压汞测孔评价劈裂注浆加固效果的室内试验

土体的微结构对土的工程力学特性具有决定性影响,运用压汞试验方法结合扫描电镜对四川省绵阳地区的软粘土进行研究,用压汞测孔技术直接测试评价了劈裂注浆加固软粘土前后的显微结构特征,得到了孔隙分布变化规律、总孔隙面积、孔隙率以及各种半径孔隙所占的比例等特征。研究表明,该地区饱和软粘土主要孔隙半径分布在0.05～1μm之间,劈裂注浆后的复合土体孔隙率降低、总孔隙面积降低、孔隙半径减少、孔隙总体积减少。     

Determining the soil-water retention curve using mercury intrusion porosimetry test in consideration of soil volume change

It is well-known that a close link exists between soil-water retention curve (SWRC) and pore size distribution (PSD). Theoretically, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test simulates a soil drying path and the test results can be used to deduce the SWRC (termed SWRC_MIP). However, SWRC_MIP does not include the effect of volume change, compared with the conventional SWRC that is directly determined by suction measurement or suction control techniques. For deformable soils, there is a significant difference between conventional SWRC and SWRC_MIP. In this study, drying test was carried out on a reconstituted silty soil, and the volume change, suction, and PSD were measured on samples with different water contents. The change in the deduced SWRC_MIP and its relationship with the conventional SWRC were analyzed. The results showed that the volume change of soil is the main reason accounting for the difference between conventional SWRC and SWRC_MIP. Based on the test results, a transformation model was then proposed for conventional SWRC and SWRC_MIP, for which the soil state with no volume change is taken as a reference. Comparison between the experimental and predicted SWRCs showed that the proposed model can well consider the influence of soil volume change on its water retention property.     

高庙子膨润土的土水特征曲线

近年来，用于高放废物深地质处置工程屏障的高压密膨润土越来越受到关注。经过全国范围内的比较和筛选，内蒙古兴和县高庙子膨润土矿床被确定为我国高放废物处置库缓冲材料的首选矿床。采用渗析法和水汽平衡法来控制吸力技术，通过上水特征曲线测定试验、环境扫描电镜和乐汞试验，研究高庙子高压密膨润土在不同吸力下的持水特性及其微观结构特征。利用压汞试验结果推算膨润土在恒体积条件下的土水特征曲线，并与实测数据进行比较。研究结果表明：在不同吸力作用下，膨润土的持水特性与其微观结构之间有着密切关系。     

混凝土渗透性与微观结构关系的研究

根据混凝土的渗透性大小与其孔结构参数直接相关的观点，采用压汞试验测定了水化60d的水泥浆体孔结构和孔分布情况，并采用扫描电镜研究了混凝土的微观结构与形貌。结果表明，水胶比对混凝土的总孔隙率和孔径分布的影响都很大；掺入20％的粉煤灰的混凝土的累积孔隙体积率有所减少，孔径分布偏向于凝胶孔，且其微观结构均匀密实，Ca(OH)２的晶粒含量较少。混凝土微观结构的改善有效地降低了其渗透性。     

胶凝材料性质对干混砂浆抗压强度的影响研究

为了研究胶凝材料性质对干混砂浆抗压强度的影响规律,共制备了24组样品,其中3组样品的微观形貌和孔结构采用扫描电子显微镜和压汞测孔仪(Autopore IV 9500)等测试手段进行了分析。试验结果表明:无论胶凝材料是100%水泥、50%水泥+50%矿渣粉和50%水泥+50%粉煤灰,7 d和28 d砂浆抗压强度均随胶凝材料总量增加而明显提高,增加水泥掺量对砂浆早期强度有利;与以100%水泥为胶凝材料制备的砂浆相比,当每吨干混砂浆中胶凝材料总量分别为100、150、200、250 kg时,以50%水泥+50%矿渣粉为胶凝材料制备的砂浆的抗压强度分别提高47%、55%、10%和0,而以50%水泥+50%粉煤灰为胶凝材料制备的砂浆的抗压强度分别降低77%、66%、56%和44%。与15%水泥制备的砂浆28 d硬化体相比,7.5%水泥+7.5%矿渣制备的砂浆28 d硬化体中水化产物更多或更分散、基体与骨料结合更密实、总孔隙更低及孔径更细;7.5%水泥+7.5%粉煤灰制备的砂浆28 d硬化体中水化产物更少、基体更松散、总孔隙更高及孔径更大。     

