油页岩循环流化床燃烧特性研究

摘要:在循环流化床燃烧试验台上对油页岩的着火、稳定燃烧、燃尽特性等燃烧特性进行详细地试验方案分析,同时提出了油页岩循环流化床锅炉的设计与运行的特点。根据拟做试验方案进行试验研究,可以测试出油页岩的燃烧特性,为油页岩CFB锅炉燃烧特性的试验研究,以及大型化油页岩循环流化床锅炉的设计提供了借鉴。     

茂名油页岩燃烧特性研究

介绍了茂名油页岩的燃烧特性,包括油页岩理化特性,点火、着火、低负荷稳燃、燃尽、压火、结焦特性等,分析了茂名油页岩在循环流化床上燃烧的可行性,同时对茂名油页岩CFB大型设计提出了建议,对锅炉设计有一定的指导意义。     

油页岩循环流化床燃烧室密相区物料颗粒与燃烧特性

在 65t/h油页岩循环流化床锅炉上进行了燃烧室密相区物料特性与燃烧特性的工业试验。得到了极具片状结构特点的油页岩颗粒特性 ,经燃烧破碎磨损后的密相区床料和循环物料的颗粒特性与燃烧特性及相应的锅炉运行参数。试验结果对油页岩循环流化床锅炉的放大设计与运行调节具有一定的参考价值。同时为进一步建立油页岩循环流化床燃烧室密相区的流动、燃烧、传热、磨损、扬析与夹带模型奠定了基础。     

油页岩循环床锅炉中温分离回输系统Loop Seal工作特性的研究

在目前世界上投入商业运行最大容量的 65t/h油页岩循环流化床锅炉上 ,进行了全尺寸的中温分离系统中LoopSeal型返料装置的工作特性热态试验 ,得到了油页岩循环流化床燃烧中温分离回输系统中LoopSeal型返料装置的运行参数、温度特性及其循环物料的颗粒特性和含碳量分布 ,试验结果对油页岩循环流化床锅炉的放大设计与运行调节具有一定的参考价值     

CFB锅炉煤着火特性试验研究

将5种不同试验煤样的热重分析实验结果和在1MWth循环流化床燃烧试验台上试验得到的着火特性参数进行比较,得到不同煤种的着火温度,并分析各煤种燃烧的难易程度。同时分析了煤的着火温度与其挥发分的关系。研究结果可用于指导大型CFB电站锅炉及燃烧装置的设计和运行。     

干馏温度对油页岩半焦着火的影响

基于石油价格的增长和环保要求的日益提高,提出了油页岩资源的炼油、发电、供热、建材的综合利用方案,其中油页岩半焦干馏温度是该方案的一个关键参数。采用热分析方法研究干馏温度对半焦着火方式影响的实验,结果表明:随着干馏温度的升高,油页岩半焦的着火方式将由均相着火转变为多相着火;干馏温度500℃不仅有利于炼制页岩油,从燃烧角度来说,该温度所制取的半焦着火温度低且着火方式为均相着火,因此也有利于锅炉的燃烧。     

小颗粒油页岩热裂解制取页岩油试验研究

针对中国小颗粒油页岩的利用现状,在实验室条件下,利用自行研制的流化床热裂解装置进行了小颗粒油页岩制取页岩油的试验研究,通过正交试验优化出了热裂解制取页岩油的最优工艺参数。实验结果表明,在最优工艺条件下,产油率在5%左右。因此流化床热裂解技术是一种有效的小颗粒油页岩加工制油的新方法。     

油页岩综合利用系统的能值分析

为了综合评价油页岩综合利用系统的环境可持续性,以吉林桦甸处理量为300×10⁴t/a油页岩综合利用项目为例,应用能值分析理论,构建该系统的能值评价指标体系。研究结果表明:虽然页岩油的能值转化率(Tr)要高于传统原油,但油页岩综合利用系统环境负载率(ELR)低,对环境影响小,系统可持续发展指数(ESI)较高,系统富有活力和发展潜力;与桦甸式干馏工艺相比,将锅炉灰渣用于建材,不仅能增加系统副产物,提高能值产率(EYR),还能有效地改善其他各项能值指标。     

