600 MW W型火焰锅炉拱上二次风低NO_x燃烧特性的数值模拟及优化

对一台600,MW W型火焰锅炉拱上QA/QC(A层二次风总流量与C层二次风总流量之比)二次风不同比例对锅炉燃烧及NOx排放影响进行了数值模拟,并对A、C二次风开度进行了工业试验研究.模拟结果与试验结果符合较好,模拟研究结果表明,随着QA/QC二次风比例减小,炉拱区域回流区增大,煤粉气流着火距离缩短,燃烧稳定性增强,下炉膛区域火焰充满度提高,平均温度增加;炉拱煤粉火焰下冲深度增加,煤粉燃尽率增加,飞灰含碳量降低;而在拱下着火及燃烧区的空气分级程度减弱,NOx生成和排放量增加.工业试验表明,增加A风开度时,尽管机械不完全燃烧损失减小,锅炉效率有所增加,但NOx排放量明显增加.随着炉拱C二次风开度的增加,不仅锅炉效率降低,NOx排放量也明显增加.兼顾燃烧设备安全性、建议在同类型锅炉优化运行时,尽量将A风及C风开度设置在10%,以下,有利于提高运行经济性和降低NOx排放量.     

Study on Reducing Carbon Content in Slag of a Utility Boiler

针对某电厂锅炉由于燃用煤质下降而导致其在实际运行过程中出现燃烧不稳定及炉渣含碳量过高等问题,通过对实际燃用煤种以及炉内燃烧情况进行分析,提出改造燃烧器系统以提高炉内稳燃能力、降低炉渣含碳量,并对改造前后炉膛内的燃烧情况进行了数值模拟.结果表明：改造后的炉膛内,下两层一次风的集中布置,使得主燃区内温度升高,有效保证了煤粉初期的着火和燃烧;下两层二次风的集中布置,提高了二次风对一次风煤粉气流的撑托作用,使下一次风内煤粉颗粒掉入冷灰斗内数量减少,下二次风的推迟送入也保证了煤粉后期的稳定燃烧;炉内燃烧稳定性提高,炉渣含碳量降低.     

油风和周界风对W火焰锅炉燃烧影响数值模拟研究

对某台300 MW W火焰锅炉进行超低排放改造,改造采用新型低NO_x燃烧系统,采用数值模拟方法研究了不同周界风及油风风率对锅炉燃烧特性影响。数值模拟结果表明：随着周界风/油风比率的减小,拱上煤粉气流下冲深度增大,炉内火焰充满程度变好;煤粉气流着火距离变短,燃尽率提高,飞灰含碳量降低,炉膛出口NO_x浓度降低。优化的技术方案实施后,第三方试验结果表明各负荷下锅炉NO_x排放质量浓度均在700 mg/m³以内,飞灰可燃物含量均在4%以内,高负荷下减温水量虽高于保证值,但较改造前大幅度下降。     

同心反切燃烧锅炉四角配风不均对炉内多相流动的影响

四角切圆燃烧锅炉中各角一、二次风风速均衡是提高锅炉燃烧效率 ,防止炉内火焰中心偏移、炉膛结渣的重要因素。但大容量锅炉多采用直吹式制粉系统 ,且送粉管道阻力不均 ,燃烧器数量众多 ,易发生配风不均。采用数值模拟方法对采用同心反切二次风系统的某 3 0 0MW四角切圆燃烧锅炉四角配风不均对炉内多相流动特性进行了多工况模拟。获得了配风不均对炉内切圆中心、颗粒运动轨迹、贴壁风速等的影响。同时就配风不均对采用同心反切二次风系统和不采用二次风反切技术的四角燃烧系统的影响进行了比较 ,结果表明 ,采用同心反切系统的四角燃烧锅炉对配风偏差更为敏感 ,应引起设计和运行人员的注意     

600 MW超临界W火焰锅炉防超温燃烧调整试验研究

分析了云南华电镇雄发电有限公司2号600 MW超临界W火焰锅炉水冷壁出现频繁超温的原因,并据此进行了二次风配风、煤粉粒度和一次风压力等方面的燃烧调整试验.结果表明:水冷壁超温是由于配风模式的不合理和炉内燃烧不稳定共同作用而引起的;经燃烧调整后,水冷壁的超温问题得到有效解决,炉内热负荷的分布更加均匀,炉膛负压波动减小,火检信号稳定,火焰电视清晰可见,燃烧更加稳定.     