水泥乳化沥青砂浆的孔结构及其测试方法对比

采用图像(IA)法测试水泥乳化沥青(CA)砂浆内的球形封闭孔,采用压汞(MIP)法、恒温恒湿干燥(CTHD)法、核磁共振(NMR)法测试其连通孔.结果表明:CA砂浆中的封闭孔平均直径约为150μm,孔隙率取决于新拌CA砂浆的含气量和铝粉掺量,最大孔隙率(体积分数)超过20%;其连通孔主要是半径为10~100nm的毛细孔,孔隙率随水灰比的增加而增大.对比发现,NMR法、MIP法和CTHD法测得的连通孔总孔隙率相近,但前2种方法能测得连续孔径分布,而CTHD法不能.与MIP法相比,NMR法采用吸水饱和试件且在常压下进行测试,对试件微结构的影响较小,其测试结果能更加精确地表征CA砂浆的原始连通孔结构.     

Significance of compaction time delay on compaction and strength characteristics of sulfate resistant cement-treated expansive soil

The addition of cement for stabilization of expansive soils is one of the most commonly used methods. As with every calcium-based stabilizer, the time delay between the physical mixing of the stabilizer and compaction plays an important role in achieving the desired results after stabilization. However, a clear insight on the determination of optimum time delay for achieving the maximum desired compaction properties of cement-stabilized soils is yet to be established. Furthermore, the recent studies highlighted the use of sulfate to mitigate the negative effect of compaction time delay. The only drawback with the use of sulfate along with calcium-based stabilizers is the formation of ettringite, which deteriorates the stabilized soil matrix. In view of this, the present study is aimed at using the sulfate resistant cement (SRC) as a stabilizer along with the controlled addition of sulfate solutions to mitigate the negative effect of compaction time delay in stabilizing the expansive soil. To bring out the above effects, three periods of time delays (0 h, 6 h and 24 h) and three sulfate concentrations of 5000 parts per million (ppm), 10,000 ppm and 20,000 ppm were adopted. The experimental results showed that the delay in compaction resulted in the formation of clogs and reduction of strength of SRC-stabilized expansive soil. Upon sulfate addition to SRC-stabilized expansive soil, the formation clogs was not curtailed and resulted in the formation of ettringite clusters. These formations were captured with the help of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and validated with electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis. Further, an attempt is also made to explain the mechanism of density and strength reduction with the aid of physico-chemical properties and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) studies.     

加速溶蚀条件下铸铁管内衬水泥砂浆的孔结构演变规律

设计了一种用离心工艺制作的内衬水泥砂浆铸铁管试件,采用流动的6mol/L氯化铵溶液对水泥砂浆内衬进行加速溶蚀试验,并利用压汞(MIP)法和X射线断层扫描(X-CT)方法分析了水泥砂浆内衬孔结构的变化.结果表明:加速溶蚀过程中水泥砂浆内衬的孔结构变化明显,溶蚀150d时水泥砂浆内衬中的净浆层孔隙率(体积分数,下同)从溶蚀前的9.57%增加至35.49%,最可几孔径从17.11nm增加到26.30nm,并有少量危害孔(单孔体积大于4×10~(-6) mm~3)出现;溶蚀450d时水泥砂浆内衬中的净浆层孔隙率达到61.54%,并出现大量危害孔;水泥砂浆内衬中的砂浆层孔隙率和危害孔数量随溶蚀时间的增加而增加.     

水泥基复合材料有效孔隙的试验研究与定量表征

为了研究水泥基复合材料传输与孔结构的定量关系,采用二次进汞的方法,系统研究了水灰比为0.23,0.35,0.53的硬化浆体在28 d的孔结构参数。研究表明:二次进汞的方法能很好表征有效孔结构参数,其中有效孔隙率是总孔隙率的25%～50%;由孔径分布曲线可知,水灰比为0.53时出现双峰,第一个峰值对应的是毛细孔的临界孔径,第二个峰值对应于凝胶孔的临界孔径,随水灰比的降低,第一峰值逐渐消失;0.23,0.35,0.53浆体对应的第一峰值分别是0.053,0.062,0.077μm。     

现场运行近50年水工混凝土性能的试验研究

试验研究了龄期近50年混凝土的材料性能.混凝土的抗压强度增长趋势符合对数曲线的关系;劈拉强度与抗压强度存在良好的内在关系,且泊松比的数值与普通混凝土的基本一致;过水水工混凝土的碳化层强度要低于未碳化混凝土的强度,这与碳化混凝土的孔径、总孔隙率及最可几孔径变大,孔结构状况变差有关;长龄期未碳化混凝土的抗渗能力与混凝土的设计强度比较匹配,并没有随着强度的增长而提高,孔结构压汞测试及电镜观察结果揭示了其中的原因.     

