离子色谱法测定饮用水中十种阴离子的研究

研究了一次进样同时测定饮用水中F-,ClO2-,BrO3-,Cl-,NO2-,Br-,CLO3-,NO3-,SO42-,H2PO4- 10种阴离子的离子色谱方法,选择出了最佳的色谱条件,各种离子峰能够完全分离。对方法的检出限,标准曲线测定范围,精密度,准确度和干扰物质的影响作了较详尽的试验,得到了满意的结果。离子色谱方法灵敏度高,选择性好,简便快速,适用于饮用水中不同浓度上述10种阴离子的分析。     

树脂吸附/气相色谱法测定水中硝基苯类污染物

研究了树脂吸附 /气相色谱法同时测定水中 10种硝基苯类污染物的方法。水样流经GDX - 5 0 2树脂富集柱 ,硝基苯类污染物得到吸附富集 ,然后用苯洗脱 ,洗脱液经K -D浓缩器浓缩定容后 ,以带电子捕获检测器的毛细管柱气相色谱测定。讨论了水样的富集条件、污染物的洗脱条件对测定的影响 ,确定了色谱条件 ,验证了该方法的可行性     

Determination of musks and other fragrance compounds at ng/L levels using CLSA (closed loop stripping analysis) and GC/MS detection.

Closed loop stripping analysis (CLSA), a suitable tool for the determination of volatile and semivolatile compounds at low trace levels (ng/l), has been used to determine and quantify seven selected musks and two fragrances (Acetyl cedrene and Amberonne). The obtained extracts are analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) operating in the SIM mode. Quality parameters such as limit of detection; matrix effects; precision expressed as repeatability and reproducibility relative standard deviations of the method and an estimation of the uncertainty have been evaluated. The method has been applied to the analysis of wastewater effluents, surface water and tap water from different places in Europe. All samples contained differents musks at ng/l levels with the polycyclic musks Galaxolide and Tonalide and both fragrances, Amberonne and Acetyl cedrene, being the most abundant. These results suggest the importance of studying and controlling the presence of these ubiquitous environmental compounds in water systems.     

Analytical techniques for monitoring harmful cyanobacteria in lakes

The toxins of cyanobacteria include potent neurotoxins and hepatotoxins. Deaths after exposure by ingestion of cyanobacterial cells and toxins from freshwater sources have been reported. The hepatotoxins are cyclic peptides, which comprise microcystins (MC) and nodularin (NOD), and they cause poisonings with an established syndrome of human and animal illnesses. The identification and determination of these hepatotoxic peptides are challenges for analytical chemists. Methods based on solid phase extraction and size exclusion chromatography are available for the clean up of raw extracts. Both principles are also used for the enrichment of MC from low contaminated sample material. The separation of MC is achieved by high‐pressure liquid chromatography methods with ultraviolet (UV) detection or mass spectrometric detection. The unambiguous identification of MC not available as standards is possible by mass spectrometry (MS) or, under optimal conditions, by UV spectrometry using diode array detection. To date, 60 different MC and four NOD have been described, but new compounds are frequently identified. Therefore, powerful tools for the elucidation of the structure of unknown MC are an important need. In addition to classical methods for structure elucidation (e.g. nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry), microwave‐assisted hydrolysis of cyclic peptides followed by enantio‐selective determination of the amino acid profiles can be used. More recently, MS with collision‐activated dissociation has become an important tool for obtaining structure information. The present paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the various analytical techniques used for monitoring of cyanobacteria in lakes, optimized or developed at the Institute of Nutrition, Jena, Germany. A pathway for handling MC‐containing samples with regard to different analytical tasks (i.e. the identification and elucidation of structure followed by qualitative and quantitative determination) is proposed.     

Perfluorooctane sulfonate--a quite mobile anionic anthropogenic surfactant, ubiquitously found in the environment.

The biochemical degradation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in closed-loop systems was monitored in laboratory scale. Adsorptive effects of these compounds to glass and polypropylene were also examined. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) under negative electrospray (ESI(-)) conditions was applied for determination. Elimination of PFOS was observed under anaerobic conditions whereas aerobic treatment was not effective.     