非设计配风条件W火焰锅炉NO_x排放特性分析

配风方式是影响煤粉燃烧过程NOx排放的关键因素。对非设计配风条件下W火焰锅炉NOx排放特性进行深入研究具有重要意义。应用CFX-TASCFLOW软件对一台现役300MW机组W火焰锅炉进行了数值模拟,利用现场运行数据验证了基础工况数值模拟的准确性。进行了18种非设计配风工况炉内燃烧数值模拟,计算与分析结果表明:前后拱上一次风量比在大于5∶6与小于6∶5范围内变化时,前后拱一次风量偏差对NO生成有显著影响,一次风速增加使得NOx的排放浓度降低。     

巴威W火焰锅炉的燃烧及污染物数值模拟及试验研究

为了研究某电厂一台巴威公司300 MW的W火焰锅炉在不同内二次风比例下,锅炉热效率变化规律及污染物排放的变化规律。借助数值模拟软件Fluent,通过改变内二次风比例,得到在不同内二次风比例下炉内温度场,速度场,污染物浓度场。通过温度场分析得出改变内二次风比例后,煤粉颗粒停留时间增加,锅炉燃烧得到改善,温度场也可以反映出火焰中心在下炉膛上部,通过速度场可以看出减小内二次风比例时,煤粉下冲行程变短,通过分析污染物浓度场,可以发现内二次风比例减小后,污染物总排放增加。并通过现场试验数据对比,证明模拟结果是具有工程应用价值的,为电厂运行提供了依据。     

不同富氧配风方式下墙式切圆锅炉低负荷燃烧特性数值模拟

针对某660 MW超临界墙式切圆燃烧直流煤粉锅炉在30%负荷下无法长时间稳定燃烧的问题,选取多种富氧配风方式对其进行低负荷下富氧燃烧改造的数值模拟研究,对比分析该电厂30%负荷下空气工况及改造后3种富氧配风工况下炉内速度场、温度场和氧浓度场等各项模拟参数。结果表明:在30%负荷下,通过开启不同层一、二次风喷口及在中间层通入富氧二次风的配风方式,使得煤粉燃烧特性得到明显改善,煤粉在炉内停留时间增加,燃烧器浓、淡侧煤粉气流都能及时地着火燃烧,主燃烧器区温度维持在1 750 K以上,较初始工况提高了近200K,为锅炉低负荷稳定燃烧提供了有利条件,工况三是该墙式切圆锅炉低负荷下较为理想的运行工况。     

煤粉锅炉降低NO_x排放的仿真研究

为减少煤粉锅炉炉膛出口NO_x含量以达到工业排放要求,以Fluent软件为计算平台,对某公司蒸发量为400 t/h的四角切圆煤粉锅炉炉内速度场、温度场及NO_x浓度场进行仿真研究。结果表明,均等配风为最佳二次风配风方式;均等配风方式下,燃尽风风量占二次风风量为20%是最佳优化工况,最佳优化工况炉膛出口NO_x含量降低了11.50%,且满足炉内燃烧要求。     

300MW四角切圆煤粉锅炉燃烧工况的数值模拟及优化研究

以一台300 MW四角切圆燃烧煤粉锅炉为对象,运用国际上最先进的TASCFLOW软件平台与大型燃煤锅炉炉膛的数值模拟计算软件COALFIRE,对该型锅炉的均等配风、正宝塔配风及倒宝塔配风等3种燃烧工况进行了数值模拟研究.得出了以上工况下炉内的温度分布、炉内氧量分布、NOx浓度分布以及颗粒的运动轨迹,并分析了以上3种不同配风方式对NOx生成的影响规律,为降低NOx的排放,减少环境污染,提供了一定的依据.     