基于SEM和MIP试验结构性黏土压缩过程中微观孔隙的变化规律

 为探求土体在变形过程中微结构形态的演化规律,对湛江结构性黏土进行室内压缩试验,通过真空冷冻升华干燥法对天然土和压缩后土制样,进行扫描电子显微镜扫描试验和压汞试验,基于灰度计算土的三维孔隙率,分析压缩过程中微观孔隙的变化规律。结果表明,较二值化处理获得的二维孔隙率,三维孔隙率物理意义明确,求取方法简单,有较高准确性。湛江天然黏土孔径为1.0～0.1 μm的小孔隙组占优,其孔隙体积占总孔隙体积的73%。压缩过程中,P＞?k前,各孔径组分变化甚微。P＞?k后,随压力的增大,小孔隙含量表现为先增加后降低。各孔隙组对外力的敏感度与孔隙体积含量正相关。由于压汞过程存在“瓶颈”效应,其结果可能会夸大小孔隙的分布密度而低估大孔隙的分布密度。结构性黏土压缩过程中微观结构形态的演化可分为结构微调、结构破损、结构固化3个阶段。该研究有助于深入了解土的变形机制,为结构性土的工程设计提供科学的依据。     

Determination of full-scale pore size distribution of Gaomiaozi bentonite and its permeability prediction

Gaomiaozi(GMZ)bentonite is a potential buffer/backfill material for a deep geological disposal of highlevel radioactive waste.It has a wide pore size distribution(PSD)with sizes ranging from several nanometers to more than one hundred microns.Thus,properly characterizing the pore structures of GMZ bentonite is a challenging issue.In this study,pressure-controlled porosimetry(PCP),ratecontrolled porosimetry(RCP),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)were used to investigate the PSD of GMZ bentonite,The results indicate that each method has its limitation,and a combined use of PCP and RCP is suitable to obtain the full-scale PSD of GMZ bentonite.Moreover,we also compared the full-scale PSD with nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)result.It is found that there is no significant difference in the range of PSD characterization between NMR and mercury intrusion method(PCP and RCP).However,in a ce rtain range,the detection accuracy of NMR is higher than that of mercury injection method.Finally,permeability prediction based on PCP and SEM data was conducted,and both of the two methods were found to be able to predict the permeability.The combined method is effective to obtain the full-scale PSD of GMZ bentonite,which is the key to estimation of the sealing ability of bentonite buffer.     

电石渣改良路基过湿土的微观机制研究

 为揭示电石渣改良路基过湿土的强度增长机制,通过无侧限抗压强度、酸碱度、压汞和热重分析试验,从微观角度出发,探讨改良土强度与pH值、孔径分布、火山灰反应产物含量的内在联系,并与石灰改良土进行比较。结果表明,电石渣改良路基过湿土早期强度与生石灰改良土接近,而后期强度为生石灰改良土的1.05～1.16倍;电石渣细粒含量约为生石灰的1.72倍,比表面积大5倍,可保障电石渣与土颗粒接触更充分;电石渣活性Al,Si成分含量约为生石灰的1.71倍,且电石渣改良土pH值可维持在12.4～12.6(而生石灰改良土pH值低于12.4),为火山灰反应提供较好的碱性环境,水化反应更持久;28和120 d龄期时,电石渣改良土的火山灰反应产物含量约为生石灰改良土的1.06和1.10倍,且微孔隙(＜0.007 μm)和小孔隙(0.007～0.900 μm)的体积百分比之和分别约为生石灰改良土的1.05和1.23倍,结构更致密。     

冲击压实法加固湿陷性黄土路基的应用研究

 主要介绍了加固湿陷性黄土路基的一项新技术——冲击压实法。通过常规土工试验及显微结构试验：扫描电镜、压汞分析,并从宏观至微观,定性定量分析了加固效果,同时探讨了冲击压实法的加固机理,并提出合理的施工工艺参数,为进一步在黄土地区推广该项新技术提供了理论依据和实践经验。     

