三元合金相图上的团簇线和Al基准晶的成分规律

本文利用团簇结构信息来探索Al基三元准晶的成分规律.首先以晶体金属间化合物为例,利用基于二元团簇的团簇线方法,解释了其成分.然后将此方法运用在Al-(Cu,Ni,Pd)-过渡族金属三元准晶系中.最后将团簇线的含义进一步归纳为普遍规律和基本理论.     

瑞利散射法诊断大尺寸团簇

瑞利散射法的优点是实验易行,对于团簇是非破坏性的。利用这种方法Ａ．Ｊ．Ｂｅｌｌ等人测出了尺寸在１５０－４０００的氩团簇。Ｒ．Ｋｌｉｎｇｅｌｈｏｅｆｅｒ测量瑞用射信号强度同散射角的依赖关系,推断以团族尺寸分布。Ｔ．Ｄｉｔｍｉｒｅ等在散射角固定不变的情况下,测量散射信号同气体滞止压强Ｐ０或温度Ｔ０的关系,从而推断团簇的尺寸。     

双束共蒸发制备Fe—Cu包埋团簇

基于气体聚集形成团簇的过程，利用双束蒸发共沉积方法，在室温下成功地制备了Ｆｅ－Ｃｕ纳米磁性包埋团簇样品，对样品的ＴＥＭ／ＥＤ分析表明，平均直径为２０ｎｍ左右的Ｆｅ团族被Ｃｕ原子所包裹，形成了以Ｆｅ团簇为芯，Ｃｕ原子为壳的良好的芯－壳式包埋结构。     

乙醇/水混合团簇的多光子电离质谱研究

利用激光器(输出波长355nm)激发乙醇和水二元混合团簇中的离子-分子反应,运用飞行时间质谱技术检测反应后生成的团簇离子.实验观测到多个序列的质子化团簇离子:(C2H5OH)nH 和(C2H5OH)n(H2O)mH (n=1-12,m=1-4),其产生是通过团簇内的质子转移反应.通过对团簇离子的峰强度同乙醇数目n和水分子数目m的关系的研究发现,团簇离子(C2H5OH)8(H2O)H 是幻数结构.     

深冷中性铝团簇的产生和光电离

报道了用激光蒸发／分子束方法产生深度冷却的中性金属团簇。产生的铝团簇Ａｌ．（ｎ＝２，……，６，７）用１９３ｎｍ的准分子激光电离，由飞行时间质谱（ＴＯＦＭＳ）探测。对激光蒸发／分子束技术产生的团簇束的特点作了简单评述并与其它团簇源作了比较。     

脉冲CO2激光气相合成大尺寸硅团簇的研究

利用脉冲ＣＯ２激光气相合成了大尺寸的硅团簇Ｓｉｎ（ｎ－１０＾３），并对其生长机理进行了初步研究，大尺寸硅团簇Ｓｉｎ（ｎ－６４０）的飞行时间质谱可用对数正态分布函数很好地拟合，分析表明其结构由小尺寸硅团簇丰富多样趋向于简单化。     

飞秒强激光脉冲与H原子团簇相互作用的库仑爆炸过程模拟

运用经典粒子动力学模拟方法，研究了飞秒强激光脉冲(10^15～10^16W／cm^2)与正二十面体构型氢原子团簇H13,H55，H147和H309的相互作用。通过模拟分析团簇的膨胀过程，发现团簇的膨胀是各向同性的，团簇的膨胀尺度R(t)／R(0)随团簇尺寸的增大而减小，即团簇尺寸愈大，与激光相互作用后膨胀碎解过程愈慢。研究结果表明，随着团簇中原子数目的增多，团簇库仑爆炸后所产生的离子的动能相应增大。由于正二十面体的对称壳层结构，离子动能分布具有尖峰结构。团簇库仑爆炸后离子的最大动能Emax与团簇库仑爆炸前的尺寸的平方成正比。且Emax随激光光强I增加而增大。但是当I增大到一定值Is时，Emax将出现饱和，这是因为I的增强已经不再改变团簇内原子的电离状态。随着团簇尺寸的增大，激光光强饱和值和离子能量将会继续提高。     

