堆浸铀矿堆水力学特征参数的试验与反演研究

为了掌握堆浸铀矿堆非抱和区的水力学特性,根据多孔介质的液体流动控制方程和描述水力学性质的van Genuchten模型,阐述了堆浸铀矿堆水力学特征参数的数值反演模型。接着,选用来自某铀矿山新堆浸场分形维数D=1.8的铀矿石样,利用自制的一维液体非饱和渗流试验装置,测定了不同喷淋强度下试验柱底部的累计排水量和5个不同高度矿样内的含水率。最后,利用HYDRUS-1D软件获得了试验样本在注水期间和排水期间的水力学特征参数。结果表明：①数值反演方法确定的水力学特征参数能很好地与实际情况相匹配,参数估算结果可用于工程实际;②注水期间和排水期间需要分别确定对应的水力学特征参数;③注水期间反演估算获得的堆浸铀矿堆饱和渗透系数比排水期间的更接近饱和渗流试验获得的结果。     

低渗透砂岩型铀矿床爆破增渗模型试验及增渗机制研究

 为满足我国核电快速发展对铀资源的大量需求,解决制约低渗透砂岩型铀矿床原地浸出顺利实施的瓶颈,基于笔者提出的低渗透砂岩型铀矿床爆破增渗方法,开展低渗透砂岩型铀矿床爆破增渗初步模型试验和优化模型试验及模型渗透性试验,试验结果表明：爆破后模型渗透率提高2～3个数量级;增渗范围大约为70倍的药包半径;合理的不耦合系数范围为1.5～3.0。此外,根据试验结果,从岩石动态破裂、微差爆破、不耦合装药爆破以及空间补偿和爆生气体驱动作用等方面探讨低渗透砂岩型铀矿床爆破增渗机制,分析爆破增渗的关键影响因素,为完善低渗透砂岩型铀矿床爆破增渗理论、技术方案以及现场中试试验和规模应用打下基础。     

Deposition of Ra on surfaces during precipitation and leaching of (Ba, Ra)SO4

Formation of a barium-radium sulphate precipitate occurs during the treatment of uranium tailings decants with barium chloride to remove ²²⁶Ra. This note presents results from experiments designed to identify the importance of radium adsorption onto the (Ba, Ra)SO₄ precipitate as a mechanism for removal. Adsorption was investigated indirectly by forming a precipitate and then measuring radium release during leaching.In the conduct of the precipitation/leaching experiments serious difficulties were encountered initially in obtaining satisfactory mass balances—radium recoveries were quite low. EDTA extractions of apparatus revealed that significant quantities of ²²⁶Ra were adhering to apparatus surfaces during both precipitation and leaching. This has important implications for treatment process design, the behaviour of radium in the environment and for the conduct of experimental work. Although the amounts of radium adhering to surfaces were significant relative to levels in solution, the total release of radium from sludge during distilled water leaching was not large. The results of the leaching tests indicated that during precipitation the radium is incorporated into the precipitate rather than adsorbed on its surface.     

Deposition of 226Ra on surfaces during precipitation and leaching of (Ba,Ra)SO4

Formation of a barium-radium sulphate precipitate occurs during the treatment of uranium tailings decants with barium chloride to remove ²²⁶Ra. This note presents results from experiments designed to identify the importance of radium adsorption onto the (Ba, Ra)SO₄ precipitate as a mechanism for removal. Adsorption was investigated indirectly by forming a precipitate and then measuring radium release during leaching.In the conduct of the precipitation/leaching experiments serious difficulties were encountered initially in obtaining satisfactory mass balances—radium recoveries were quite low. EDTA extractions of apparatus revealed that significant quantities of ²²⁶Ra were adhering to apparatus surfaces during both precipitation and leaching. This has important implications for treatment process design, the behaviour of radium in the environment and for the conduct of experimental work. Although the amounts of radium adhering to surfaces were significant relative to levels in solution, the total release of radium from sludge during distilled water leaching was not large. The results of the leaching tests indicated that during precipitation the radium is incorporated into the precipitate rather than adsorbed on its surface.     