Simultaneous determination of several veterinary pharmaceuticals in effluents from urban, livestock and slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plants using a simple chromatographic method

Minocycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, enrofloxacin and ceftiofur, commonly used veterinary pharmaceuticals, were searched in four urban, two livestock and two slaughterhouse effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the north of Portugal. A simple method that includes solid-phase extraction followed with analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector was established and applied to the simultaneous determination of the five pharmaceuticals in WWTP effluents. This method, which is expeditious, inexpensive and available in most laboratories, showed to be useful for screening for problematic levels of drugs in WWTP effluents. It is known that several livestock and slaughterhouse effluents (pre-treated or treated) are discharged to the urban network before discharge into the environment. The presence of these drugs in such effluents can constitute a significant environmental problem that should be addressed, by the monitoring of these drugs and by implementation of methodologies that contribute to their decrease/elimination from wastewaters. Minocycline (≤6 μg L(-1)), oxytetracycline (≤7 μg L(-1)), tetracycline (≤6 μg L(-1)) and enrofloxacin (<2 μg L(-1)) could be detected and/or quantified in three urban effluents. Detectable levels of enrofloxacin (<2 μg L(-1)) and quantifiable levels of tetracycline (≤15 μg L(-1)) were found in the slaughterhouse effluents.     

Polyhydroxyalkanoate quantification in organic wastes and pure cultures using a single-step extraction and 1H NMR analysis

In this study, a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) method was developed to quantitatively analyze polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) content in Cupriavidus necator H16, Azotobacter vinelandii AvOP, and mixed microbial cultures from the effluent of an agricultural waste treatment anaerobic digester. In contrast to previous methods, a single-step PHA extractive method using deuterated chloroform was established, thereby facilitating direct 1H NMR analysis. The accuracy of the method was verified through comparison with well-established gas chromatography (GC) methanolysis techniques. Nile blue fluorescence staining was also carried out to serve as an independent and qualitative indicator of intracellular PHA content. The results indicate that the 1H NMR method is appropriate for rapid and non-destructive quantification of overall PHA content and determination of PHA copolymer composition in a variety of cultures. Notably, this technique was effective in measuring PHA content in full-strength waste samples where high concentrations of background impurities and organic compounds are present. The straightforward procedures minimize error-introducing steps, require less time and materials, and result in an accurate method suitable for routine analyses.     

官厅水库的浸没评价和范围预测

官厅水库的浸没问题是平原型水库带来的典型的环境地质问题，具有较强的代表性．通过分析官厅水库浸没的原因，对水库浸没评价标准评价的确定方法进行了分析探讨．水库浸没范围的预测方法有相关分析法、水动力学法、水均衡法，但采用实地调查资料确定评价浸没标准是最好的方法．     

库区土质边坡稳定性分析

本文首先对国内部分水库边坡滑坡的特点进行了初步分析，通过对库区边坡条件进行必要的概化，基于Fellenius方法导出了受库区水位影响、具有圆弧滑动面的边坡稳定系数理论公式，并进一步从理论上确定了库区边坡临界与最危险滑动的位置及规模.研究成果可用于预测及治理库区滑坡.     

Existence of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Tertiary Treated Urban Wastewater that is Utilized for Reuse Applications

Research on the effects of chemical pollution in the environment that is related to urban wastewaters?? discharge and reuse until recently was focused almost exclusively on conventional pollutants. During the last several years though there has been a growing level of concern related to the hypothesis that various chemicals may exhibit endocrine disrupting effects. In addition, thousands of tons of pharmacologically active substances are used annually ending up in the wastewaters. In many countries facing prolonged droughts and implementing wastewater reuse schemes for irrigation and groundwater discharge, the existence of xenobiotic compounds in the tertiary treated wastewaters constitutes a new concern. This study describes the application of a recently developed multi-residue method for the determination of 29 multi-class pharmaceuticals using off line solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography?Ctriple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC?CMS?CMS). The method was applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical residues at three sewage treatment plants in Cyprus serving major coastal Mediterranean cities. The presence of 19 pharmaceuticals was confirmed. For some of the compounds high concentrations were obtained for the final effluents (e.g. ofloxacin: 4.82 ??g/L, diclofenac: 5.51 ??g/L, carbamazepine: 27.27 ??g/L, metoprolol: 9.59 ??g/L). Concerning the elimination potential, what was derived from the study is that the biological treatment step contributes the most to the removal of the compounds while sand filtration and chlorination steps reduce slightly the residual concentrations.     

