烧和扩散燃烧过程。开发了三维数值模拟计算程序并对其进行计算,研究了涡流室中瞬态温度场的变化过程。模型预测的示功图和涡流室中的燃烧放热率与试验值吻合良好。     

蒸汽稀释均匀性对天然气扩散火焰污染物排放特性的影响

采用数值模拟与实验相结合的方法进行蒸汽稀释均匀性对天然气扩散火焰污染物排放特性影响的研究。建立化学反应网络模型,通过零维模拟研究天然气/蒸汽掺混不均匀度对CO、NO_x生成的影响规律。利用某天然气扩散燃烧器,实验研究蒸汽稀释比和稀释均匀性对天然气扩散火焰结构和污染物生成的影响。结果表明,蒸汽稀释均匀性对火焰结构影响较小,但增强稀释均匀性后反应区OH峰值信号强度减弱,NO_x、CO均呈下降趋势。     

常温高预混度甲烷火焰燃烧特性研究

使用自行研制的微型天然气燃烧装置,利用FTIR发射透射技术,借助傅立叶变换红外光谱仪在线测量了常温高预混度条件下甲烷火焰的温度和辐射力。通过试验得出了较高预混度条件下常温甲烷火焰的碳黑生成、火焰辐射和火焰温度等方面的燃烧特性。     

涡流室式柴油机准维相关火焰微元燃烧模型的研究

把涡流室式柴油机不同区域与不同时期的燃烧过程分开处理，将涡流室的燃烧过程分为５个时期，即：低温着火化学动力学反应期，向高温预混燃烧化学动力学反应过渡期，高温预混燃烧化学动力学反应期，向空气和燃料混合控制的扩散燃烧过渡期和火焰微元的扩散燃烧期。而主燃烧室的燃烧只有火焰微元的扩散燃烧期。用Ｓｈｅｌ着火模型、Ａｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ方程和相关火焰微元模型来分别模拟其中的低温着火、高温预混燃烧和扩散燃烧过程以建立准维燃烧模型。模型预测的示功图和燃烧放热率与实验值吻合良好。本文还研究了模型中拉伸因子和耗散因子对示功图的影响。     

正庚烷对冲扩散火焰中多环芳烃形成机理的简化

使用敏感性分析对正庚烷对冲扩散燃烧火焰中多环芳烃生成的详细反应机理(包括108种组分、572个基元反应)进行简化,得到了可与CFD多维模型耦合计算的简化机理,该机理包括56种组分、83个基元反应.简化机理和详细机理的计算结果非常吻合,表明得到的简化机理能够精确地描述正庚烷对冲扩散火焰的燃烧特性,并且能够定量预测多环芳烃(例如苯、萘、菲、芘等)的生成.     

基于激光诱导炽光法的柴油喷雾燃烧碳烟生成特性

采用激光诱导炽光法(LII),对高温高压定容燃烧弹内柴油喷雾燃烧火焰及碳烟生成的二维分布图像进行了测量分析,研究了在不同定容室环境温度、环境压力和喷射压力下燃烧火焰和油气混合特性对碳烟生成与分布的影响规律.结果表明:柴油燃料滞燃期会随环境温度和环境压力的升高而缩短;扩散燃烧火焰的浮起长度内空气卷吸量是影响碳烟形成过程的一个重要因素,高的环境温度和环境压力,以及低的喷油压力会产生较短的柴油火焰浮起长度;高的柴油喷射压力、低的环境压力和温度所产生的LII信号强度较弱,即此时激光片光内的碳烟体积分数较小.在喷雾混合中自然形成的混合气浓度分层和温度分层,既影响到混合气的着火和燃烧过程,又诱发碳烟颗粒的产生,研究结果对优化燃烧系统设计,验证燃烧模型提供了有价值的依据.     

基于OH-PLIF测量技术的煤粉射流火焰着火燃烧特性

在光学诊断型煤粉燃烧器系统上研究煤粉着火燃烧特性,利用ICMOS相机捕捉射流火焰总光强信号、自发辐射信号以及PLIF荧光信号,根据获得信号的品质,判断各种测试手段的优缺点.计算射流火焰总光强和PLIF荧光信号的着火延迟时间,分析PLIF测量手段的可靠性,结合OH-PLIF技术的瞬态图像,以及着火延迟时间的变化规律,分析射流火焰挥发分着火及燃烧特性.研究结果表明,颗粒群着火是挥发分先析出着火燃烧,然后加热焦炭颗粒燃烧的过程.     

