群桩阻力损失与桩前冲刷研究

水流与群桩间的相互作用是一个较为复杂的问题。此文分析了水流与群桩相互作用的机理，并提出利用群桩阻力损失和群桩的冲刷深度来表达它们间的相互作用。水槽动床试验表明，群桩绕流阻力损失和桩的冲刷深度与桩间距和纵向排数的关系较为密切。     

Engineering application of submerged water jets for sediment removal in a tidal riverbed

Sediment deposition problems have attracted the interest of engineers and researchers. Several experimental studies have been conducted on scour depth using turbulent jets. However, field observation and monitoring have rarely been reported. This study aimed to eliminate sediments on a tidal riverbed using a prototype device, which consisted of a set of submerged vertical water nozzles and submerged horizontal air nozzles. The effectiveness of the water jet in sediment removal during spring and neap tides was evaluated. The quantitative relationships of dimensionless parameters, such as (1) the relative sediment scour volume versus the number of flows from the jet exit, (2) the relative sediment scour volume versus the relative scour depth, and (3) the relative scour size versus the relative jet intensity, were analyzed. The results showed that the freshwater flowing to the sea affected the sediment scour volume during the falling cycle of spring tides. In contrast, the rising cycle of spring tides retarded the freshwater flow, resulting in a decrease in the sediment scour volume. A steep water surface slope accelerated the river flow and further influenced the cross-flow current around the study area. As a result, a highly diffusive turbulent flow was produced, causing suspended sediments to be rapidly removed from the scour hole center. An increase in the number of flows from the jets led to intensified diffusion of turbulent energy into the flow. The rapidly varying water depth caused jet energy to be dissipated before approaching the riverbed, and it significantly affected the scour process during the spring-tide period. The proposed equations can be used to estimate the scour volume, scour size, and re-suspended sediments in tidal rivers within defined ranges of parameters.     

桥墩基础施工河床局部冲刷研究

天然河流中水流受到建筑物的阻碍时，产生紊动涡旋，局部河床泥沙在水流紊动剪应力作用下起动，并被涡旋流带向下游，建筑物局部河床因此受到侵蚀而下降，形成局部冲刷坑。跨河大桥桥墩的局部冲刷就是如此。桥墩及其基础与水深或河床的相对位置影响着局部冲刷深度的发展。本文通过室内试验研究了桥墩下部钢围堰基础施工的相对高程对河床局部冲刷最大深度的影响，探讨了工后钢围堰顶部处于相对水深的不同高度时局部冲刷发展的规律，并将这些影响因素用墩形系数法计入局部冲刷深度计算中，给出了计算公式。本文的研究对目前跨江及跨海大尺度桥墩基础工程施工具有指导意义。     

桩群局部冲淤特性试验研究

通过在宽长水槽中进行的不同排列桩群在不同流速、不同水深的单向恒定均匀流作用下的动床冲淤对比试验研究,经比较分析试验后水槽地形变化的数据资料发现：桩群局部冲淤非常复杂,桩群的存在极大地改变了原有的水沙运动状态,加剧了桩群所在底床泥沙的冲淤,桩群对其所在底床冲淤影响特性不能只用桩群阻力简单解释,而与桩柱排列形式关系最为密切,影响也最大;水流流速及水深的影响实际是通过桩群对流场的改变来实现的。     

群桩冲刷及抛石级配与厚度对防护效果的影响

水下群桩不可避免地发生局部冲刷而使桩基埋深减小,影响上部结构的安全,因此,群桩冲刷及其防护措施十分值得研究.通过实验室水槽试验和结果分析,研究了井字形排列群桩的间距与冲刷深度变化的关系,进而研究抛石颗粒的级配及抛石层厚度对冲刷防护效果的影响.研究发现,桩间净距的增大可使群桩局部冲刷深度减小,与桩间零净距相比,当达到临界...     

