人工湿地填料除砷效率及影响因素试验研究

人工湿地是净化含砷水体的重要途径之一,而填料是决定人工湿地除砷效果的关键因素。通过填料如砾石、锰砂、沸石和陶粒的理化性质的测定,以及各种填料的吸附动力学、吸附等温线和吸附影响因素试验,研究了填料的除砷性能及影响因素。结果表明:4种填料均能在24 h内达到吸附平衡,一级动力学方程和二级动力学方程能很好地拟合其吸附过程;锰砂、陶粒、沸石和砾石最大吸附容量依次为36.62,25.39,11.96,7.04 mg/kg,Freundlich方程能较好地拟合填料的等温吸附过程;在0.25~0.50 mm范围内,粒径对锰砂和陶粒吸附砷影响不显著;溶液中氨氮浓度在0.50~2.50 mg/L范围内几乎不影响填料对砷的吸附;当砷初始浓度低于0.4 mg/L时,磷酸盐在0.25~0.50 mg/L范围内对填料吸附砷的影响不显著;砷初始浓度高于0.4 mg/L时,随着磷酸盐浓度从0.25 mg/L增加至0.50 mg/L时,陶粒对砷的最大吸附量降低了2.57 mg/kg,对锰砂的吸附量降低了1.85 mg/kg。     

沸石吸附水体中氨氮的热力学和动力学过程研究

随着近年来各大自然水体富营养化程度的加重,废水中氨氮的处理显得尤为重要。我国浙江缙云有丰富的沸石矿藏,研究其对于沸石的吸附过程有着明显的应用价值。实验结果显示:在288～318 K范围内的温度对沸石吸附氨氮过程影响较小,在氨氮初始浓度为30 mg/L的条件下,小粒径沸石对氨氮的48 h吸附容量为1.13±0.06 mg/g,去除率为91%。大粒径沸石对氨氮的48 h吸附容量为1.10±0.06 mg/g,去除率为87%。沸石对氨氮的吸附过程遵循二级吸附动力学方程,Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程均适用于描述沸石吸附氨氮的热力学过程。本研究表明天然沸石是一种合适的吸附剂,可用于废水或者天然水体中氨氮的去除。     

Poly(acrylic acid) modifying bentonite with in-situ polymerization for removing lead ions

In this paper, a new kind of poly(acrylic acid) modified clay adsorbent, the poly(acrylic acid)/bentonite composite (PAA/HB) was prepared by in-situ polymerization, and utilized to remove lead(II) ions from solutions. The maximum adsorption of adsorbent is at pH 5 for metal ions, whereas the adsorption starts at pH 2. The effects of contact time (5-60 min), initial concentration of metal ions (200-1,000 mg/L) and adsorbent dosage (0.04-0.12 g/100 mL) have been reported in this article. The experimental data were investigated by means of kinetic and equilibrium adsorption isotherms. The kinetic data were analyzed by the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equation. The experimental data fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model very well. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were tried for the system to better understand the adsorption isotherm process. The maximal adsorption capacity of the lead(II) ions on the PAA/HB, as calculated from the Langmuir model, was 769.2 mg/g. The results in this study indicated that PAA/HB was an attractive candidate for removing lead(II) (99%).     

Effects of sorption, sulphate reduction, and Phragmites australis on the removal of heavy metals in subsurface flow constructed wetland microcosms.

The removal of Co, Ni, Cu and Zn from synthetic industrial wastewater was studied in subsurface flow constructed wetland microcosms filled with gravel or a gravel/straw mixture. Half of the microcosms were planted with Phragmites australis and half were left unplanted. All microcosms received low-strength wastewater (1 mg L(-1) of Co, Ni, and Zn, 0.5 mg L(-1) Cu, 2,000mg L(-1) SO4) during seven 14-day incubation batches. The pore water was regularly monitored at two depths for heavy metals, sulphate, organic carbon and redox potential. Sorption properties of gravel and straw were assessed in a separate experiment. A second series of seven incubation batches with high-strength wastewater (10 mg L(-1) of each metal, 2,000 mg L(-1) SO4) was then applied to saturate the substrate. Glucose was added to the gravel microcosms together with the high-strength wastewater. Sorption processes were responsible for metal removal during start-up, with the highest removal efficiencies in the gravel microcosms. The lower initial efficiencies in the gravel/straw microcosms were presumably caused by the decomposition of straw. However, after establishment of anaerobic conditions (Eh approximately -200 mV), precipitation as metal sulphides provided an additional removal pathway in the gravel/straw microcosms. The addition of glucose to gravel microcosms enhanced sulphate reduction and metal removal, although Phragmites australis negatively affected these processes in the top-layer of all microcosms.     