Si_xN~±_y团簇离子的形成和稳定性研究

结合ＤＶ－Ｘα方法的理论计算结果，对激光蒸发方法产生的ＳｉｘＮ团簇离子的形成和稳定性进行了细致的研究。发现上述四簇离子可能以ＳｉＮ３或ＳｉＮ４作为初始单元，较大的团簇离子可由某种单元与另一质谱上较稳定的复合分子组成。质谱强度变化的规律表明：若团簇离子质量是Ｓｉ原子量的倍数时，呈现极大值，此时，团簇离子包含偶数个Ｎ原子。其奇偶性是由初始单元强度差异引起的。     

激光诱导生成锗纳米晶体量子点

采用氧化和析出的方法在氧化硅中凝聚生成锗纳米晶体量子点结构.其形成的锗晶体团簇没有突出的棱角和支晶结构,锗晶体团簇的轮廓较圆混,故可以用球形量子点模型来模拟实际的锗晶体团簇.对比了在高温(800℃～1000℃)条件下和在低温(200℃～500℃)用激光照射条件下所生成的锗纳米晶体结构的PL光谱和对应的锗纳米晶体团簇的尺寸分布.低温用激光照射条件下所生成的锗纳米晶体较小,其PL光谱出现蓝移.用量子点受限模型计算了锗纳米晶体团簇的能隙结构,用Monte Carlo方法模拟了PL光谱和对应的锗纳米晶体团簇的尺寸分布,分别与实验结果吻合较好.     

蒸发激光和载气强度对C_n~-质谱特征的影响

用激光蒸发石墨靶棒 ,脉冲载气 (carriergas)冷却的方法产生碳团簇 ,由飞行时间质谱仪测得碳团簇负离子的飞行时间质谱。通过对质谱的研究 ,揭示出随着尺寸的增长 ,碳团簇的结构由环状为主变为由笼状占大多数。进一步讨论了脉冲气体与蒸发激光的强弱对实验结果的影响     

Large‐Scale Fabrication of Three‐Dimensional Surface Patterns Using Template‐Defined Electrochemical Deposition

A new strategy to achieve large‐scale, three‐dimensional (3D) micro‐ and nanostructured surface patterns through selective electrochemical growth on monolayer colloidal crystal (MCC) templates is reported. This method can effectively create large‐area (>1 cm²), 3D surface patterns with well‐defined structures in a cost‐effective and time‐saving manner (<30 min). A variety of 3D surface patterns, including semishells, Janus particles, microcups, and mushroom‐like clusters, is generated. Most importantly, our method can be used to prepare surface patterns with prescribed compositions, such as metals, metal oxides, organic materials, or composites (e.g., metal/metal oxide, metal/polymer). The 3D surface patterns produced by our method can be valuable in a wide range of applications, such as biosensing, data storage, and plasmonics. In a proof‐of‐concept study, we investigated, both experimentally and theoretically, the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performance of the fabricated silver 3D semishell arrays.     

The relationship between intramembranous particles and aquaporin molecules in the plasma membranes of normal rat skeletal muscles: a fracture-label study

The plasma membrane of skeletal muscles contains water channels such as aquaporin 4 (AQP4), aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and aquaporin 7 (AQP7). In dehydrated mice, we have recently reported the altered distribution of the aggregations of intramembranous particles (IMPs), such as orthogonal array (a crystal-like structure) and IMP cluster (a rosette-like structure) on the freeze-fractured skeletal muscle plasma membranes. In this fracture-label study, we first tested whether the orthogonal arrays (OAs) were composed of AQP4 in skeletal muscles and further analyzed the relationship between IMPs including IMP clusters and AQP3 molecules. As a result, many of the gold particles indicating AQP4 was associated with OAs (79%) by our fracture-label technique. On the other hand, approximately 50% of gold particles indicating AQP3 were associated with IMP clusters. Thus we confirmed that the OAs are composed of AQP4 in skeletal muscles, and further demonstrated that some of the IMP clusters are composed of AQP3 and may participate in maintaining osmotic homeostasis in skeletal myofibers. The fracture-label method is useful in investigating the molecular identification of membrane proteins such as AQP3 and AQP4.     