托口水电站坝后护岸修复设计及无围堰施工方案

托口水电站坝后护岸水毁严重,范围大、冲坑深,修建临时围堰进行干地施工投资较大.经方案比选,采用旋挖钻孔机械在堆渣平台上钻孔,浇筑C30混凝土灌注桩,桩顶设C25混凝土承台梁,梁内测布置一排Φ32水泥砂浆锚杆,长9.0 m,入岩长度不小于5.0 m.既缩短了工期,又在工程质量和经济方面都取得了较好的效果.     

LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION OF FLOW AROUND CYLINDER ARRAYS AT A SUBCRITICAL REYNOLDS NUMBER

The complex three-dimensional turbulent flows around a cylinder array with four cylinders in an in-line square configuration at a subcritical Reynolds number of 1.5 × 10^4 with the spacing ratio at L/D = 1.5 and 3.5 were investigated using the Large Eddy Simulation （LES）. The full field vorticity and velocity distributions as well as turbulent quantities were calculated in detail and the near wake structures were presented. The results show that the bi-stable flow nature was observed at L/D = 1.5 and distinct vortex shedding of the upstream cylinders occurred at L/D = 3.5 at Re = 1.5 × 10^4. The techniques of Laser Doppler Anemometry （LDA） and Digital Particle Image Velocimetry （DPIV） are also employed to validate the present LES method. The results show that the numerical predictions are in excellent agreement with the experimental measurements. Therefore, the full field instantaneous and mean quantities of the flow field, velocity field and vorticity field can be extracted from the LES results for further study of the complex flow characteristics.     

Experimental investigation and flow analysis of clear-water scour around pier and abutment in proximity

Local scour around bridge piers and abutments is one of the most significant causes of bridge failure. Despite a plethora of studies on scour around individual bridge piers or abutments, few studies have focused on the joint impact of a pier and an abutment in proximity to one another on scour. This study conducted laboratory experiments and flow analyses to examine the interaction of piers and abutments and their effect on clear-water scour. The experiments were conducted in a rectangular laboratory flume. They included 18 main tests (with a combination of different types of piers and abutments) and five control tests (with individual piers or abutments). Three pier types (a rectangular pier with a rounded edge, a group of three cylindrical piers, and a single cylindrical pier) and two abutment types (a wing–wall abutment and a semi-circular abutment) were used. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter was used to measure the three-dimensional flow velocity for analyses of streamline, velocity magnitude, vertical velocity, and bed shear stress. The results showed that the velocity near the pier and abutment increased by up to 80%. The maximum scour depth around the abutment increased by up to 19%. In contrast, the maximum scour depth around the pier increased significantly by up to l71%. The presence of the pier in the vicinity of the abutment led to an increase in the scour hole volume by up to 87% relative to the case with a solitary abutment. Empirical equations were also derived to accurately estimate the maximum scour depth at the pier adjacent to the abutment.     

Numerical modeling of flow and scouring around a cofferdam

When planning river hydraulic structures, the analysis of the hydrodynamic and bed elevation change is of great importance, particularly the assessment of the scour depth around a cofferdam. In this study, the flow field variation and the corresponding scour depth was simulated using two-dimensional hydrodynamic analysis and a bed-load transport model. The hydrodynamic model used the streamlined upwind Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) finite element scheme to solve the Reynolds-averaged turbulent flow equations. Based on the results of flow field analysis, the bed-load transport model was able to simulate the scour hole development, where it was shown that velocity gradients dramatically increase due to the existence of hydraulic structures. The applicability of the model was tested by simulating the velocity field and bed elevation changes around the cofferdam constructed during the Lock and Dam No. 26 replacement project in the Mississippi River. The model created in this study is able to estimate the maximum scour depth, determine the configuration of the cofferdam to suggest changes to reduce any local scour, and suggest if protection materials around the cofferdam are needed.     

