Object knowledge environment for manufacturing systems layout design

This article proposes an object knowledge environment to support manufacturing systems layout design, as an alternative to classical functional softwares. It justifies this transition to an object-oriented paradigm by the advantages in openness of the system, as well as increased flexibility and modularity, and higher potential for abstraction and hierarchical structure formation. the implemented environment uses the SMALLTALK-80 language. It supports hierarchical classes of objects such as cell, aisle set, facilities structure, flow, set, relationship set, flow networks, independent objects, evaluators, and optimizers. the layout designer can interact directly with all defined objects through the use of individual model-view-controller triads.     

An object-oriented database management system for computer-aided design of tall buildings

An effective database and database management system is the key to the success of an integrated approach to software engineering applications in general, and Computer-Aided Design (CAD) for structural applications in particular. Due to the inherent nature of CAD data such as dynamic modeling, a wide range of data types, large data volume, etc., the traditional database models, such as hierarchical, network and relational models, are unable to handle the aforementioned applications satisfactorily. An object-oriented data modeling is known to be the most effective approach. However, many of the commercial object-oriented databases are designed for information management, and they are inadequate for CAD application due to the different features of the object-hierarchy and varying data management objectives during the design cycles. This paper presents a hierarchical index-based object-oriented database management model for CAD applications. To deal with the object hierarchy encountered in CAD for the design of tall buildings, the proposed database consists of several salient features: a hierarchical object model, its related storage structure, a data dictionary, a class factory and an index system. The proposed database management model has been implemented into an integrated CAD system for design application of tall buildings.     

产品原理结构设计模型

原理方案设计是产品功能和结构之间一个重要环节，通过对产品工作原理和零部件功能面的作用分析，提出了原理构件和功能联结的概念、定义和特点，并在此基础上用面向对象的方法建立了产品原理结构模型，为功能到结构的映射提供了一种方法。     

A New Method of Systemological Analysis Coordinated with the Object-Oriented Design Procedure. I

A formal concept of system as a functional object is proposed. A new method of systemological analysis of complex dynamic systems, conforming to requirements of object-oriented design and based on a formal semantic normative system with an adaptive alphabet, is considered. The base class hierarchy is presented for construction of conceptual models during the process of object-oriented analysis and design.     

Multi-objective layout optimization of a satellite module using the Wang-Landau sampling method with local search

The layout design of satellite modules is considered to be NP-hard. It is not only a complex coupled system design problem but also a special multi-objective optimization problem. The greatest challenge in solving this problem is that the function to be optimized is characterized by a multitude of local minima separated by high-energy barriers. The Wang-Landau (WL) sampling method, which is an improved Monte Carlo method, has been successfully applied to solve many optimization problems. In this paper we use the WL sampling method to optimize the layout of a satellite module. To accelerate the search for a global optimal layout, local search (LS) based on the gradient method is executed once the Monte-Carlo sweep produces a new layout. By combining the WL sampling algorithm, the LS method, and heuristic layout update strategies, a hybrid method called WL-LS is proposed to obtain a final layout scheme. Furthermore, to improve significantly the efficiency of the algorithm, we propose an accurate and fast computational method for the overlapping depth between two objects (such as two rectangular objects, two circular objects, or a rectangular object and a circular object) embedding each other. The rectangular objects are placed orthogonally. We test two instances using first 51 and then 53 objects. For both instances, the proposed WL-LS algorithm outperforms methods in the literature. Numerical results show that the WL-LS algorithm is an effective method for layout optimization of satellite modules.     

Designing e-Coordinator for improved teams collaboration in graduation projects

The work presented in this paper describes the design for Graduation Project eCoordination System in our department. The proposed eCoordinator provides effective team–team, supervisor–team and coordinator–supervisors–teams collaboration. eCoordinator is an attribute based framework that serves evolving an object oriented software system into agent oriented software system. Nowadays, agent-oriented software development technologies have evolved rapidly; it is emerging as a new paradigm for constructing intelligent more autonomous software systems. Therefore, several methodologies are available and it is difficult to determine the most appropriate methodology for specific project within different domains. This is especially occurs when re-engineering current object oriented software system. The case study is going to be rebuilding a virtual graduation project coordinator in Information Technology Department at King Saud University.     