油页岩综合优化利用的新方法

将油页岩矿石破碎与筛分,其中颗粒较大的油页岩送入干馏炉制取页岩油和燃气,所生成的油页岩半焦废弃物经破碎后与油页岩炼油过程中的废弃的小颗粒的油页岩细渣混合构成混合物料,供给循环流化床锅炉燃烧,燃烧产生的热量转化为蒸气,一部分作为外供热源,一部分驱动汽轮机带动发电机发电。混合物料经循环流化床锅炉燃烧后产生的灰渣,用来生成水泥、陶粒和建筑砌块。     

桦甸油页岩的二级萃取溶解行为

以吉林桦甸油页岩为研究对象,通过二氯甲烷、石油醚两级萃取,对油页岩原矿、两级萃余物进行SEM扫描,对二氯甲烷萃取液、石油醚萃取液进行GC/MS检测,研究桦甸油页岩在两级溶液的溶解行为以及各级萃余物表面物理形貌。结果表明,随着萃取的加深,油页岩颗粒相对光滑的片层结构逐渐消失,颗粒粒径趋于细小,表面沟壑逐渐增多,后级萃取时液固接触面积增加。二氯甲烷和石油醚对油页岩中烷烃溶出能力较强。两级萃取物组分主要由C15～C28饱和烷烃构成。溶剂萃取法可以有效地提取油页岩中一类或相似的化合物群,对研究油页岩构成及提取高经济价值成分有重要意义。     

Study on design of Huadian oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler

On the basis of the physical and chemical performance of Huadian oil shale and the design experience of Huadian 65 t/h oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler operation, this paper introduces several main characteristics of oil shale, such as platy structure, high volatile and Ca/S content, and low ignition temperature, which are relevant to the design of CFB boiler, and analyses key design technologies of large-scale oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler. The design principles of large-scale oil shale-fired CFB boiler are suggested: (1) to adopt a II-shape configuration natural circulation mode with medium-temperature cyclone with downward gas exhaust, reliable antiwear technology and self-desulfurization technology; (2) to determine a circulating ratio of 6, hot state superficial air velocity of 5–6 m/s, combustion portion of about 0.5–0.6 in dense phase zone, and air velocity at the nozzle hole of air cap of 50–60 m/s; (3) to adopt an igniting system with hot gas generator below distributor plate and oil guns as auxiliary ignition device above distributor plate, and fluidized bed ash cooler retrieving the heat taken by hot slag. Lastly, the design scheme of 420 t/h superhigh pressure oil shale-fired CFB boiler is put forward and the general configuration and technical data are given at the end of this paper.     

我国燃煤工业锅炉现状及分析

不同类型燃煤工业锅炉具有各自的技术优势及应用范围,为了给用户在项目立项、选择锅炉时提供正确参考,阐述了3种主流燃煤工业锅炉的技术特点、应用现状,并着重针对循环流化床锅炉和现代煤粉工业锅炉,从燃烧组织方式和技术特点两方面进行了系统的技术对比分析。经分析认为,流态化燃烧组织是循环流化床锅炉的技术基础,浓相室燃燃烧组织是现代煤粉工业锅炉的技术基础。依托密相床炉料的巨大热容量,循环流化床锅炉定位于处理高灰劣质燃料;依托低变质高活性清洁煤粉快响应着火喷燃,现代煤粉工业锅炉定位于油(气)锅炉的备份及互换。因此,二者非取舍而是互为补充的关系。     

流化床内煤着火特性实验研究

为了对当前大量应用的带有床下启动燃烧器 CFB锅炉的启动运行提供指导 ,以及为从事循环流化床技术和煤燃烧理论研究提供参考 ,在电加热的小型流化床燃烧系统上 ,采用热烟气炉下点火的方式来研究煤粒在流化床内的燃烧特性 .测定了福建龙岩无烟煤的着火特性 ,分析了粒径、床温对着火点的影响 .并提出了煤颗粒在流化床内着火点测定的实验规范 .     