丁坝坝头冲淤的三维数值模拟

本文对洪水条件丁坝近体的局部冲淤进行了三维数值模拟。开发了与全三维紊流模型连接计算的泥沙模型。泥沙推移质的计算考虑了床面坡度对推移质输沙率和临界启动剪切力的综合影响。模型经丁坝淹没绕流实验的充分验证。结果详尽讨论了局部冲刷随时间的动态变化过程和动平衡下的河床平面形态特征。     

冰盖下桥墩局部冲刷随时间变化的试验研究

在寒冷地区,河道中冰盖的存在会改变河道流速分布。与明流条件相比,冰盖条件下水流最大流速点会向河床移动,加剧桥墩周围的局部冲刷。过度的局部冲刷会导致桥梁倒塌。基于水槽清水冲刷试验,对冰盖与明流条件下圆柱型桥墩局部冲刷随时间的变化进行了研究,试验结果表明：冰盖下桥墩局部冲刷速率大于明流。平衡冲刷深度比明流条件下的约大12%,且冲刷平衡所需时间比明流条件下的要约大10%。分析了水流强度与无量纲冲刷深度的关系以及冰盖与明流条件下冲刷深度变化速率的差异,给出了冰盖下局部冲刷深度随时间变化的经验方程,研究成果可供实际工程参考。     

Flow structure and scour around circular compound bridge piers – A review

Large amount of literature is presently available on the topic of scour around uniform piers and its control. However, relatively fewer studies have been carried out so far on the topic of flow field and scour around compound piers. The state of art on the topic of flow structure and scour around circular compound piers is presented herein. The available literature reveals that variations in foundation and pier geometry significantly affect the maximum depth of scour and its temporal variation. In case of compound piers the scour depth is highly sensitive to the change in elevation of the top surface of the foundation well. As compared to uniform piers, a reduction is observed in maximum depth of scour around compound pier when the top surface of the well is kept below the general level of river bed. These observations however are yet to be quantified. Results from an experimental study on flow field around the compound piers are also presented.     

冰盖下桥墩局部最大冲刷深度试验研究

冬季寒冷的北方河流易形成冰盖或冰塞,冰盖的存在对桥墩附近局部冲刷产生影响.在清水冲刷条件下,试验研究了有无冰盖条件下,不同流速和水深对桥墩附近局部冲刷的影响.研究结果表明:对比明流条件,冰盖的存在导致更大的近底流速和近底流速梯度,从而桥墩局部最大冲刷深度更大;其它条件相同的情况下,随流速的增大,桥墩局部最大冲刷深度增大...     

三峡工程坝下回流淘刷防治措施的研究

 三峡工程在三期围堰挡水发电期间，由于设在纵向围堰坝段上的排漂孔尚未建成，溢流坝段与下游纵向围堰之间存在宽50 m的空间，当泄洪深孔与导流底孔联合泄流时，坝下右侧的回流导致坝趾处严重淘刷。为解决这一问题，利用三峡枢纽局部整体模型，进行了多种工程措施的水力学试验研究，最后采用在防冲墙上桩号20+151及20+300处分别设置高10 m，18.5 m的隔流墩及坝下设护坦的措施。试验结果表明：护坦减轻了下游纵向围堰左侧坝趾处的回流淘刷，隔流墩明显减轻了防冲墙附近河床的冲刷，确保了坝基和下游纵向围堰的安全。     

NEURAL NETWORK MODELING FOR ESTIMATION OF SCOUR DEPTH AROUND BRIDGE PIERS

It is essential to predict the scour depth around bridge piers for hydraulic engineers involved in the economical design of bridge pier foundation. Conventional investigations have long been of the opinion that empirical scour prediction equations based on laboratory data over predict scour depths. In this article, the Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPN) was applied to predict the scour depth in order to overcome the problem of exclusive and the nonlinear relationships. The observations obtained from thirteen states in USA was verified by the present model. From the comparison with conventional experimental methods, it can be found that the scour depth around bridge piers can be efficiently predicted using the BPN.     