基于多示例学习的高分辨率遥感影像面向对象分类

多示例学习以示例组成的包作为训练样本,学习的目的是预测新包的类型。从分类角度上,处理问题的策略类似于以均质对象为基本处理单元的面向对象影像分类。针对两者之间理论和方法相似性,将多样性密度多示例学习算法与面向对象方法相结合用于高分辨率遥感图像分类。以图像分割方法获取均值对象作为示例,利用多样性密度算法对样本包进行学习获取最大多样性密度示例,最后根据相似性最大准则对单示例包或是经聚类算法得到的新包进行类别标记,以获取最终分类结果。通过与SVM分类器的比较,发现多样性密度算法的平均分类精度都在70%以上,最高可达96%左右,且对小样本问题学习能力更强,结果表明多示例学习在遥感图像分类中有着广泛应用前景。     

Colony: An Artificial Life Model for Active Autonomous Objects

Appropriate aids on top of the primitive object-oriented model will help promote better understanding of the semantics of applications and allow us to focus better on the various aspects of given problems. This study focuses on the exploration of a design model and the corresponding programming framework for the modelling and implementation of applications involving active autonomous objects based on the object technology. The proposed design model is an artificial life model based on the colony phenomenon in nature. This model can naturally be mapped onto an object-oriented implementation. The colony model favours a predicate-based object communication/coordination pattern as opposed to the navigational message-passing paradigm seen in programming languages such as C+ +. The proposed model is particularly appealing to us, for it presents a unifying conceptual design model and programming framework for a wide class of applications including neural networks, genetic algorithms and fuzzy expert systems. The ideas presented are illustrated through a genetic algorithm problem.     

Identification of defect-prone classes in telecommunication software systems using design metrics

The goal of this paper is to investigate the relation between object-oriented design choices and defects in software systems, with focus on a real-time telecommunication domain. The design choices are measured using the widely accepted metrics suite proposed by Chidamber and Kemerer for object oriented languages [S.R. Chidamber, C.F. Kemerer, A metrics suite for object oriented design, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 20 (6) (1994) 476-493].This paper reports the results of an extensive case study, which strongly reinforces earlier, mainly anecdotal, evidence that design aspects related to communication between classes can be used as indicators of the most defect-prone classes.Statistical models applicable for the non-normally distributed count data are used, such as Poisson regression, negative binomial regression, and zero-inflated negative binomial regression. The performances of the models are assessed using correlations, dispersion coefficients and Alberg diagrams.The zero-inflated negative binomial regression model based on response for a class shows the best overall ability to describe the variability of the number of defects in classes.     

Chidamber and Kemerer's metrics suite: a measurement theoryperspective

The metrics suite for object-oriented design put forward by Chidamber and Kemerer (1994) is partly evaluated by applying principles of measurement theory. Using the object coupling measure (CBO) as an example, it is shown that failing to establish a sound empirical relation system can lead to deficiencies of software metrics. Similarly, for the object-oriented cohesion measure (LCOM) it is pointed out that the issue of empirically testing the representation condition must not be ignored, even if other validation principles are carefully obeyed. As a by-product, an alternative formulation for LCOM is proposed     

Knowledge object modeling

Knowledge objects are an integration of the object-oriented paradigm with logic rules. The proper integration provides a flexible and powerful environment, as rule-based components provide facilities for deductive retrieval and pattern matching, and object-oriented components provide a clear intuitive structure for programs in the form of class hierarchies. Based on the knowledge object concept, this paper presents a factor-centered representation language, Factor++, which models logic rules into the object-oriented paradigm, and a scheduling system, Schedular, using the Factor++ framework The construction of Schedular demonstrates that by using an object-oriented representation of knowledge objects, users can be given explicit control of the object hierarchy to customize the system to their particular needs, which includes letting users select among scheduling and other methods. In Schedular, rules are designed as derivation rules and constraint rules. The purpose of rules is either to restrict object structure and behavior, or to infer new data from the existing data. Rules are arranged in positions so that object methods are automatically firing up if environment changes are detected by these rules     