石灰稳定土在道路工程中的应用

本文详细阐述了根据美国AASHT0 T220标准进行石灰稳定土配合比设计的两种试验方法:一种是根据土的塑性指数来确定石灰剂量;另一种是根据石灰土的pH值来确定掺加土中的最少石灰剂量。在确定加入土中的最少石灰剂量以后,还需对石灰稳定土进行无侧限抗压强度检验,保证强度满足规范要求。由于很多地区缺乏天然砂石材料,铺筑路面基层(非高等级公路)及底基层靠完全外运石料将造成工程造价太高,且石灰稳定土的刚性和分布荷载能力较传统的级配碎石高得多,因此,广泛推广石灰稳定土在路面基层(非高等级公路)及底基层中的应用,对节约工程造价,降低工程难度具有重大的现实意义。     

The use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the determination of pollutants in environmental and industrial wastes.

Twelve enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), for the determination of surfactants [linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), alkyl ethoxylates (AE), and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE)], endocrine disruptors [alkylphenol (AP), AP + APE, and bisphenol A (BPA)], estrogens [17beta-estradiol (E2), estrone (El), estrogen (ES: El + E2 + estriol (E3)), 1 7alfa-ethynylestradiol (EE2)], dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were validated on environmental water and industrial wastes. The lowest quantification limits of these ELISAs were 0.05 microg/L (BPA, E2, El, ES and EE2), 2 microg/L (AE), 3 microg/L (dioxins and PCBs), 5 microg/L (AP, AP + APE) and 20 microg/L (LAS and APE). To apply these ELISAs to environmental or industrial waste samples, simple and appropriate pre-treatment methods were also developed for each ELISA. With optimized pre-treatments, the values of ELISAs were well co-related, in all cases, to those of instrumental analytical methods such as liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and high-resolution gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HR-GC-MS), etc.     

Linking trading ratio with TMDL (total maximum daily load) allocation matrix and uncertainty analysis

An innovative approach for total maximum daily load (TMDL) allocation and implementation is the watershed-based pollutant trading. Given the inherent scientific uncertainty for the tradeoffs between point and nonpoint sources, setting of trading ratios can be a contentious issue and was already listed as an obstacle by several pollutant trading programs. One of the fundamental reasons that a trading ratio is often set higher (e.g. greater than 2) is to allow for uncertainty in the level of control needed to attain water quality standards, and to provide a buffer in case traded reductions are less effective than expected. However, most of the available studies did not provide an approach to explicitly address the determination of trading ratio. Uncertainty analysis has rarely been linked to determination of trading ratio.This paper presents a practical methodology in estimating "equivalent trading ratio (ETR)" and links uncertainty analysis with trading ratio determination from TMDL allocation process. Determination of ETR can provide a preliminary evaluation of "tradeoffs" between various combination of point and nonpoint source control strategies on ambient water quality improvement. A greater portion of NPS load reduction in overall TMDL load reduction generally correlates with greater uncertainty and thus requires greater trading ratio. The rigorous quantification of trading ratio will enhance the scientific basis and thus public perception for more informed decision in overall watershed-based pollutant trading program.     

Phytoplankton and ecological assessment of brackish and freshwater coastal lagoons in the Algarve, Portugal

Phytoplankton biomass and composition were monitored for four coastal lagoons of the Algarve, Portugal, from February to November 2006. The phytoplankton community in the freshwater lagoons – Dunas Douradas (FW1) and Garrão (FW2) – as determined by biomarker pigment concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography and the program chemtax , was dominated by diatoms and chlorophytes. For the brackish lagoons – Salgados (BW1) and Almargem (BW2) – cyanophytes and diatoms were the most important groups respectively. The trophic state indices, based on algal biomass, classify FW1, FW2 and BW1 lagoons as hypertrophic, whereas BW2 is classified as mesotrophic. Signs of eutrophication in the former lagoons include large phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll- a ) fluctuations, the presence of phytoplankton taxa that usually thrive under nutrient-enriched conditions and high concentrations of chlorophyll- a -degradation products. Chemotaxonomic analyses derived from high-performance liquid chromatography data might constitute a valuable tool for achieving Water Framework Directive requirements for an evaluation system based on phytoplankton taxonomic composition.     

Determination of agrochemical combinations in spiked soil samples

Quantitative determination of combinations of the agrochemicals: atrazine, propham, chlorpropham, diflubenzuron, α-cypermethrin and tetramethrin from spiked soil is reported. Method involves ultrasonic extraction of agrochemicals with acctone, separation of samples by means of reverse-phase thin-layer chromatography and quantification by slit-scanning densitometry. Computer-assisted optimisation was used to select the optimum mobilc phase composition. Apparent recoveries of agrochemicals from spiked soil were: 90.3±8.5 for chlorpropham, 79.3±10.3 for propham, 102±2.4 for atrazine, 100.6±5.4 for α-cypermethrin, 103.0±4.1 for telramethrin and 98.3±4.9 for diflubenzuron.     