框架式海堤变形模拟与稳定性影响因素分析

以温州框架式海堤为背景,采用有限元强度折减法,分析密排桩结构参数和桩基周围淘蚀对框架式海堤变形及稳定性的影响。计算结果表明:随着密排桩桩长增加,密排桩桩身水平位移不断减小;密排桩径对桩身水平位移的影响较小;密排桩排间距对桩身水平位移基本没有影响;随着桩基周围淘蚀深度的增加,密排桩桩身水平位移不断增大,最大增幅位置都发生在桩顶;随着密排桩桩长和桩径的增加,框架式海堤整体稳定安全系数均增大;密排桩排间距为2.1 m时,框架式海堤整体稳定安全系数最小。     

冰盖条件下桥墩局部冲刷研究进展

冬季,寒冷地区的河流会出现冰盖或冰塞现象。冰盖的存在使水流湿周增加,流速剖面与明流条件下完全不同,最大流速出现在河床表面和冰盖底部之间,具体位置取决于河床和冰盖的相对粗糙程度。因此,冰盖条件下桥墩局部冲刷过程不同于明流条件下的局部冲刷过程。明流条件下的桥墩局部冲刷是国内外学者研究的热点问题之一,但关于冰盖条件下桥墩局部冲刷的研究工作却非常有限。在简要回顾明流条件下桥墩局部冲刷研究成果的基础上,对冰盖条件下桥墩局部冲刷的研究成果进行了综述和讨论,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

长江口河段柔性护滩结构周边河床冲刷形态分析

近年来软体排型式的柔性护滩结构在长江中下游水利工程及航道整治工程中得到广泛应用.此类工程实施后,其外缘通常会产生不同形态的冲刷坑.为研究总结分析此类问题,以长江口深水航道治理工程及其上延工程中的固定断面监测资料为基础,对长江中下游及河口地区软体排及其相关配套工程实施后,软体排外缘的实际冲刷情况进行了梳理.尝试根据引起局部冲刷的动力原因,将冲刷坑形态分为沿软体排冲刷槽、绕流冲刷坑和跌流冲刷坑,并具体分析了不同形态冲刷坑的特征及演变过程.     

LARGE-EDDY AND DETACHED-EDDY SIMULATIONS OF THE SEPARATED FLOW AROUND A CIRCULAR CYLINDER

The separated turbulent flow around a circular cylinder is investigated using Large-Eddy Simulation (LES), Detached-Eddy Simulation (DES, or hybrid RANS/LES methods), and Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS). The purpose of this study is to examine some typical simulation approaches for the prediction of complex separated turbulent flow and to clarify the capability of applying these approaches to a typical case of the separated turbulent flow around a circular cylinder. Several turbulence models, i.e. dynamic Sub-grid Scale (SGS) model in LES, the DES-based Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) and k ? ω Shear-Stress-Transport (SST) models in DES, and the S-A and SST models in URANS, are used in the calculations. Some typical results, e.g., the mean pressure and drag coefficients, velocity profiles, Strouhal number, and Reynolds stresses, are obtained and compared with previous computational and experimental data. Based on our extensive calculations, we assess the capability and performance of these simulation approaches coupled with the relevant turbulence models to predict the separated turbulent flow.     

河床中值粒径对桥墩冲刷坑演化过程的影响

桥墩的局部冲刷导致河床形态变化和桥墩基础埋深减小是桥梁水毁的主要原因。在大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation,LES)的基础上结合水流运动方程和泥沙运动的动理学理论系统地对桥墩基础处的水流冲刷问题进行全时段全方位的三维数值模拟。得到了桥墩基础处的湍流流场流线图及河床形态变化的高程图。重点研究了水流流速和河床颗粒中值粒径对桥墩周边局部冲刷的影响。结果表明:冲刷坑的深度随着初始流速的增大而增加,且冲刷坑形成速度加快;冲刷坑的深度随着河床颗粒中值粒径的减小而增大,但是当颗粒的中值粒径小到一定程度时,由于泥沙颗粒之间的黏聚力增大导致冲刷坑的深度反而减小。