低频振动对低渗油藏径向渗流影响的变参量Biot固结分析

基于波动采油对低渗储层物性改善的动态过程,利用变参量的岩土固结模型分析弹性波对饱和渗流流体径向模型流固位移、孔隙压力等的影响规律。通过Laplace变换与迭代消去,得到拉氏变换下低渗开发油藏波动控制方程为变系数高阶微分方程;利用变系数向量拆分与矩阵求法,推导了波动采油作用下饱和单相流体径向(定流量或定压)开发储层的流固位移近似解。通过Matlab编程,算例分析了饱和水相介质和不同振动频率下饱和油相介质的渗流、物性变化。结果表明,低频波动采油技术可增加低渗开发储层孔压和渗流速度,文中基础参数下,存在最佳振动频率5~30 Hz使得增幅最大,作用范围可达60 m,径向模型Laplace变换–Durbin离散近似求解适用于波传播时间较小的情况。     

爆炸荷载下岩石I型微裂纹动态扩展研究

 基于低渗透砂岩型铀矿床爆破增渗方法,以断裂动力学为基础,采用ABAQUS内嵌哑节点数值模块及编写的气楔型荷载程序,对爆炸冲击波荷载下岩石I型微裂纹动态起始扩展和爆生气体的动态作用效果进行数值研究,以期得到优化的加载方式使得岩层整体渗透性得到提升。研究结果表明：(1) 较长的冲击波上升沿持续时间可激活岩石中更多的I型微裂纹动态起始扩展;(2) 冲击波峰值压力越大,裂纹尖端动态能量释放率越大,反之越小,过大或过小的冲击波峰值压力均不利于岩石I型微裂纹的动态起始扩展和爆炸能的充分利用;(3) 对比爆生气体准静态与动态2种分析方法产生的结果,发现动态计算结果对于裂纹的持续扩展更加有利,同时也能更加合理地解释裂纹运动失稳现象。最后基于上述研究总结对爆炸荷载下深层岩体动态破裂过程的新认识。     

Influence of pH-dependent sorption and transformation on simulated pesticide leaching

The leaching of a substance is influenced by its physico-chemical characteristics as well as environmental conditions. In spatially distributed modelling the influence of soil properties on the half-life and the sorption constant of the substance might become important and can be taken into account. The GeoPEARL model includes options to account for sorption and transformation being dependent on soil characteristics.Using some of these options in calculations for a herbicide with both sorption and transformation dependent on the pH of the soil, the calculated leaching from an application in spring appeared to be higher than anticipated from calculations according to the so-called paired parameter approach, in which the leaching is assessed for pairs of sorption and transformation parameters at regular pH intervals. The reason for the higher leaching was that the most critical leaching conditions were not covered by the selected pH values. A ‘paired approach’ might however be useful as a first tier assessment of the leaching potential. The maximum leaching is expected with the highest DegT₅₀/K_om ratio, which might be obtained from plotting this ratio against the characteristic soil property.The leaching potential of the parent was more important for the leaching of the metabolite than the leaching potential of the metabolite itself. This should be accounted for in the evaluation procedure.     

Comparative value of phosphate sources on the immobilization of lead, and leaching of lead and phosphorus in lead contaminated soils

The mobility and bioavailability of lead (Pb) in soils can be mitigated by its immobilization using both soluble and insoluble phosphate (P) compounds. The effectiveness of insoluble P sources on Pb immobilization depends on their rate of dissolution which can be enhanced by phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). In this study, the effect of soluble (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) and insoluble (rock phosphate in the presence and absence of PSB) P compounds on the immobilization of Pb, and leaching of Pb and P was examined using both naturally contaminated (SR soil: NH₄NO₃ extractable Pb: 28.7 mg/kg, pH: 5.88, organic matter: 0.7%) and Pb spiked (AH soil: NH₄NO₃ extractable Pb: 42.7 mg/kg, pH: 5.23, organic matter: 10.9%) soils. Phosphate compounds were added at the rate of 200 mg P/kg and 800 mg P/kg for SR and AH soils, respectively. Soluble P treatment immobilized 80% and 57% of Pb in SR and AH soils, respectively. Insoluble rock phosphate immobilized 40% and 9% of Pb without PSB, and 60% and 17% with PSB in SR and AH soils, respectively. Lead leaching was the lowest when soils were amended with rock phosphate in the presence of PSB, which reduced Pb leaching by 36% for SR soil and 18% for AH soil compared to the control. The leaching of Pb increased when the soils were amended with soluble P because soluble P treatment increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of soil, thereby increasing Pb mobility. Soluble P treatment significantly increased P leaching and 9% of total added P was leached from low P retaining AH soil. The optimum level of P amendment is a critical issue when soluble P is used as a Pb immobilizing agent because of eutrophication resulting from excessive P leaching to surface and ground water. While the soluble P compound was effective in the immobilization of Pb, it resulted in P leaching which increased with increasing levels of P addition. However, rock phosphate amendment with PSB achieved the immobilization of Pb with a minimum effect on both Pb and P leaching.     