Enhanced absorption of Ag diamond-type nanoantenna arrays

The optical metal nanoantenna on thin film solar cell is effective to enhance light absorption. In this paper, the diamond-type Ag nanoantenna arrays are proposed for increasing the efficiency of solar cells by localized surface plasmons resonance(LSPR). The effect of metal nanoantenna on the absorption enhancement is theoretically investigated by the finite difference time domain(FDTD) method. Broadband absorption enhancements in both visible and near-infrared regions are demonstrated in case of solar cell with diamond-type Ag nanoantennas. The spectral response is manipulated by geometrical parameters of the nanoantennas. The maximum enhancement factor of 1.51 for solar cell is obtained. For comparison, the other three nanoantennas are also analyzed. The results show that the solar cell with optimized diamond-type nanoantenna arrays is more efficient in optical absorption.     

Top-down fabrication of very-high density vertically stacked silicon nanowire arrays with low temperature budget

We report on a top-down complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible fabrication method of ultra-high density Si nanowire (SiNW) arrays using a time multiplexed alternating process (TMAP) with low temperature budget. The flexibility of the fabrication methodology is demonstrated for curved and straight SiNW arrays with different shapes and levels. Ultra-high density SiNW arrays with round or rhombic cross-sections diameters as low as 10 nm are demonstrated for vertical and horizontal spacing of 60 nm. The uniqueness of the technique, which achieves several advantages such as bulk-Si processing, low-thermal budget, and wide process window makes this fabrication method suitable for a very broad range of applications such as nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS), nano-electronics and bio-sensing.     

Metal‐Catalyzed Etching of Vertically Aligned Polysilicon and Amorphous Silicon Nanowire Arrays by Etching Direction Confinement

A systematic study of metal‐catalyzed etching of (100), (110), and (111) silicon substrates using gold catalysts with three varying geometrical characteristics: isolated nanoparticles, metal meshes with small hole spacings, and metal meshes with large hole spacings is carried out. It is shown that for both isolated metal catalyst nanoparticles and meshes with small hole spacings, etching proceeds in the crystallographically preferred <100> direction. However, the etching is confined to the single direction normal to the substrate surface when a catalyst meshes with large hole spacings is used. We have also demonstrated that the metal catalyzed etching method when used with metal mesh with large hole spacings can be extended to create arrays of polycrystalline and amorphous vertically aligned silicon nanowire by confining the etching to proceed in the normal direction to the substrate surface. The ability to pattern wires from polycrystalline and amorphous silicon thin films opens the possibility of making silicon nanowire array‐based devices on a much wider range of substrates.     

Solvothermal Synthesis of Alloyed PtNi Colloidal Nanocrystal Clusters (CNCs) with Enhanced Catalytic Activity for Methanol Oxidation

Colloidal nanocrystal clusters (CNCs), which are composed of many nanocrystal subunits, have attracted intensive attention because they can possess not only the properties of each single subunit but also the collective properties and novel functionalities resulting from the ensembles. However, to date, the successful preparation of metal CNCs has rarely been reported. In this work, a simple one‐pot solvothermal method is developed to prepare PtNi‐alloyed CNCs with homogeneous distribution of Pt and Ni elements, porous feature, and interconnected steady framework. The PtNi CNCs are composed of many PtNi nanocrystals with size around 7–8 nm. Their growth mechanism is proposed through a systematic study. Thanks to the unique structure, the as‐prepared PtNi CNCs show better catalytic performance in methanol oxidation reaction than that of PtNi nanocrystals and Pt/C catalysts. This work is important because it not only provides a new method for the preparation of metal CNCs with desired morphology and properties, but also paves the way for practical applications of metal nanoparticles.     

