铝钎焊用锌基合金钎料的制备及钎焊接头的组织和抗剪强度

采用高频感应加热装置制备了锌基合金钎料,并以纯铝为母材进行润湿试验,并采用该钎料分别对2A12铝合金、55%SiCp/Al复合材料进行钎焊,分析了合金钎料的显微组织、成分、熔化温度范围,并对合金钎料及钎焊接头的拉剪强度进行了测试。结果表明:自制锌基合金钎料主要由α-Al固溶体、η-Zn固溶体和共晶组织组成,熔化温度区间为361~398℃;锌基合金钎料在纯铝上具有较好的润湿性;使用锌基合金钎料钎焊铝合金,其钎缝组织为η-Zn相、细小的共晶组织、树枝状及块状的α-Al相;钎焊55%SiCp/Al复合材料,其钎缝组织由铝的共析组织、η-Zn相、条纹状共晶组织及细小的共晶组织组成;钎料、2A12铝合金钎焊接头以及55%SiCp/Al复合材料钎焊接头的抗剪强度分别为237,127,109 MPa。     

2A50铝合金钎焊钎料与钎剂的选择

针对2A50铝合金的特点,根据铺展性、填缝性试验,对适合其钎焊的钎料与钎剂作了选择,进行了接头强度试验。结果表明：中温CsF-AlF3钎剂具有较高的活性及较好的去膜效果,适合含镁热处理强化型铝合金的钎焊;用CsF-AlF3钎剂分别与Al-Cu-Ag-Zn钎料及Zn-Al-Be钎料匹配钎焊,均可获得较理想的钎焊效果;当搭接间隙为0．2mm、搭接长度为2．3mm时,Zn-Al-Be钎料与CsF-AlF3钎剂匹配钎焊,所得焊接接头的抗剪强度可达143．2MPa。     

低体积分数SiC_p/A356复合材料真空钎焊温度的确定

采用Ag47-Cu18-In17-Sn17-Ti1钎料,分别在560,570,580℃下保温30min对增强相体积分数为15%的SiC_p/A356复合材料进行真空钎焊,研究了钎焊接头的显微组织、显微硬度及抗剪强度,并确定了最优的钎焊温度。结果表明:在560~580℃温度区间进行真空钎焊获得的接头焊缝组织致密,钎料对基体铝合金和SiC颗粒都具有良好的润湿性,钎料中各元素在580℃下的扩散距离远大于在560℃下的;随着钎焊温度升高,焊缝中心及扩散区的显微硬度都逐渐下降;最佳的钎焊温度为560℃,在此温度下制备钎焊接头的抗剪强度可达51.8 MPa,焊缝中心与扩散区的显微硬度分别为99.4HV和110.7HV,接头的断裂方式表现为塑性断裂。     

CuO辅助Ag_(72)Cu_(28)共晶钎料在大气环境中实现Al_2O_3陶瓷钎焊的界面反应

采用CuO辅助Ag_(72)Cu_(28)共晶钎料的方法,在大气环境中实现了Al_2O_3陶瓷的钎焊,研究了钎焊接头的剪切强度、微观形貌以及界面反应产物和界面反应机理。结果表明:该方法可以得到结合良好的Al_2O_3陶瓷接头;在钎焊温度为1 050℃、保温时间为10min、CuO质量分数为10%的条件下进行钎焊时,接头的剪切强度最高,为39.04 MPa;在钎焊过程中,由于陶瓷表面CuO的存在使熔融铜向陶瓷表面富集并发生反应,从而实现钎料的润湿和铺展;在钎焊接头中可见清晰的界面过渡层,界面反应产物主要为CuAl_2O_4及CuAlO_2相。     

热输入对铝合金/不锈钢双丝冷金属过渡熔钎焊接头组织及性能的影响

采用双丝冷金属过渡(CMT)熔钎焊工艺对5083铝合金和304不锈钢进行对接焊试验,在保证焊缝成形良好的条件下,研究了焊接热输入对接头金属间化合物(IMC)层厚度和拉伸性能的影响,并与单丝CMT熔钎焊接头进行对比。结果表明：双丝和单丝CMT熔钎焊接头焊缝获得良好成形质量的热输入范围分别为213.8～486.0,379.6～590.6 J·mm^-1;双丝CMT和单丝CMT熔钎焊接头界面处的IMC均为FeAl₃相;随着热输入的增加,单丝或双丝CMT熔钎焊接头IMC层厚度增加,抗拉强度降低;单丝CMT熔钎焊接头IMC层的最小厚度为9.59μm,此时接头的抗拉强度最大,为76 MPa,而双丝CMT熔钎焊接头IMC层的最小厚度为3.36μm,此时接头的抗拉强度最大,为109 MPa。     