Evaluation of carbonated incineration bottom ash using exhaust gas and CO2 discharged from waste incineration facilities as ground material

This study focused on a carbonation treatment that immobilizes trace elements such as lead (Pb) in incineration bottom ash (IBA) using the exhaust gas and the refined carbon dioxide generated (CO₂) recovered at the Japan's first incineration facility, which recovers CO₂ in the gaseous form. This study describes (1) the bearing capacity of IBA from the municipal solid waste (MSW) obtained through the California bearing ratio (CBR) test to investigate the possibility of using IBA as a base course material, (2) mechanical characteristics of IBA using the cone index test, to investigate the possibility of using as an embankment material, and (3) leaching properties of IBA from MSW obtained through a single batch leaching test and the long-term outdoor exposure of the leaching test to evaluate the effect of carbonation treatments. Results reveal that there was no effect of trace components not included in the separated and recovered CO₂, and that the effect of carbonation could be obtained even if the exhaust gas was used directly. The carbonated IBA can be applied as a sub-base course material based on its mechanical properties, regardless of the carbonation conditions. In addition, carbonated IBA can be used as an embankment material owing to its sufficient cone index value. Regarding the heavy metal and metalloid leaching behavior, it was revealed that all the IBA samples satisfied the soil environmental standards set by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan, except for Cr (VI). The long-term leaching characteristics of carbonated IBA showed that Pb could be immobilized over a long period.     

不同饱和度砂岩渗透率、孔隙度随应力变化规律研究

 制备含水饱和度为0%～70%的砂岩岩样,利用低渗透岩石气体渗透测试装置,对不同含水饱和度的砂岩岩样进行气渗试验,测量其在不同围压和渗压下的渗透率以及对应围压下的孔隙度,分析和讨论不同含水饱和度低渗透砂岩渗透率、孔隙度与应力三者之间的关系。得到以下结论：含水饱和度低于50%的低渗透砂岩,其气测渗透率随孔隙压力的增大而减小,含水饱和度高于50%的低渗透砂岩,其气测渗透率的变化规律相反;气测渗透率与孔隙压力符合指数函数关系;随着含水饱和度的增大,气测渗透率对孔隙压力变化的敏感性减少,且气测渗透率对孔隙压力变化的敏感性随着孔隙压力的增大而增大;绝对渗透率、孔隙度与围压均呈指数函数关系;随着含水饱和度的增大,绝对渗透率对围压变化的敏感性增大,对孔隙度变化的敏感性减小,且绝对渗透率和孔隙度对围压变化的敏感性均是随着围压增大而减小;低渗透砂岩的孔隙度与其绝对渗透率的变化成正相关,孔隙度的少量降低即能引起其绝对渗透率的大幅度下降;绝对渗透率与孔隙度成指数函数关系;随着含水饱和度增大,绝对渗透率对孔隙度变化的敏感性增强,且随着孔隙度的增大,绝对渗透率对孔隙度变化的敏感性也逐渐增强。     

Reproducing ten years of road ageing — Accelerated carbonation and leaching of EAF steel slag