锅炉飞灰燃烧特性实验研究

锅炉飞灰中含碳量高不但导致了锅炉燃烧效率的降低，也限制了飞灰的再利用。因此，降低飞灰含碳量，充分利用其化学能，具有较高的经济价值，对石家庄东方热点公司锅炉飞灰的粒径分布、烧失量分级分布和燃烧特性进行了研究。结果表明，通过飞灰再燃可以有效地降低飞灰中的含碳量，并在实验室小型鼓泡流化床上进行了飞灰再燃降低含碳量的验证实验。     

Combustion characteristics of a two-stage swirl-flow fluidized bed combustor

In order to investigate the combustion characteristics of a two-stage swirl-flow fluidized bed combustor, combustion experiments of low-grade anthracite coal were performed. Experimental parameters were the fluidizing air velocity, coal feed rates, bed temperature, stoichiometric air ratio, swirl nozzle diameter and rotational diameter. The experimental results showed that, due to the swirl flow, the elutriation rates of fines were lower than those of the single-stage fluidized bed combustor. The combustible contents of the ash in the outflow streams were also reduced. Therefore, the combustion efficiency of the two-stage swirl-flow fluidized bed combustor was 20% greater than that of the single-stage fluidized bed combustor under the same operating conditions.     

Burnout of coals: Comparative bench-scale experiments on pulverized fuel and fluidized bed combustion

Coal characteristics which have an impact on unburnt fuel loss are not necessarily the same under different combustion conditions. A comparative study was undertaken to investigate which coal properties are relevant to coal lost as unburnt fuel in cases of pulverized fuel and fluidized bed combustion. From small scale experiments it was shown that rank is a principal factor for the degree of burnout in a once-through fluidized system, whereas ash and inertinite affect burnout in a high temperature drop tube furnace. Results from the latter are in qualitative agreement with literature data on ignition characteristics. Individual effects of inertinite and oxidized vitrinite have to be assessed by additional experiments.     

The ignition temperature of lignite char in a fluidized bed combustor

This paper summarises the experimental and modelling work carried out for the variation of bed ignition temperature of a fluidized bed combustor with the char particle diameter and the fluidizing velocity. A lignite char was used and its reactivity was represented using data from Field (1967) and Turnbull and Davidson (1984). The modelling involved solving the steady state heat balance around the fluidized bed combustor at the ignition temperature. A correlation of the total area of char ignited per unit bed mass was determined as a function of the char particle diameter and the fluidizing velocity. This correlation was used to determine the ignition temperature of the fluidized bed combustor operating at different conditions. The fluidized bed combustor heat balance was then solved for the bed ignition temperature which was influenced by both the rate of heat loss from the bed and the reactivity of the char. A sensitivity analysis suggests that the chemical rate reaction coefficient is the most prominent variable when determining the ignition temperature of a fluidized bed combustor.     

神木烟煤等离子体气化所制半焦的特性研究

在实验室中采用三相交流等离子体电弧发生炉对神木烟煤进行等离子体气化制得实验用半焦,并对其进行工业分析和流化床燃烧实验。工业分析结果表明,所制得半焦中挥发分含量几乎为零,而部分灰分和固定碳也参与反应挥发出去。半焦在流化床中燃烧实验结果表明,所制得半焦能够在流化床中持续稳定燃烧,并且燃烧过程中燃烧产物能够稳定排放。通过建立数学模型求得半焦燃烧动力学参数,结果表明,半焦的活化能远大于原煤的活化能,其反应活性则低于原煤的反应活性。