微絮凝超滤对微污染源水中氨氮去除的试验研究

采用微絮凝超滤工艺对微污染水中氨氮的去除进行了试验研究。结果表明,该工艺能有效地去除水中的氨氮,验证了有机物含量对氨氮去除的影响,同时得出了采用铝盐和铁盐混凝剂的最佳投加量为2.5 mg/L,最佳pH值为5.5~6.0。     

城市重度污染内河水质断面追踪监测与污染成因分析

针对某条流经城市人口密集区域河流的重度污染现状,在多个断面布点,对干流和支流水质进行了全面监测,以追踪分析水质变化趋势和污染成因.结果显示,该河流从上游到下游水质有所好转,COD从321 mg/L下降至100～135 mg/L,BOD5从226 mg/L下降至27～36 mg/L,悬浮物从159 mg/L下降至15～30 mg/L,总磷从8.91 mg/L下降至3～4 mg/L.位于河流上游的污水处理厂在水质改善中发挥了重要作用,COD整体去除率达到77.6％,但不能根本改善河流的污染现状.4条支流污染严重,是造成干流水质污染的主要原因,COD均在230 mg/L以上,最高达到512mg/L,BOD5最高达295 mg/L.对支流D实行重点监测,发现氨氮和总氮规律性升高,镍、锰、铜、锌、铬等重金属多次检出,铅的检出率高达77.1％.针对污染现状提出了治理建议.     

Performance of an ultra-compact biofilm reactor treating domestic and synthetic wastewaters

The performance of an ultra-compact biofilm reactor (UCBR) treating domestic wastewater (DWW) collected from a local water reclamation plant; and gradually shifting to a mono-type carbon source synthetic wastewater (SWW) combined with DDW (CWW) and finally SWW; was investigated in this study. The total COD concentrations of influent DWW and CWW/SWW were 413.6 ± 80.8 mg/L and 454.9 ± 51.3 mg/L, respectively. The UCBR was able to achieve average total COD removal efficiencies of 70 ± 10% and 80 ± 4% for DWW and SWW respectively. The total COD concentrations of the effluent of DWW and CWW/SWW were 122.5 ± 44.4 mg/L and 89.7 ± 10.3 mg/L, respectively. These observations suggested that heterotrophs in the UCBR system were able to better assimilate and remove carbon of mono-type SWW compared to diverse carbon sources such as DWW; although the influent soluble COD concentrations of the SWW were higher than those of the DWW. However, the effluent NH(4)(+)-N concentrations for both types of wastewater were rather similar, <3.0 mg/L; although the influent NH(4)(+)-N concentrations of the DWW were 1.5 times those of the SWW.     

ABR处理印染废水的生化反应动力学研究

通过静态试验研究了ABR对印染废水各隔室水解动力学.结果表明,在35 ℃±1 ℃条件下,当各隔室初始COD_(Cr)分别为860 mg/L、677 mg/L、601 mg/L和559 mg/L时,反应3 h后出水COD_(Cr)浓度分别为633 mg/L、555 mg/L、505 mg/L和470 mg/L.第1隔室的去除率约为26.4%,2～4隔室COD_(Cr)去除率相对较低,为15%～18%,4隔室缺氧折流板反应器各隔室的水解速率常数分别为0.119 8 h~(-1)、0.070 2 h~(-1)、0.067 6 h~(-1)和0.068 8 h-1.     