Reuse of industrial aggregates is still hindered by concern for their long-term properties. This paper proposes a laboratory method for accelerated ageing of steel slag, to predict environmental and technical properties, starting from fresh slag. Ageing processes in a 10-year old asphalt road with steel slag of electric arc furnace (EAF) type in the subbase were identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and leaching tests. Samples from the road centre and the pavement edge were compared with each other and with samples of fresh slag. It was found that slag from the pavement edge showed traces of carbonation and leaching processes, whereas the road centre material was nearly identical to fresh slag, in spite of an accessible particle structure. Batches of moisturized road centre material exposed to oxygen, nitrogen or carbon dioxide (CO₂) were used for accelerated ageing. Time (7-14 days), temperature (20-40 °C) and initial slag moisture content (8-20%) were varied to achieve the carbonation (decrease in pH) and leaching that was observed in the pavement edge material. After ageing, water was added to assess leaching of metals and macroelements. 12% moisture, CO₂ and seven days at 40 °C gave the lowest pH value. This also reproduced the observed ageing effect for Ca, Cu, Ba, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ca (decreased leaching) and for V, Si, and Al (increased leaching). However, ageing effects on SO₄, DOC and Cr were not reproduced.     

低渗储层砂岩渗流–应力–损伤渐裂过程的渗透特性演化研究

低渗储层采收率的准确评价是制定合理开发方案的重要理论基础,有效揭示开采过程诱发岩体渐裂的渗透性演化机理至关重要。以低渗储层砂岩为研究对象,分析不同荷载组合下岩体裂纹的发展规律,研究渗流–应力–损伤破裂过程中渗透率与裂纹状态的关联特性。试验结果表明:加载初期由于岩石内部孔隙及微裂隙的压密,渗透率减小;随着环向裂纹应变增大,岩石内部裂纹开始稳定扩展,渗透率缓慢增大,随着荷载的增大,裂纹加速扩展导致渗透率快速增大;最后断裂面发生相对滑移,岩石碎屑堵塞原有的渗流通道,渗透率下降。基于试验结果,运用理论方法研究不同荷载下的岩体损伤特征,建立损伤变量与裂纹环向变形的关联性,推导岩体渗透率与损伤变量的关系式,描述岩体渗流–应力–损伤渐裂中的渗透特性,揭示低渗储层砂岩的渗透率演化机理。其研究成果可为低渗砂岩储层开发过程的优化及产能预测提供新的研究思路和技术手段,对确保石油工业的可持续发展具有重要的实践价值。     

不同含水饱和度低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应研究

低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应的研究是油气开采与存储领域十分重要的内容,但目前关于低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应的研究大多是在气体单相流下进行的,对于气–液两相流时,液体对气体滑脱效应的影响,所做的研究不足。因此,利用研发的低渗透岩石惰性气体渗透性测试系统,对含水饱和度为0~70%的低渗透砂岩,进行了不同含水饱和度的低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应及有效渗透率变化规律的研究,试验结果表明:(1)二次公式k_g=k_∞(1+b/q-a/p~2)可以较为准确的解释低渗透岩石的气体滑脱效应,准确性明显高于Klinkenberg公式。(2)含水饱和度对低渗透岩石的气体滑脱效应有明显影响,气体滑脱效应随着含水饱和度增大而减少,在含水饱和度超过50%时,气体滑脱效应几乎完全被限制。(3)由于水的作用,含水的低渗透岩石随着围压增大,气体滑脱效应减少,这与克氏理论的结论相反。(4)含水饱和度对低渗透岩石的有效渗透率影响显著,随含水饱和度的增大有效渗透率减少,且围压越大,低渗透岩石的有效渗透率对含水饱和度变化越敏感。(5)低渗透岩石的有效渗透率与含水饱和度符合幂函数关系,即k_∞=k_0(1-S_w)~c。     

低频振动对煤样解吸特性的影响

 为研究低频振动对煤样解吸瓦斯性能的影响,研制瓦斯吸附解吸激振与测试系统。试验结果表明,在低频振动作用下,随着频率降低,解吸量和解吸速度增大,衰减速度越快;煤样瓦斯的解吸强度、衰减系数随时间变化逐渐减小。采用瓦斯解吸速度和振动理论的相关知识分析试验结果,认为低频扰动会导致煤的孔隙性减弱、渗透率降低、扩散速率减慢,不利于瓦斯分子的解吸。扰动作用下,吸附伴生分子虽然获得脱附能,但由于扩散速率的减慢,解吸速度很慢,解吸量小;无扰动作用时,煤样原有的孔隙性没有改变,虽然吸附伴生分子没有获得脱附能,然而由于渗透率较大,扩散速率相对较大,解吸速度相对有振动作用时反而较快,解吸量大。因此,低频振动使煤样的孔隙性减弱,增大分子的平均自由程,导致分子在煤样中扩散变慢,同时在运动层面上由于形成数层细小的孔隙层,增加煤样内部的吸附位,从而减缓瓦斯在煤样中的解吸。     

Permeability Characteristics of High-Quality Undisturbed Gravelly Soils Measured in Laboratory Tests

A series of permeability tests on both high-quality undisturbed samples and reconstituted samples was performed using a large-scale triaxial cell. Based on the test results and discussion, the following conclusions were noted.