Metrics for Measuring the Quality of Modularization of Large-Scale Object-Oriented Software

The metrics formulated to date for characterizing the modularization quality of object-oriented software have considered module and class to be synonymous concepts. But a typical class in object oriented programming exists at too low a level of granularity in large object-oriented software consisting of millions of lines of code. A typical module (sometimes referred to as a superpackage) in a large object-oriented software system will typically consist of a large number of classes. Even when the access discipline encoded in each class makes for "clean" class-level partitioning of the code, the intermodule dependencies created by associational, inheritance-based, and method invocations may still make it difficult to maintain and extend the software. The goal of this paper is to provide a set of metrics that characterize large object-oriented software systems with regard to such dependencies. Our metrics characterize the quality of modularization with respect to the APIs of the modules, on the one hand, and, on the other, with respect to such object-oriented inter-module dependencies as caused by inheritance, associational relationships, state access violations, fragile base-class design, etc. Using a two-pronged approach, we validate the metrics by applying them to popular open-source software systems.     

面向对象软件测试及测试用例设计

面向对象软件测试是面向对象软件开发的重要阶段,面向对象软件测试的用例设计是面向对象软件测试技术的重要组成部分。本文对面向对象软件测试技术的特点和层次的划分进行了研究,然后讨论了面向对象软件的测试用例设计的方法。     

面向对象软件测试及测试用例设计

面向对象软件测试是面向对象软件开发的重要阶段．面向对象软件测试的用例设计是面向对象软件测试技术的重要组成部分。本文对面向对象软件测试技术的特点和层次的划分进行了研究，然后讨论了面向对象软件的测试用例设计的方法。     

适用于VLSI设计的LVV数据模型及其数据库管理系统

本文分析了VLSI设计中的数据类型和相互关系,提出了适用于VLSI设计的LVV数据模型,它包含对象、版本、视图和文档四个基本概念,支持面向对象的数据操作,描述设计对象的层次结构和设计衍变过程,且根据模型的语义性可进行数据完整性及描述等价性的控制.LVV系统是建立在LVV模型基础上的数据库管理系统,除上述数据模型所提供的特点外,还具有统一的用户界面和数据共享性好等特点.     

Visual Zero: A persistent and interactive object-oriented programming environment

In this article, an ongoing research project held in the Computer Science department of the University of Vigo is described. Its main objective is to develop an interactive object-oriented environment, serving as a vehicle for learning object-oriented programming. It currently consists of a virtual machine, an assembler, compilers for two high-level programming languages, and an educational visual programming environment. Its main characteristics are (a) the support of prototype-based object orientation, which is a model of object orientation that actually wraps the class-based model; (b) the support for object persistence, which simplifies all input/output issues to the minimum, and (c) the availability of a new visual programming environment is an invaluable help. We the authors think that the combination of all of these possibilities, will lead to an interesting, useful tool that would be recommended for object-oriented teaching. The whole system has been successfully employed in a number of different courses, allowing students to concentrate on objects and their relationships from the very beginning, and thus helping them to achieve a high degree of knowledge about the object-oriented programming paradigm.     

Introducing object orientation into large and complex systems

The paper investigates the applicability of the object-oriented technique to large and complex systems as exemplified by the operating system BS2000 which has been under constant development for a number of years. The proposed system architecture ensures the harmonious coexistence of procedural and object-oriented parts of the system. New domains, which are implemented using the object-oriented paradigm, can be smoothly embedded in the existing system. The parallel usage of different implementation languages is rendered economically viable. In our framework some representative parts of the system were redesigned and implemented in a prototype. The extensibility of the design was checked by including further parts into this scheme. The results are encouraging, so that the object-oriented technique will be used in the further development process. The proposed technique can also be applied to systems with a different structure, even a monolithic one