Water quality in a surface-flow constructed treatment wetland polishing tertiary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant

Constructed treatment wetlands (CTWs) are unique ecotechnologies that can sustainably treat a range of wastewaters. This study focused on a 0.23 ha vegetated surface-flow CTW polishing nitrate-rich (3-6 mg-N/L) tertiary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Water quality was monitored longitudinally in the fall of 2009 and 2010. The CTW cooled water by from around 20 °C to <15 °C in both years. Longitudinal temperature profiles were successfully modeled using an energy balance approach (2009 R(2) = 0.69; 2010 R(2) = 0.92). The magnitude of key model fitting parameters, including albedo (0.1-0.2) and convective transfer coefficient (0.1-0.9 MJ/m(2) d °C), were within ranges reported in the literature. In both years, dissolved oxygen decreased through the wetland from 6-7 mg/L to 3-4 mg/L, yielding an oxygen mass consumption rate of 0.08-0.09 g/m(2) d. Longitudinal nitrate profiles were well represented by the P-k-C* model (2009 R(2) = 0.88; 2010 R(2) = 0.92). First order removal rates were 20.2 m/yr in 2009 and 29.0 m/yr in 2010 at a P value of 6.0. Levels of ammonia and total phosphorus increased negligibly through the wetland, remaining below 0.25 mg/L. This study shows that vegetated surface-flow CTWs are well suited to cool and polish low-BOD nitrate-dominated tertiary effluents with little degradation of other water quality parameters of concern, including phosphorus and ammonia.     

铁硒共沉淀方法除硒影响因素研究

研究铁硒共沉淀方法除硒影响因素,探讨含硒原水处理的工程设计参数和运行控制条件。研究结果表明,FeCl3作为沉淀剂适宜投加量为5mg/L,搅拌时间在5-10min为宜,最佳pH在6-8;而且适宜的原水浊度和水温范围较大。     

Anaerobic digestion of corn ethanol thin stillage in batch and by high-rate down-flow fixed film reactors

Thin stillage (CTS) from a dry-grind corn ethanol plant was evaluated as a carbon source for anaerobic digestion (AD) by batch and high rate semi-continuous down-flow stationary fixed film (DSFF) reactors. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays were carried out with CTS concentrations ranging from approximately 2,460-27,172 mg total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) per litre, achieved by diluting CTS with clean water or a combination of clean water and treated effluent. High TCOD, SCOD and volatile solids (VS) removal efficiencies of 85 ± 2, 94 ± 0 and 82 ± 1% were achieved for CTS diluted with only clean water at an organic concentration of 21,177 mg TCOD per litre, with a methane yield of 0.30 L methane per gram TCOD(removed) at standard temperature and pressure (STP, 0 °C and 1 atmosphere). Batch studies investigating the use of treated effluent for dilution showed promising results. Continuous studies employed two mesophilic DSFF anaerobic digesters treating thin stillage, operated at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 20, 14.3, 8.7, 6.3, 5 and 4.2 d. Successful digestion was achieved up to an organic loading rate (OLR) of approximately 7.4 g TCOD L(-1)d(-1) at a 5 d HRT with a yield of 2.05 LCH(4) L(-1)d(-1) (at STP) and TCOD and VS removal efficiencies of 89 ± 3 and 85 ± 3%, respectively.     

BTE-OX biodegradation kinetics with MTBE through bioaugmentation.

The biodegradation kinetics of BTE-oX and MTBE, mixed all together, in the presence of bioaugmented bacterial populations as high as 880 mg/L VSS was evaluated. The effect of soil in aqueous samples and the effect of Tergitol NP-10 on substrate biodegradation rates were also evaluated. Biodegradation kinetics was evaluated for 36 hours, every 6 hours. Benzene and o-xylene biodegradation followed a first-order one-phase kinetic model, whereas toluene and ethylbenzene biodegradation was well described by a first-order two-phase kinetic model in all samples. MTBE followed a zero-order removal kinetic model in all samples. The presence of soil in aqueous samples retarded BTE-oX removal rates, with the highest negative effect on o-xylene. The presence of soil enhanced MTBE removal rate. The addition of Tergitol NP-10 to aqueous samples containing soil had a positive effect on substrate removal rate in all samples. Substrate percent removals ranged from 95.4-99.7% for benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene. O-xylene and MTBE percent removals ranged from 55.9-90.1% and 15.6-30.1%, respectively.     