河床演变野外采集源数据滤波方法研究

随着现代测控技术的迅速发展，由野外实测而得到的数据已成为一种非常重要的和极具潜力的河床冲淤演变信息来源。为确保河床演变分析源数据的可靠性，结合源数据的特点，对其滤波方法进行了深入研究。本文在简述现代河床演变参数实测技术的基础上，考虑现代水下地形测量的动态特征，提出了适合于地形数据滤波的趋势面法和基于M估计的抗差滤波法，以及适合于动态水位观测数据的卡尔曼滤波模型，对模型优缺点、及关键参数的确定进行了深入分析，实践验证取得了理想的滤波效果。     

新疆某河流拦河引水枢纽工程的设计难点

新疆某河流拦河引水枢纽工程的设计研究工作历时较长,有针对性地进行了大量的试验和专题研究工作,解决了很多设计中的难题,其中拦河枢纽下游河道水深的确定方法、鱼道的设置位置和型式选择、施工导流方式的研究和选择、泄洪闸宽度和溢流堰宽度的确定、左右岸引水闸分流比和闸孔宽度的确定等专题所采用的一些解决方法和成果,已通过了上级主管审查部门的认可和确认,有待于在工程完工后运行实践中进一步验证,也可供广大设计人员参考。     

Application of an anaerobic hybrid reactor for petrochemical effluent treatment

An anaerobic hybrid reactor (UASB/Filter) was used for petrochemical wastewater treatment in mesophilic conditions. The seeded flocculent sludge from a UASB plant treating dairy wastewater, acclimatized to the petrochemical wastes in a two-stage operation. After start up, under steady-state conditions, experiments were conducted at OLRs of between 0.5 and 24 kg TCOD m(-3) d(-1), hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 4-48 h and up-flow velocities 0.021-0.25 mh(-1). Removal efficiencies in the range of 42-86% were achieved at feed TCOD concentrations of 1,000-4,000 mg L(-1). The results of reactor performance at different operational conditions and its relations are presented and discussed in this paper. Then, the obtained data are used for determination of kinetic models. The results showed that a second-order model and a modified Stover-Kincannon model were the most appropriate models for this reactor. Finally, the biogas production data were used for the determination of biogas production kinetics.     

我国生态需水研究体系及关键研究命题初探

本文从生态系统水平衡和生物水分生理的角度，初步分析了不同类型生态系统生态需水核算的关键环节，并构建了竞争用水条件下我国生态需水研究的基本体系。结合国内外相关研究的新进展，剖析了我国生态需水研究的关键命题。结果表明，生态需水计算的关键是要核算维持生产者的正常生命活动和非生物环境分别向外界释放的水量，不同类型的生态系统对核算的侧重点也不相同。在竞争性用水条件下，我国生态需水研究，需要在系统识别水分—生态耦合作用机制和定量确立区域动态生态目标的基础上，充分考虑水分生态效益率，合理确定生态需水量。在生态与环境系统及国民经济系统之间，对区域可配置的水资源量进行合理配置，并提出了区域生态需水的风险管理方案。     

Precipitation Forecast Using Artificial Neural Networks in Specific Regions of Greece

In recent years, significant changes in precipitation regimes have been observed and these manifest in socio economic and ecological problems especially in regions with increased vulnerability such as the Mediterranean region. For this reason, it is necessary to estimate the future projected precipitation on short and long-term basis by analyzing long time series of observed station data. In this study, an effort was made in order to forecast the monthly maximum, minimum, mean and cumulative precipitation totals within a period of the next four consecutive months, using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The precipitation datasets concern monthly totals recorded at four meteorological stations (Alexandroupolis, Thessaloniki, Athens, and Patras), in Greece. For the evaluation of the results and the ability of the developed prognostic models, appropriate statistical indexes such as the coefficient of determination (R ²), the index of agreement (IA) and the root mean square error (RMSE) were used. The findings from this analysis showed that the ANN’s methodology provides satisfactory precipitation totals in four consecutive months and these results are better results, than those obtained using classical statistical methods. A fairly good consistency between the observed and the predicted precipitation totals at a statistical significance level of p < 0.01 for the most of the examined cases has been revealed. More specifically, the Index of Agreement (IA) ranges between 0.523 and 0.867 and the coefficient of determination (R ²) ranges between 0.141 and 0.603. The most accurate forecasts concern the mean monthly and the cumulative precipitation for the next four consecutive months.