梯度磁场对甲烷层流燃烧时NO_x生成特性的影响

天然气燃烧过程中NOx的控制是燃烧洁净优化的关键指标之一。以甲烷层流扩散火焰为研究对象,通过在火焰周围安放电磁铁的方法在火焰区产生梯度磁场,开展在四种甲烷流量工况下改变梯度磁场对热力型NOx的生成特性的研究。研究发现,当梯度磁场增加时,较大磁场梯度对应的25mm高度火焰区的温度随之升高,而热力型NOx的生成量却不受温度升高的影响存在着明显减少的变化规律,与无磁场梯度工况相比,NOx最大时至少减少60%以上。经分析认为,梯度磁场施加给氧气顺磁力直接改变火焰周围氧气的流动传输特性,氧气的流运作用使得OH自由基向火焰区流动,生成HCN、HCCO抑制热力型NOx的生成。     

利用快速压缩装置进行直喷天然气发动机燃烧特性的研究

利用快速压缩装置开展了直喷天然气发动机燃烧特性的研究,分析了3种不同喷射方式下的燃烧特性并与均相混合气燃烧进行了对比。研究结果:上喷天然气燃烧比均相混合气燃烧的最大压力高,在宽广的当量比范围内具有短的火娄发展期和快速燃烧,克燃烧放热率和压力升高率基本上与喷射方式无关。喷射方式与均相混合气相比,燃烧放热率,压力升高率大。缩短喷油和点火间的时间间隔将缩短火焰发展期和快速燃烧期,其时间间隔的优化对直喷天然气发动机极为重要。直喷天然气发动机的燃烧方式为预混控制充量分层燃烧,此燃烧方式燃烧速率,排放低。     

稀释气体组分和浓度对柴油喷雾燃烧特征影响

通过一台高温、高压可视化定容燃烧弹,采用高速摄像技术研究了不同稀释气体(Ar、N2和C02)在10％～40％的氧体积分数范围内对柴油喷雾着火和火焰发展过程的影响;采用羟基自发光成像和双色法研究了低氧体积分数下稀释气体组分(Ar和N2)对火焰发展特征和碳烟分布的影响.结果表明:随氧体积分数增加,柴油机喷雾火焰自发光亮度增...     

柴油温度对燃烧火焰温度和碳烟生成的影响

通过定容燃烧弹,采用双色法研究不同柴油温度对冷起动过程中燃烧火焰温度和碳烟生成特性的影响,获取缸内燃烧火焰温度分布和表征碳烟分布的KL因子.结果表明:在喷油后3.5 ～ 6.0 ms的燃烧稳定时期,柴油温度为40℃的火焰中大于2 200 K的区域约占60％,柴油温度为20℃的火焰中大于2 200 K的区域约占55％,柴...     

Spatial combustion analysis of biodiesel fueled engine using combustion chamber endoscopy and modeling

Main objective of this study was to demonstrate endoscopic visualization of combustion events in the combustion chamber of a production grade compression ignition (CI) engine. High speed endoscopic imaging was used to provide qualitative information about the in–cylinder combustion for mineral diesel and biodiesel fueled engine operating at different engine loads. These images were analyzed using image processing program developed in MATLAB, in order to determine the ‘start of combustion’ (SoC), ‘spatial soot distribution’ and ‘spatial flame temperature distribution’. In–cylinder pressure and rate of heat release (RoHR) were validated using simulation results obtained by using a KIVA-3V code. The luminosity of flames in the combustion images was relatively lower for biodiesel compared to baseline diesel. Area of soot distribution decreased in later stages of combustion for both test fuels, which indicated superior oxidation of soot particles formed, during the post combustion events. Biodiesel showed relatively lower dissipation of heat, which caused lower soot radiations in the flames. Simulated soot distribution and flame temperature distribution obtained from KIVA-3V code also showed similar behavior and verified the trends observed by combustion chamber endoscopy.     

Combustion characteristics of boron nanoparticles

An experimental investigation of the combustion characteristics of boron nanoparticles in the post flame region of a flat flame burner has been conducted. Boron is attractive as a fuel or a fuel supplement in propellants and explosives due to its high heats of combustion on both a gravimetric and volumetric basis. A relatively large database exists for combustion characteristics of large (greater than 1 μm) boron particles, but very little exists for nano-sized boron. Ignition and combustion characteristics have been studied in the post flame region of a fuel lean CH₄/Air/O₂ flame, with burner temperatures ranging from about 1600 K to 1900 K, and oxygen mole fractions ranging between 0.1 and 0.3. As in earlier investigations on boron combustion, a two-stage combustion phenomenon was observed. Ensemble-averaged burning times of boron nanoparticles were obtained, while the ignition time measurements for boron nanoparticles were extended into a lower temperature range previously unavailable in the literature. The measured burning times were between 1.5 ms and 3.0 ms depending on both the temperature and oxygen mole fraction. The ignition times were relatively insensitive to oxygen concentration in the range studied, and were affected only by temperature. The measured ignition times were inversely related to the temperature, ranging from 1.5 ms at 1810 K to 6.0 ms at 1580 K. The burning time results were compared to both diffusion and kinetic limited theories of particle combustion. It was found that the size dependence on particle burning times did not follow either theory.     