Quantitative two/three-dimensional spatial characterization and fluid transport prediction of macro/micropores in Gaomiaozi bentonite

The sealing performance of a bentonite barrier is highly dependent on its seepage characteristics, which are directly related to the characteristics of its pore structure. Based on scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and focused ion beam-SEM(FIB-SEM), the pore structure of bentonite was characterized at different scales. First, a reasonable gray threshold was determined through back analysis, and the image was binarized based on the threshold. In addition, binary images were used to analyze benton...     

复合胶凝材料的初期水化产物和浆体结构

利用XRD和ESEM研究了由硅酸盐水泥、矿物掺和料和膨胀剂组成的复合胶凝材料的初期水化产物和浆体结构。结果表明：水化产物在水化6h时刚开始成核生长，生成纤维状CSH晶须和六方片状钙矾石微晶，并有过渡性水化产物钾石膏片状晶体和K2S04生成。复合胶凝材料水化1d后，水化产物大量生成，主要为CSH凝胶、Ca(OH)2和钙矾石，并形成致密的浆体结构。     

Characterization of 3D pore nanostructure and stress-dependent permeability of organic-rich shales in northern Guizhou Depression,China

The three-dimensional (3D) pore structures and permeability of shale are critical for forecasting gas production capacity and guiding pressure differential control in practical reservoir extraction. However, few investigations have analyzed the effects of microscopic organic matter (OM) morphology and 3D pore nanostructures on the stress sensitivity, which are precisely the most unique and controlling factors of reservoir quality in shales. In this study, ultra-high nanoscale-resolution imaging experiments, i.e. focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEMs), were conducted on two organic-rich shale samples from Longmaxi and Wufeng Formations in northern Guizhou Depression, China. Pore morphology, porosity of 3D pore nanostructures, pore size distribution, and connectivity of the six selected regions of interest (including clump-shaped OMs, interstitial OMs, framboidal pyrite, and microfractures) were qualitatively and quantitatively characterized. Pulse decay permeability (PDP) measurement was used to investigate the variation patterns of stress-dependent permeability and stress sensitivity of shales under different confining pressures and pore pressures, and the results were then used to calculate the Biot coefficients for the two shale formations. The results showed that the samples have high OM porosity and 85% of the OM pores have the radius of less than 40 nm. The OM morphology and pore structure characteristics of the Longmaxi and Wufeng Formations were distinctly different. In particular, the OM in the Wufeng Formation samples developed some OM pores with radius larger than 500 nm, which significantly improved the connectivity. The macroscopic permeability strongly depends on the permeability of OM pores. The stress sensitivity of permeability of Wufeng Formation was significantly lower than that of Longmaxi Formation, due to the differences in OM morphology and pore structures. The Biot coefficients of 0.729 and 0.697 were obtained for the Longmaxi and Wufeng Formations, respectively.     

Characterization of activated sludge flocs by confocal laser scanning microscopy and image analysis

In this study we present a new approach to determine volumes, heterogeneity factors, and compositions of the bacterial population of activated sludge flocs by 3D confocal imaging. After staining the fresh flocs with fluorescein-isothiocyanate, 75 stacks of images (containing approx. 3000 flocs) were acquired with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The self-developed macro 3D volume and surface determination for the KS 400 software package combined the images of one stack to a 3D image and calculated the real floc volume and surface. We determined heterogeneity factors like the ratio of real floc surface to the surface of a sphere with the respective volume and the fractal dimension (D(f)). According to their significant influence on floc integrity and quality, we also investigated the chemical composition of flocs and quantified their bacterial population structure by using group-specific rRNA-targeted probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization. By a settling experiment we enriched flocs with poor settling properties and determined the above-mentioned parameters. This approach revealed shifts in floc volume, heterogeneity, and bacterial and chemical composition according to the settling quality of the flocs.     

粘土固化浆液固结过程的SEM研究

分析了粘土固化浆液中各组分的水化反应过程以及固化剂的催化机理,用ＳＥＭ方法研究了粘土固化浆液固结过程中的中间产物和反应产物的微观结构,证实了固化剂的催化机理。在此基础上,提出了粘土固化浆液的固结模型。