甘蔗渣对中性红的吸附性能的实验研究

对甘蔗渣进行了吸附去除印染废水中的中性红模拟实验研究。考察了甘蔗粉用量、pH、吸附时间、中性红初始浓度和温度等因素对吸附效果的影响,探究了其吸附动力学及吸附规律。结果表明,甘蔗粉用量、pH、吸附时间和中性红初始浓度、温度等因素对甘蔗粉吸附水中中性红有显著影响。适宜的吸附条件为:甘蔗粉用量0.6g/100mL,pH6.0～7.0,吸附时间60min,初始浓度100mg/L,温度30℃。在该条件下,中性红的去除率达91%以上。甘蔗粉对中性红的吸附过程可以用Langmuir、Temkin等温吸附方程和二级吸附速率方程进行很好的描述,主要表现为物理吸附。     

Biodegradation kinetics of BTE-OX and MTBE by a diesel-grown biomass.

The biodegradation kinetics of BTE-oX and MTBE, mixed all together in the presence of diesel-grown bioaugmented bacterial populations as high as 885 mg/L VSS, was evaluated. The effect of soil in aqueous samples and the effect of Tergitol NP-10 on substrate biodegradation rates were also evaluated. Biodegradation kinetics was evaluated for 54 h, every 6 h. All BTE-oX chemicals followed a first-order two-phase biodegradation kinetic model, whereas MTBE followed a zero-order removal kinetic model in all samples. BTE-oX removal rates were much higher than those of MTBE in all samples. The presence of soil in aqueous samples retarded BTE-oX and MTBE removal rates. The addition of Tergitol NP-10 to aqueous samples containing soil had a positive effect on substrate removal rate in all samples. Substrate percent removals ranged between 64.8-98.9% for benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene. O-xylene and MTBE percent removals ranged between 18.7-40.8% and 7.2-10.3%, respectively.     

高盐景观水体除磷、除藻药剂优选及复配

淡水盐碱化是全球范围内面临的一个新兴环境问题,其中城镇内人工景观水体表现尤为突出。高盐景观水体盐度大,导致植物不易生长,藻类逐渐成为优势种群,影响观感。通过絮凝法同时除磷、除藻,使景观水体恢复藻类爆发前的状态。研究11种絮凝药剂对TP、Chla(叶绿素a)的去除效率,其中PAC除磷效果很好,CPAM可以有效除藻。经过浓度梯度优选实验,优选出PAC和CPAM的最优投加浓度,并进行复配试验。复配结果为当PAC投加浓度10mg/L、CPAM投加浓度3mg/L时组合除磷、除藻效果最佳,TP平均去除率为92.52%,Chla平均去除率为98.32%。     

Effect of nickel ions on anaerobic methane production from water hyacinth

The effect of different concentrations of nickel ions (Ni(2+), 0, 10, 40 and 80 mg/L) on the anaerobic methane production of water hyacinth were investigated. Under these four concentrations, the methane production in 40 d was 2,275, 2,703, 3,210 and 2,481 mL, respectively. This situation illustrated that the Ni(2+) promoted the growth of hydrogen-producing acetic acid bacteria and methanogenic bacteria, even at high concentrations (i.e. 40-80 mg/L). The highest methane production per unit weight water hyacinth reached 206 mL/gTS with 40 mg/L Ni(2+). Meanwhile, the modified Gompertz and Logistic equations were applied to describe the effect on anaerobic culture of Ni(2+). According to these models, the values of methane production potential (mL) for four concentrations were in the following order: 40 mg/L (3,123.42 ± 60.08) > 10 mg/L (2,541.16 ± 46.94) > 80 mg/L (2,432.36 ± 40.18) > 0 mg/L (2,238.10 ± 31.90). According to the analysis of the digestate, the residual concentration of Ni(2+) was approximately 1.05-4.9 mg/L, which was relatively low compared with the Ni(2+) concentrations in the raw feedstock. The results would provide academic guidance and technical support for treatment of water hyacinth with an accumulation of heavy metals.     