Investigation of millimeter-wave scattering from frequencyselective surfaces

A comparative numerical and experimental analysis of scattering from dielectric-backed frequency-selective surfaces in W-band (75-110 GHz) was carried out. The examples studied include metal (aluminium), resistive (bismuth), and bismuth-loaded I-pole or linearized Jerusalem cross arrays on fused silica, all of which exhibit a band-stop resonance in W-band as a general feature. The arrays were fabricated using standard photolithographic techniques. The numerical analysis involves the solution of an electric field integral equation using subdomain rooftop basis and testing functions within the framework of the Galerkin testing procedure. The lossy nature of the materials was fully accounted for. A comparative analysis of doubly stacked aluminium I-pole arrays was also performed. The numerical analysis exploits a variant of the cascade method in that the immediately adjacent dielectric layers are included in the construction of the scattering matrix for the frequency selective surface. This allows the higher-order evanescent Floquet modes to decay sufficiently at the dielectric boundaries so they can be ignored in the scattering matrix     

Maximizing Transfection Efficiency of Vertically Aligned Silicon Nanowire Arrays

Vertically aligned silicon nanowire (VA‐SiNW) arrays are emerging as a powerful new tool for gene delivery by means of mechanical transfection. In order to utilize this tool efficiently, uncertainties around the required design parameters need to be removed. Here, a combination of nanosphere lithography and templated metal‐assisted wet chemical etching is used to fabricate VA‐SiNW arrays with a range of diameters, heights, and densities. This fabrication strategy allows identification of critical parameters of surface topography and consequently the design of SiNW arrays that deliver plasmid with high transfection efficiency into a diverse range of human cells whilst maintaining high cell viability. These results illuminate the cell‐materials interactions that mediate VA‐SiNW transfection and have the potential to transform gene therapy and underpin future treatment modalities.     

Micellar Nanoreactors—Preparation and Characterization of Hexagonally Ordered Arrays of Metallic Nanodots

The preparation of hexagonally ordered metallic nanodots was studied in detail with emphasis on the chemical state of the resulting particles. To obtain these dots, in a first step micellar structures were formed from diblock copolymers in solution. The reverse micelles themselves are capable of ligating defined amounts of a metal salt within their cores, acting as nanoreactors. After transfer of the metal‐loaded reverse micelles onto a substrate, the polymer was removed by means of different plasmas (oxygen and/or hydrogen), which also allow the metal salt to be reduced to the metallic state. In this way, ordered arrays of metallic nanodots can be prepared on various substrates. By adjusting the appropriate parameters, the separation and the size of the dots can be varied and controlled. To determine their purity, chemical state, and surface cleanliness—all of which are crucial for subsequent experiments since nanoscale structures are intrinsically surface dominated—in‐situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ex‐situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied, also giving information on the formation of the nanodots.     

Motility of Metal Nanoparticles in Silicon and Induced Anisotropic Silicon Etching

The autonomous motion behavior of metal particles in Si, and the consequential anisotropic etching of silicon and production of Si nanostructures, in particular, Si nanowire arrays in oxidizing hydrofluoric acid solution, has been systematically investigated. It is found that the autonomous motion of metal particles (Ag and Au) in Si is highly uniform, yet directional and preferential along the [100] crystallographic orientation of Si, rather than always being normal to the silicon surface. An electrokinetic model has been formulated, which, for the first time, satisfactorily explains the microscopic dynamic origin of motility of metal particles in Si. According to this model, the power generated in the bipolar electrochemical reaction at a metal particle's surface can be directly converted into mechanical work to propel the tunneling motion of metal particles in Si. The mechanism of pore and wire formation and their dependence on the crystal orientation are discussed. These models not only provide fundamental interpretation of metal‐induced formation of pits, porous silicon, and silicon nanowires and nanopores, they also reveal that metal particles in the metal/Si system could work as a self‐propelled nanomotor. Significantly, it provides a facile approach to produce various Si nanostructures, especially ordered Si nanowire arrays from Si wafers of desired properties.