气载钎剂辅助钢/铝激光熔钎焊工艺与组织

为解决钢/铝异种金属熔钎焊过程中液态金属铝在固态钢表面润湿性差的问题,提出一种气载钎剂辅助钢/铝异种金属激光熔钎焊的新方法。采用不锈钢与5052铝合金作为母材,分别进行激光填丝与无丝搭接熔钎焊试验。研究焊接线能量对接头润湿角、接头力学性能的影响,分析有无焊丝情况下接头典型微观组织。结果表明,气载钎剂辅助不锈钢/铝合金异种金属激光熔钎焊能有效解决液态金属在不锈钢表面的润湿铺展性问题。填丝搭接熔钎焊得到的接头润湿角最小值为37°,接头拉伸强度最大达到132.8 MPa,约为铝合金强度(211.7 MPa)的62.7%;无丝搭接熔钎焊得到的接头润湿角最小值为18.8°,接头拉伸强度最大达到109.2 MPa,约为铝合金强度的51.6%。在填丝、无丝焊接时,钢侧界面均会形成Fe2Al5与Fe Al3两层金属间化合物(Intermetallic compounds,IMCs)。     

钎焊温度对YG8硬质合金与1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢钎焊接头组织与力学性能的影响

以L304银焊片为钎料,对YG8硬质合金与1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢进行高温氩气保护钎焊,通过显微组织观察、能谱分析、硬度测试、室温剪切试验等,研究了钎焊温度对钎焊接头组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着钎焊温度的升高,接头焊缝的组织更加均匀致密,钎料逐渐熔化且充分填充焊缝,钎焊质量变好,但当钎焊温度高于920℃时,钎焊接头出现过热现象,组织粗大,钎焊质量变差;随着钎焊温度的升高,钎焊接头的剪切强度和显微硬度均呈先增大后减小的趋势;当钎焊温度为910℃时,钎焊接头的剪切强度为147.5MPa,显微硬度为194HV,钎焊接头的综合力学性能最好。     

TC4钛合金喷嘴真空钎焊工艺研究

采用Ti-Zr-Ni-Cu钎料实现了TC4钛合金喷嘴的真空钎焊,分析了不同焊接参数对接头抗拉强度的影响,并借助扫描电镜（SEM）和能谱分析（EDS）等方法研究了钎焊接头界面结构,确定了界面反应产物及其形态分布。研究结果表明,在界面反应层中生成四种产物：灰白色块状Ti和Al的化合物相,深灰色Ti基固溶体相,以及由Ti基固溶体和脆性化合物构成灰白色突起相和浅灰色骨架相。随着钎焊温度和加热时间的增加,接头抗拉强度呈现先增大再降低的趋势,当钎焊温度为940℃和保温时间为15min时,获得最大抗拉强度为412MPa的钎焊接头。     

Cu颗粒增强复合钎料钎焊接头的蠕变断裂及强化机理

测定不同应力和温度下Cu颗粒增强复合钎料及基体钎料钎焊接头蠕变寿命,分析Cu颗粒增强复合钎料及其基体钎料63Sn37Pb钎焊接头蠕变断裂机理。结果表明：Cu颗粒增强复合钎料钎焊接头蠕变寿命优于基体钎料。Cu颗粒表面金属间化合物形成及Cu颗粒对富Pb层阻碍作用是复合钎料钎焊接头蠕变性能改善的主要因素。钎焊接头铜基板上一薄层富Pb相的形成是蠕变裂纹产生的根源。     

钎料成分对陶瓷/钎缝界面结合及组织的影响

采用不同配比的Ag-CuO钎料在空气中对陶瓷进行钎焊试验，通过扫描电镜，能谱分析，X射线衍射等方法对钎焊接头的显微组织、结构、元素分布进行分析。结果表明在钎料中添加适量CuO显著提高了钎料对陶瓷母材的钎焊性能，克服空气中钎焊容易氧化的缺点；ZrO2陶瓷与钎缝界面区产生CuO相和Ag相组成的黑色过渡层；当钎料中CuO的摩尔分数为34％时，界面区的组织和成分最均匀，元素之间的相互扩散和溶解情况最好，Cu，Ag元素向陶瓷中扩散的距离约50μm。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.