• (1)The coefficient of permeability in the horizontal direction is larger than that in the vertical direction. However, its difference is between 10% and 70% and not so large.
• (2)The coefficient of permeability decreases with increasing confining stress. The effect of the confining stress can be understood as the effect of the void ratio. And the small change of the void ratio due to consolidation only leads to a small change of the coefficient of permeability.
• (3)There is no clear correlation between the physical properties and the coefficient of permeability.
• (4)The coefficient of permeability of gravelly soils is almost the same as that of sandy soils, even though the 50% diameter of gravelly soils is about ten to a hundred times that of sandy soils. This result implies that the large size particles of gravelly soils have no significant effect on permeability characteristics of gravelly soils.
• (5)A new definition for determination of D₁₀, D₂₀ and fines content only from those soil particles with a diameter smaller than 2 mm was introduced. A correlation similar to sandy soils can be seen between the coefficient of permeability and D₁₀, D₂₀, and fines content based on the new definitions.
• (6)The effect of the small size particles of the gravelly soils on the coefficient of permeability was found significant based on the test results using samples with a special blend of particle size and density reconstituted from undisturbed samples.
• (7)The coefficient of permeability of multi-layer gravelly soils, in the direction perpendicular to the sedimentation, was significantly affected by the lowest permeability. And the coefficient of permeability of the multi-layer in total agrees well with the theoretical estimation.
• (8)Although the data is limited, there was no significant difference of coefficient of permeability between undisturbed and reconstituted samples. This result accords with that reported for sandy soils by Hatanaka et al. (1997). This result also means that the coefficient of permeability of gravelly soil is not affected by the soil fabric. As a result, the in-situ coefficient of permeability of gravelly soils can be well estimated for practical purposes from the reconstituted samples with the same gradation properties.

     

Assessment of chromium biostabilization in contaminated soils using standard leaching and sequential extraction techniques

The iron reducing microorganism Desulfuromonas palmitatis was evaluated as potential biostabilization agent for the remediation of chromate contaminated soils. D. palmitatis were used for the treatment of soil samples artificially contaminated with Cr(VI) at two levels, i.e. 200 and 500 mg kg^− 1. The efficiency of the treatment was evaluated by applying several standard extraction techniques on the soil samples before and after treatment, such as the EN12457 standard leaching test, the US EPA 3060A alkaline digestion method and the BCR sequential extraction procedure. The water soluble chromium as evaluated with the EN leaching test, was found to decrease after the biostabilization treatment from 13 to less than 0.5 mg kg^− 1 and from 120 to 5.6 mg kg^− 1 for the soil samples contaminated with 200 and 500 mg Cr(VI) per kg soil respectively. The BCR sequential extraction scheme, although not providing accurate estimates about the initial chromium speciation in contaminated soils, proved to be a useful tool for monitoring the relative changes in element partitioning, as a consequence of the stabilization treatment. After bioreduction, the percentage of chromium retained in the two least soluble BCR fractions, i.e. the “oxidizable” and “residual” fractions, increased from 54 and 73% to more than 96% in both soils.     