Simultaneous high-speed visualization of soot luminosity and OH1 chemiluminescence of alternative-fuel combustion in a HSDI diesel engine under realistic operating conditions

Crude-oil independent liquid fuels are currently being developed for future HSDI diesel engines. Thus, it is the primary objective of the present study to characterize the combustion of selected reference fuels under realistic conditions, in particular with regard to flame lift-off and soot formation. The experiments are conducted in an optically-accessible and a comparable all-metal HSDI engine at part load, using n-decane, n-heptane, 1-decanol, and conventional diesel, respectively, as the fuel. Two image-intensified, high-speed CMOS cameras are employed simultaneously, in order to visualize the highly unsteady combustion process in terms of OH¹ radicals and soot, respectively, with relatively high temporal resolution and data throughput.The results demonstrate the influence of the fuel properties, in particular cetane number and volatility, on mixture formation, ignition, combustion, soot formation, and emissions. Relatively high soot emissions for n-decane can basically be explained by its short ignition delay, small lift-off length, and lack of fuel-bound oxygen. The soot formation process seems to be more important for the relative engine-out emissions than soot oxidation under the investigated conditions. Furthermore, a very strong correlation between the ignition delay and the flame lift-off length (during injection) is found. This indicates that lift-off stabilization is essentially determined by autoignition.     

不同海拔条件下柴油机撞壁喷雾燃烧特性的可视化研究

使用定容燃烧弹模拟一款重型柴油机在海拔0m、3 000m和4 500m条件下运行时缸内的热力学状态,利用多种成像技术实现了撞壁燃烧过程的可视化,研究了不同海拔对撞壁喷雾燃烧的高温着火、火焰传播和碳烟生成特性的影响。结果表明,海拔从0m升高到4 500m,撞壁着火延迟从0.55ms延长到0.88ms,撞壁着火距离从20.38mm增大到26.87mm,高海拔对撞壁着火过程有明显的抑制效果;撞壁火焰呈现圆盘状火焰形态,火焰发展进入稳定阶段后,由于前锋区域的涡流强度增大,撞壁火焰铺展高度、撞壁火焰铺展宽度和撞壁火焰面积都随海拔升高而增大,但在火焰发展初期,由于撞壁平板的冷却作用,撞壁火焰尺寸在海拔升高到4 500m时减小;空间积分火焰亮度和时间积分火焰亮度均随海拔升高而增大,海拔升高到4 500m时碳烟生成速率和氧化速率均增大。     

Investigating the Effects of Natural Gas Preheating on Soot Formation,Flame Luminosity,and NOX Emissions: A Combined Experimental and Numerical Approach

One of the most problematic aspects of gas‐fired furnaces is their poor luminosity and radiative characteristics which are directly affected by the carbon percent of the fuel molecules. This study investigates the soot content, flame temperature, and efficiency of a 120 kW boiler resulting from inlet gas (natural gas) preheating. A probability density function (PDF) being parameterized by the mean and variance of mixture fraction was used to model chemical reactions. To describe the effects of turbulences on soot formation, a Moss–Brooks model and a β‐PDF in terms of normalized temperature is employed. Using Nickel–Chrome electrical heaters, the fuel was preheated to more than 573 K. Radiations emitting from the flame were measured by a laboratory pyranometer with a photovoltaic sensor; moreover, a Testo 350 XL gas analyzer was used for recording the temperature and combustion species. Results revealed that gas preheating up to about 510 K has no considerable effect on the flame luminosity. On the other hand, preheating the inlet gas up to 700 K increases the soot content of the flame up to 300% resulting in a serious augmentation of flame luminosity. This increase causes a significant reduction in flame temperature (150 K) and NO emission. The predicted results have good agreement with measurement results.     

一种天然焦燃烧特性的试验研究

天然焦是煤接触岩浆岩受热分解后的固体残余物,它是岩浆岩侵入煤层或煤层附近,由煤层受热烘烤而干馏变成的．天然焦一般作为难以利用的能源考虑。为了开拓天然焦综合利用新途径,本文利用热重分析法对该天然焦、济宁煤及二者混合燃料的着火、燃尽等燃烧特性进行了实验研究。热重试验结果表明,天然焦的着火温度为876．3K,其着火温度最高,其次是混煤,济宁燃煤着火温度最低;但是天然焦的燃尽时间最短,济宁煤燃尽时间居中,混煤燃尽所需时间最长。综合试验研究及理论分析,天然焦混煤燃料可以作为电站锅炉燃料．本研究可为天然焦用作电厂燃料提供依据。