Innovative testing technique of rock subjected to coupled static and dynamic loads

A new testing technique, which relates the physical stress state of rock subjected to simultaneous coupled static and dynamic stresses, is presented. The method involves modification of a split Hopkinson pressure bar, such that the test specimen is subjected to coupled axial static pre-stress, axial impact loading, and optional confining pressure. Tests on siltstone specimens with different coupling loads showed that the strength of the specimens under coupling loads was higher than their corresponding individual static or dynamic strengths. In the grade size distribution, the percentage of small size particles of fractured specimen increases with higher coupling loads. The strength of rock under coupling loads decreases rapidly when the axial pre-compression stress is greater than 70% of the static strength of rock (with identical impact loading). However, with constant axial pre-compression stress and increasing impact loading, the strength of siltstone increases initially and reaches a maximum constant value.     

A laboratory study on reducing the quantity of rock fines at failure: application to rock blasting and crushing

This paper presents laboratory work to determine whether decreasing the strength of rock through water-saturating the specimens can reduce the amount of generated fines at failure. Three types of rocks were tested using the indirect tensile (Brazilian) test. The samples were randomly divided into two groups of gneiss, diorite and diabase (dolerite), one group of each rock type being tested in dry and the other in saturated conditions. The results indicated that the dry samples produced both higher tensile strength values and more fines than the saturated specimens. Electronic Publication     

A statistical evaluation of intact rock failure criteria constrained by polyaxial test data for five different rocks

In this study we examine seven different failure criteria by comparing them to published polyaxial test data (σ₁>σ₂>σ₃) for five different rock types at a variety of stress states. We employed a grid search algorithm to find the best set of parameters that describe failure for each criterion and the associated misfits. Overall, we found that the polyaxial criteria Modified Wiebols and Cook and Modified Lade achieved a good fit to most of the test data. This is especially true for rocks with a highly σ₂-dependent failure behavior (e.g. Dunham dolomite, Solenhofen limestone). However, for some rock types (e.g. Shirahama Sandstone, Yuubari shale), the intermediate stress hardly affects failure and the Mohr–Coulomb and Hoek and Brown criteria fit these test data equally well, or even better, than the more complicated polyaxial criteria. The values of C₀ yielded by the Inscribed and the Circumscribed Drucker–Prager criteria bounded the C₀ value obtained using the Mohr–Coulomb criterion as expected. In general, the Drucker–Prager failure criterion did not accurately indicate the value of σ₁ at failure. The value of the misfits achieved with the empirical 1967 and 1971 Mogi criteria were generally in between those obtained using the triaxial and the polyaxial criteria. The disadvantage of these failure criteria is that they cannot be related to strength parameters such as C₀. We also found that if only data from triaxial tests are available, it is possible to incorporate the influence of σ₂ on failure by using a polyaxial failure criterion. The results for two out of three rocks that could be analyzed in this way were encouraging.     

A multi-purpose prototype test system for mechanical behavior of tunnel supporting structure: Development and application

A multi-purpose prototype test system is developed to study the mechanical behavior of tunnel supporting structure, including a modular counterforce device, a powerful loading equipment, an advanced intelligent management system and an efficient noncontact deformation measurement system. The functions of the prototype test system are adjustable size and shape of the modular counterforce structure, sufficient load reserve and accurate loading, multi-connection linkage intelligent management, and high-precision and continuously positioned noncontact deformation measurement. The modular counterforce structure is currently the largest in the world, with an outer diameter of 20.5 m, an inner diameter of 16.5 m and a height of 6 m. The case application proves that the prototype test system can reproduce the mechanical behavior of the tunnel lining during load-bearing, deformation and failure processes in detail.     

土工合成材料双向拉伸多功能试验机的研制及初步应用

为揭示土工合成材料双向拉伸状态下的力学特性,自主研制了一台双向拉伸多功能试验机,能够进行瞬时和长期蠕变双向拉伸试验。瞬时拉伸采用电机控制,可以实现两个方向任意比例下应力和应变加载;蠕变拉伸采用法码加载,可同时进行3组大变形蠕变拉伸试验。经初步应用表明,该试验机能够进行复杂应力、应变路径下土工合成材料双向拉伸试验,为土工合成材料双向拉伸力学特性的研究提供了一种科学有效手段。     

A testing system to understand rock fracturing processes induced by different dynamic disturbances under true triaxial compression