Effect of soil and a nonionic surfactant on BTE-oX and MTBE biodegradation kinetics.

The biodegradation kinetics of BTE-oX and MTBE, mixed all together, in the presence of 905 mg/L VSS of BTEX-acclimated biomass was evaluated. Effects of soil and Tergitol NP-10 in aqueous samples on substrate biodegradation rates were also evaluated. Biodegradation kinetics was evaluated for 36 hours, every 6 hours. MTBE biodegradation followed a first-order one-phase kinetic model in all samples, whereas benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene biodegradation followed a first-order two-phase kinetic model in all samples. O-xylene biodegradation followed a first-order two-phase kinetic model in the presence of biomass only. Interestingly, o-xylene biodegradation was able to switch to a first-order one-phase kinetic model when either soil or soil and Tergitol NP-10 were added. The presence of soil in aqueous samples retarded benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene removal rates. O-xylene and MTBE removal rates were enhanced by soil. The addition of Tergitol NP-10 to aqueous samples containing soil had a positive effect on substrate removal rate in all samples. Substrate percent removals ranged 77-99.8% for benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene. O-xylene and MTBE percent removals ranged 50.1-65.3% and 9.9-43.0%, respectively.     

The sorption of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc ions from aqueous solutions on a raw diatomite from Algeria

The adsorption of Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) ions from aqueous solution by Algerian raw diatomite was studied. The influences of different sorption parameters such as contact pH solution, contact time and initial metal ions concentration were studied to optimize the reaction conditions. The metals ions adsorption was strictly pH dependent. The maximum adsorption capacities towards Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) were 0.319, 0.311, 0.18 and 0.096 mmol g(-1), respectively. The kinetic data were modelled using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic equations. Among the kinetic models studied, the pseudo-second-order equation was the best applicable model to describe the sorption process. Equilibrium isotherm data were analysed using the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherms; the results showed that the adsorption equilibrium was well described by both model isotherms. The negative value of free energy change ΔG indicates feasible and spontaneous adsorption of four metal ions on raw diatomite. According to these results, the high exchange capacities of different metal ions at high and low concentration levels, and given the low cost of the investigated adsorbent in this work, Algerian diatomite was considered to be an excellent adsorbent.     

Removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solution using Moringa oleifera seeds as a bioadsorbent

Metal contaminants are generally removed from effluents by chemical and physical processes which are often associated with disadvantages such as the use of toxic reagents, generation of toxic waste and high costs. Hence, new techniques have been developed, among them the study of natural adsorbents, for instance, the use of Moringa oleifera seeds. The potential of M. oleifera seeds for nickel removal in aqueous systems was investigated. The seeds utilized were obtained from plants grown in Uberlandia/Brazil. After being dried and pulverized, the seeds were treated with 0.1 mol/L NaOH. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analyses were used for the characterization of the material. Using the optimized methodology (50 mL of 4.0 mg/L Ni(II), pH range of 4.0-6.0, agitation time of 5 min and adsorption mass of 2.0 g) more than 90% of Ni(II) could be removed from water samples. The sorption data were fitted satisfactorily by the Langmuir adsorption model. Evaluation applying the Langmuir equation gave the monolayer sorption capacity as 29.6 mg/g. The results indicate that this material could be employed in the extraction of nickel, considering its ease of use, low cost and environmental viability, which make it highly attractive for application in developing countries.     

粉末活性炭处理抗生素污染原水试验研究

探讨了粉末活性炭对抗生素的去除效果.在对水体中30种常见抗生素污染调研的基础上,选取萘啶酸、土霉素、林可霉素3种代表性抗生素进一步分析所需粉末活性炭的投加量.研究结果表明:当污染物在1 mg/L时,粉末活性炭的投加量分别为115 mg/L(萘啶酸)、75 mg/L(土霉素)、25mg/L(林可霉素),去除率均在99％以上,并根据其他抗生素的吸附难易度,推导出在相同污染程度下粉末活性炭的投加量;当原水中出现小于1 μg/L的持续性污染时,粉末活性炭的投加量应保持在1～35 mg/L,以保证稳定高效的去除效果.