贫煤一维燃烧SO2和H2S析出特性试验研究

以山东某电厂主要燃用煤种贫煤为试验煤种,在一维煤粉试验台上研究贫煤一维燃烧过程中SO2和H2S气体的释放特性.试验表明运行参数包括过量空气系数,煤粉细度,分级燃烧方式下一、二次风配比等对SO2和H2S气体沿炉膛浓度分布有较大的影响.     

分级风比率对降低NOx及锅炉燃烧的影响

分级燃烧是行之有效的降低NOx燃烧技术.文中用fluent软件对分级燃烧的不同分级风工况进行数值模拟研究,分析不同分级风比率对降低NOx效果、炉膛出口温度、飞灰含炭量的影响.     

Mechanism analysis on the pulverized coal combustion flame stability and NOx emission in a swirl burner with deep air staging

Low NOx burner and air staged combustion are widely applied to control NOx emission in coal-fired power plants. The gas-solid two-phase flow, pulverized coal combustion and NOx emission characteristics of a single low NOx swirl burner in an existing coal-fired boiler was numerically simulated to analyze the mechanisms of flame stability and in-flame NOx reduction. And the detailed NOx formation and reduction model under fuel rich conditions was employed to optimize NOx emissions for the low NOx burner with air staged combustion of different burner stoichiometric ratios. The results show that the specially-designed swirl burner structures including the pulverized coal concentrator, flame stabilizing ring and baffle plate create an ignition region of high gas temperature, proper oxygen concentration and high pulverized coal concentration near the annular recirculation zone at the burner outlet for flame stability. At the same time, the annular recirculation zone is generated between the primary and secondary air jets to promote the rapid ignition and combustion of pulverized coal particles to consume oxygen, and then a reducing region is formed as fuel-rich environment to contribute to in-flame NO_X reduction. Moreover, the NOx concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber is greatly reduced when the deep air staged combustion with the burner stoichiometric ratio of 0.75 is adopted, and the CO concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber can be maintained simultaneously at a low level through the over-fired air injection of high velocity to enhance the mixing of the fresh air with the flue gas, which can provide the optimal solution for lower NOx emission in the existing coal-fired boilers.     

Modeling of laminar pulverized coal flames with speciated devolatilization and comparisons with experiments

In an earlier mathematical model of laminar pulverized coal–air combustion, supported by added CH₄, it was assumed that the volatiles from the coal consisted solely of CH₄ and HCN. A revised model is introduced with speciated devolatilization rate constants for tar, CH₄, CO, CO₂, H₂O, H₂, and HCN. It is assumed that these rate constants can also be applied to the devolatilization of the tar. In addition, it is assumed that the soot is predominantly carbon and is oxidized by the attack of O, H, OH, and O₂, in the same way as the coal char. Because the devolatilization rate is strongly dependent on particle temperature, the latter has to be determined accurately from the momentum and energy equations of the particle. The model is one-dimensional, with axial radiative transfer. The introduction of soot formation and speciation of the volatiles results in much improved accuracy in the prediction of species and temperature profiles in subatmospheric combustion on a flat flame matrix burner. It is possible to derive an overall global devolatilization rate constant that agrees reasonably with the measurements. These computations suggest that the effective area of the assumed spherical coal char particles is four times greater than that of the assumed sphere. Modeling of atmospheric pressure flames suggests that in this case, the value of 4 should be reduced, probably because, as pressure increases, the diffusion flux of reactant is reduced. Subatmospheric pressure laminar burning velocities are predicted with satisfactory accuracy over the full range of overall equivalence ratios. Previous measurements of laminar burning velocity at atmospheric pressure are reviewed. However, the various means of supporting a stable coal flame and the associated uncertain geometries make it impossible to apply the present model to the different conditions. It is suggested that burning velocities measured on a flat flame burner, with a controlled amount of methane to support the combustion of a pulverized coal/air mixture, would provide a good test of the reactivities of different coals.     