In this context, a testing system to understand rock fracturing processes induced by different dynamic disturbances under true triaxial compression was developed. The system is mainly composed of a static loading subsystem, a dynamic loading subsystem, a specimen box subsystem, and a data measurement subsystem. The static loading subsystem uses low stiffness loss frame structure technology, which greatly improves the frame stiffness in the three principal stress directions (up to 20 GN/m) and ensures the demand of the disturbance experiment in both the prepeak and postpeak stages. The disturbance loads with frequency of 0–20 Hz and stress level of 0–30 MPa were applied using large flow parallel oil source technology characterized with high heat dissipation efficiency. For the disturbance loads with frequency of 100–500 Hz and stress level of 0–30 MPa, they were realized by using high-frequency and centimeter-per-second-scale low-speed disturbance rod technology. Three rigid self-stabilizing specimen boxes were utilized to provide support for the specimen and deformation sensors, ensuring the stability and accuracy of the data obtained. To verify the performance of the true triaxial test system, disturbance experiments were conducted on granite specimens. The results show that the experimental device satisfies the requirements of original design, with an excellent repeatability and reliable testing results.     

岩体裂隙网络注浆模拟试验系统研制及应用

为研究浆液在岩体裂隙网络内的扩散迁移规律,研制了可视化裂隙恒压注浆试验系统。该系统由供压设备、恒压出浆设备、裂隙模拟设备以及监测设备组成,可根据试验要求设计特定岩体裂隙网络,模拟不同注浆压力、浆液黏度、裂隙开度等多种参数影响下的浆液流动过程,并可研究裂隙岩体中浆液–水/气驱替作用机制。通过单一裂隙注浆理论与试验结果的对比,验证本试验系统的可靠性。基于此,进一步研究随机裂隙网络注浆扩散机制,结果表明:(1)裂隙内同一点压力随注浆压力的增大而增大,随裂隙开度的增大而减小,不随浆液黏度的变化而变化;(2)浆液在裂隙网络内由总流分散为支流后,压力显著下降,流速放缓,且各支流压力与流量分配系数受交叉(分叉)裂隙夹角影响较大。试验系统的研制及研究成果对岩体工程注浆具有一定指导价值。     

泥水平衡式盾构模拟试验系统的研制与应用

为了探究泥水盾构水下掘进控制和泥水平衡机理等问题,在调研国内外模型盾构设备的基础上确定泥水盾构的基本参数和工作模式,研制出泥水平衡盾构模拟试验系统,包括模型箱、盾构机总成、推进机构、液压动力系统、操作系统、深冷装置等主要部分。该系统可对最高100 m水头条件下泥水平衡盾构施工的主要过程进行模拟,可较真实地再现泥水平衡盾构掘进过程中泥膜的动态形成过程,从而阐明水土压力平衡的机理等关键技术问题,并可为泥水平衡盾构的设计和控制提供重要参数。以砂卵石地层为例配制相似地层和泥浆,并进行盾构试掘进,对设备的功能性进行验证,并初步研究了泥水盾构掘进过程中地表位移的时空变化规律和地层中泥膜的形态。结果表明,由于刀盘无超挖且地层开挖后直接由盾壳支撑,土体移动受到限制,地层变形主要由开挖导致的应力释放产生。排渣装置长度较长,可暂存的渣土量多,使得盾构通过前地表沉降随顶推力和刀盘、排渣装置转速的增大而增大;盾构通过后的地表沉降则由于盾壳与土体的摩擦作用有所减小。在盾构刀盘前方,泥浆渗入地层的范围大致关于盾构轴线对称,泥膜形态呈倒扣的锅底形分布,其范围约占刀盘外径的20%~43%。     

既有建筑供暖系统工况分析软件的开发与应用

建立了供暖系统水力计算、热力工况及供热能耗计算的数学模型,开发了能够用于指导既有建筑供暖系统改造的供暖系统工况分析软件。应用软件对三个不同节能改造项目进行了模拟计算,得到了各改造建筑内房间温度的水平失调和垂直失调情况及由于用户行为降温导致的能源浪费情况。     

温控非饱和土三轴试验装置的研制及其应用

高放核废物地质处置、地热资源开采与贮存以及城市地下供热管道设计等现代岩土工程的建设都需要考虑温度的影响,使得温度对天然非饱和土体基本性质影响的研究成为土力学的重要课题之一。为了研究非饱和土水力和力学性质受温度影响的规律,需要研制新的温控试验装置,以便为这种研究提供工具和手段。基于对既有非饱和土静三轴仪的改造,研制了一种温控非饱和土三轴试验装置,通过将所研制的温控压力室与非饱和土三轴试验系统的有机结合,实现了试验过程中对温度控制及量测的目的。利用该试验装置,对不同温度下非饱和土土水特征曲线进行了测定,所得结果与现有理论结果相吻合。