岩石流体反应–流动耦合试验装置的开发

 原地溶浸采矿过程是一个典型受化学反应、流体流动以及物质迁移等多种因素非线性耦合作用的复杂过程。原地溶浸采矿过程中,伴随溶浸过程,矿层的渗透性分布会发生非常大的变化,这可能加剧矿层的非均匀性,使得溶浸剂和溶浸液在矿层中会发生非均匀流动现象,降低溶浸的范围和矿层的采收率。国内外现有的溶浸试验装置侧重于化学分析,不能很好地反映地浸现场条件下的高应力、高流体压力条件和流体流动的特点,同时在测量范围、精度上也不能满足科学研究的要求。为此研制岩石流体反应–流动耦合试验装置,该装置可以严格控制岩体应力和流体温度,实时在线监测系统内的流体压力、流量以及温度,实时分析流体的化学成分和岩芯的渗透性,通过分析手段可获得溶浸过程中的反应动力学参数和岩体成分等性质,实现对岩石流体反应流动耦合过程的全面分析。结合新型天然成因试剂地浸采铀法,在该试验装置上进行原状砂岩地浸试验,分析地浸过程中砂岩的渗透性、溶浸流体化学成分及铀矿采收率的变化情况。其中,当液固比为4时,铀的采收率接近60%,地浸过程中岩芯的渗透系数变化跨越3个数量级。这些试验数据显示,该装置的试验效果良好,加氧条件下矿层原地液地浸采铀是可行的,但渗透性的高度变异会影响到现场地浸的采收速率和采收率。     

不同粒度砂岩力学和渗透特性试验研究

为探讨砂岩粒度对力学行为和渗透特性的影响,利用MTS815 Flex Test GT岩石力学试验系统,对取自同一工程的粗粒砂岩、中粒砂岩和细粒砂岩进行常规三轴试验和三轴压缩全过程渗透试验。研究表明:随着粒度减小,砂岩抗压强度及抗剪强度参数c和φ均增大;渗透水压作用下砂岩强度降低5.15%~24.66%。渗透率变化规律与变形变化特征呈阶段对应:线弹性阶段砂岩内部孔隙被压密,渗透率降低;弹塑性阶段渗透率先是缓慢增加然后急剧上升,在峰后达到最大值;峰后继续破坏阶段渗透率又呈逐渐降低特征。相同粒度砂岩的渗透性随围压增加而降低,且不同围压下渗透率可拟合成线性函数;相同围压下不同粒度砂岩渗透率整体特征表现为:粗粒砂岩渗透率K约为中粒砂岩的105倍,中粒砂岩渗透率K约为细粒砂岩的10倍。     

Stress-dependence of the permeability and porosity of sandstone and shale from TCDP Hole-A

We utilize an integrated permeability and porosity measurement system to measure the stress dependent permeability and porosity of Pliocene to Pleistocene sedimentary rocks from a 2000 m borehole. Experiments were conducted by first gradually increasing the confining pressure from 3 to 120 MPa and then subsequently reducing it back to 3 MPa. The permeability of the sandstone remained within a narrow range (10^?14–10^?13 m²). The permeability of the shale was more sensitive to the effective confining pressure (varying by two to three orders of magnitude) than the sandstone, possibly due to the existence of microcracks in the shale. Meanwhile, the sandstone and shale showed a similar sensitivity of porosity to effective pressure, whereby porosity was reduced by about 10–20% when the confining pressure was increased from 3 to 120 MPa. The experimental results indicate that the fit of the models to the data points can be improved by using a power law instead of an exponential relationship. To extrapolate the permeability or porosity under larger confining pressure (e.g. 300 MPa) using a straight line in a log–log plot might induce unreasonable error, but might be adequate to predict the stress dependent permeability or porosity within the experimental stress range. Part of the permeability and porosity decrease observed during loading is irreversible during unloading.     

Microbial leaching of El-Sella mineralisation by Aspergillus clavatus- a fact of fungal–uranium interface

ABSTRACT

This study evaluates the bioleaching of uranium from El-Sella mineralisation by Aspergillus clavatus. A. clavatus was generally found to give the maximum bioleaching efficiency of uranium under two-step bioleaching process when a total concentration of 3% (w/v) El-Sella mineralisation was applied. Microscopic examination revealed that bioleaching negatively affected fungal vesicles, and resulted in the formation of a swollen pellet structure in the mycelium. Uranium precipitated as uranium calcium phosphate mineral (Autunite) crystals on the surface of hyphae. Finally, the purity of uranium assayed was 73.19% in sodium diuranate. In conclusion, the optimum conditions for bioleaching of uranium from El-Sella mineralisation using A. clavatus are 9 days of incubation, 30^°C and agitation speed of 175 rpm. A. clavatus represents an excellent candidate for uranium bioleaching from its ore.