燃尽风对炉内流动和燃烧过程影响的数值模拟

燃尽风作为降低锅炉NOx排放浓度的一个措施已在我国得到逐步推广应用。应用数值模拟方法，对1台600MW对冲燃烧煤粉锅炉，在满负荷下燃尽风对炉内流动、燃烧和传热过程的影响开展了研究工作。应用混合分数／概率密度函数法模拟湍流燃烧，用P-1辐射模型开展辐射传热模拟，利用拉格朗日／欧拉法处理气固两相间的动量、质量和能量交换，对挥发份的析出采用单步反应模型，采用动力／扩散反应速率模型模拟煤粉颗粒的表面燃烧。研究发现：一方面，燃尽风的应用改善了炉内气流的充满情况，延迟了煤粉燃烧过程氧气的供应，加强了炉内的还原性气氛，降低了炉内最高火焰温度，有利于降低NOx排放浓度；但另一方面。燃尽风的应用将导致煤粉燃烧效率下降。     

摆动式水平浓淡风煤粉燃烧器在670 t/h锅炉的应用研究

我厂2号锅炉(DG 670/13.7-8A)为四角切圆布置,一、二次风间隔布置,分上下两组,设计煤种为晋中贫煤.在实际运行中,煤质不稳定,锅炉着火和燃烧稳定性差.采用"摆动式水平浓淡风煤粉燃烧器"技术对燃烧器改造后,燃烧效率提高0.84%、在300 t/h时能稳定燃烧、炉膛无结渣,锅炉参数稳定.     

The peculiar influence of the mineral impurities content in coal-water fuel on the regularities of fuel drop ignition and combustion

This paper presents the results of the comparative research of combustion specifics of coal-water fuel produced from low-ash and high-ash Ukrainian flame coal. The analysis shows that the effect of the ash content in the coal-water fuel on the duration of the burning of a fuel drop depends on the drop size. The full combustion time of CWF drop based on the low-ash coal can be both less and longer than that of high-ash coal under the identical conditions for different equivalent diameters of the fuel drop. This specific is explained with the domination of different physical factors during the fuel combustion process.The results of this research extend significantly our knowledge of coal-water fuel, allow understanding some issues of its combustion and are important for the design of the specialized energy facility which is used coal-water fuel as an energy source.     

再燃燃料超细煤粉燃尽特性的实验研究

超细煤粉作为燃料分级燃烧技术中的再燃燃料具有可行性,可有效降低NOx的排放,由于再燃区和燃尽区的反应比较复杂,存在再燃燃料燃尽效果不稳定的现象.从煤种、粒度、过量空气系数、氧浓度、炉膛温度等几个因素分析,认为针对不同的煤种,合适的空气流量和燃尽区炉膛温度是提高再燃燃料燃尽的必要条件.     

合成气稀释旋流扩散火焰稳定性研究

通过激光诱导荧光(PLIF)和照相等方法研究了合成气稀释旋流扩散燃烧特性。研究了空气、燃料旋流强度及它们相互配合对火焰稳定性的影响,发现燃料空气反向旋流情况中在扩张段出口上方具有较高的OH浓度,说明这种流动组织方式加强了初始阶段的混合,强化了化学反应,从而有利于燃烧的稳定;在所实验的范围内,强化空气旋流和燃料旋流都起到稳定燃烧的作用;在燃料和空气出口附加扩张段能起到稳定火焰的作用,在一定范围内,扩张段张角对火焰形态影响较大,扩张段张角小,火焰细长,扩张段张角大,火焰粗壮。     

二次风和空气量对链条炉排锅炉压火启动时冒黑烟的影响

链条炉排锅炉在压火启动时经常冒黑烟.在单元体模型炉上,用烟气分析仪测量O2和CO浓度,用CCD(Charge Coupled Device)图像采集系统采集黑烟图片,研究了在压火启动时二次风对冒黑烟的影响,二次风可以有效促进挥发分的完全燃烧,降低黑烟浓度;在2t/h链条炉排锅炉上,进行了压火启动时空气量对冒黑烟影响的工业试验研究,随着挥发分的析出规律调整空气流量,可以优化燃烧、降低黑烟浓度.