重塑黏性土及不同砂砾含量土体的起动试验研究

应用冲蚀函数测定仪开展了两种重塑黏土及其砂砾含量分别为20%、40%、60%条件下的起动试验,研究了黏聚力、干密度、砂砾粒径及掺量对土体起动应力的影响。试验结果表明:纯黏性土的起动应力与黏聚力呈线性关系,但两种黏土的斜率变化较大;两种黏性土的起动应力与干密度的关系可统一用指数型表达式确定;不同砂砾含量土体的起动应力与黏性土的黏聚力、砂砾粒径和掺量有关;砂砾粒径一定时,随着掺砂砾量的增加,混合体的起动应力呈先增加后降低的趋势,而砂砾含量一定时,起动应力随着砂砾粒径的增加而增加。最后,提出了重塑黏性土-砂砾混合土体的起动应力表达式。与试验结果的对照表明,该公式可较好地对黏性土-砂砾混合体的起动应力进行预测。     

Hydraulic performance of sewer pipes with deposited sediments.

This paper investigates in-sewer sediment deposit behaviour and its influence on the hydraulic performance of sewer pipes. This evaluation is based on experimental results regarding the mobility of non-cohesive and partly cohesive deposits in a partially full circular pipe. The focus of these tests is on the development of bed forms and friction characteristics. In particular, it is investigated to what extent the bed forms from the non-cohesive and (partly) cohesive sediments affect a sewer's discharge capacity. Based on the laboratory study results and on the existing criteria for sewer design, a generic assessment of a sewer's hydraulic performance is made. The relative discharge factor for a pipe with sediment deposit is analysed in terms of the thickness and roughness of the deposit.     

丁坝局部冲刷坑形态演变及冲刷平衡临界条件

丁坝局部冲刷坑垂向冲深、平面宽度及上下游边坡构成了冲刷坑几何形态的三维特征。局部冲刷达到平衡状态时,冲刷坑上下游边坡保持相对稳定的斜率。其与泥沙颗粒水下休止角大小及冲刷平衡临界条件的关系仍不太明确。一系列清水冲刷试验表明,不同来流强度条件下冲深与展宽速率存在非对称特征,坝体上下游边坡斜率随时间演变振荡衰减至相对稳定坡度。坝体上游坡度均较下游陡,比值近似常量为0.5。边坡斜率略小于泥沙颗粒水下休止角,比值下限近似为常量0.7。     

Scour around submarine pipes due to high-amplitude transient waves

Estimation of scour dimensions below submarine pipelines is a vital step in designing offshore infrastructure. Extreme events like tsunami waves produce strong erosive forces below the underwater pipes, apt to create scour holes, jeopardizing the safety of the structure. Despite the importance of this issue, previous studies have mainly focused on steady flow cases, and the scour pattern below submarine pipes induced by high-amplitude transient waves has rarely been investigated. This paper reports the results of 40 experimental runs on transient wave-induced scour below a model pipe in a laboratory flume under a variety of initial conditions. The variables included the bed particle size and gradation,initial water depth, wave height, and slope of the bed layer. Waves were generated by a sudden release of water from a sluice gate, installed in the middle of the flume. A pressure transducer data acquisition system was used to record the wave heights at different time steps. The results indicate that, with a shallower initial depth of flow, the scour depth is relatively large. It was also found that there exists a direct correlation between the induced wave height and the size of the scour hole. It was observed that, in clear water conditions, the size of the scour hole in coarse sediments is smaller, while in live-bed conditions, larger scour holes are created in coarser sediments. It was also observed that at high wave amplitudes, the live-bed conditions are dominant, and consequently the bed elevation is altered.     

含砂量对黄原胶复合黏性土抗裂和抗冲刷性能的影响

为增强黏性土的抗裂和抗冲刷性能,对掺加不同含量砂土的黄原胶复合黏性土开展了一系列室内蒸发、干缩开裂和抗冲刷试验,通过测算试样含水率和土体抗冲刷系数,结合图形分析软件定量分析了土体表层裂隙的发育情况,以研究复合黏性土体内部水分变化规律及其抗裂和抗冲刷性能。结果表明：随着黏性土中砂土颗粒的掺入,试样的裂隙率、裂隙宽度和受冲刷破坏程度呈现先增大后减小的趋势;当含砂量为30%时,素土及黄原胶复合试样的裂隙率、裂隙宽度和受冲刷破坏程度均为各含砂量下的最大值;当含砂量为50%左右时,对于黄原胶复合黏性土,黄原胶胶体与砂土颗粒形成具有一定强度的稳定结构,其抗冲刷性能得到显著提高。     

泥石流坝后侵蚀坑内部边坡规律实验研究

侵蚀坑内部边坡的大小决定着侵蚀坑的形态和发展,研究侵蚀坑内部边坡的变化规律可为合理估算冲刷范围提供依据.通过室内水槽实验观测,侵蚀坑纵剖面坑内坡度总体表现为上游坡较下游坡陡,并且随着水槽原始坡度以及沟床组成物质的变化而变化.对于具有相同级配的粘性砂和无粘性砂,粘性砂的侵蚀坑坑内坡度较无粘性砂的要陡.定义侵蚀坑上下游出口与其最深点连线的倾角为侵蚀坑坑内上下游坡度,通过对实验数据进行回归分析,建立了侵蚀坑坑内坡度与泥沙的水下休止角以及沟床原始纵坡之间的定量关系.     

跨海桥梁基础冲刷特征研究

在我国近海海域,跨海桥梁基础冲刷是影响大桥安全的重要因素之一。基于金塘大桥2014、2015和2017年桥墩基础冲刷实测资料,并结合建桥前地形测验资料进行了案例分析,解析出了往复潮流条件下桥墩基础的一般冲刷及局部冲刷深度,金塘大桥中引桥桥墩一般冲刷深度为3.3~3.6 m,平均局部冲刷深度约8.3 m。往复潮流条件下桥墩基础局部冲刷坑受双向潮流影响向上下游延伸,形状呈椭圆形,各墩冲刷坑纵向长度与最大局部冲刷深度呈近似线性关系,长度约为局部冲刷深度的10~12倍,而各墩冲刷坑横向宽度则基本一致,约为桥墩基础宽度的4~5倍,与最大局部冲刷深度无明显相关性。跨海桥梁基础冲刷深度计算方法及冲刷坑形态特征的研究成果可供跨海大桥基础设计、运行维护及基础冲刷防护参考。     

射流作用下不同沙床动态冲坑变化规律的试验研究

基于泥沙动力学和射流冲刷理论,对粗沙沙床和中沙沙床在某一流速下进行不同靶距的淹没射流实验,通过高速摄像机捕捉动态冲坑在短时间内的发展变化,分析了在前10s和前1s内的坑深发展规律。并将前1s等分成24个时间段分析其细微变化。结果表明:冲坑深度在前10s内基本呈对数规律发展;射流冲刷刚开始时中沙沙床冲坑深度的发展趋势有时滞后于粗沙沙床;冲坑深度随时间有先增加后减小的趋势,在此流速下存在一个最优靶距。此实验的研究成果在疏浚工程施工作业时具有一定的参考价值。     

重塑粗粒土-黏性土混合物冲刷特性研究

针对粗粒土-黏性土混合物的冲刷特性与无黏性土、黏性土的不同,采用冲刷函数测定仪对三种重塑粗粒土-粉质黏土混合物进行了冲刷特性试验研究,分析了不同粉质黏土含量情况下三种混合土体冲刷速率和起动切应力的变化规律,根据冲刷速率和起动切应力的取值确定了三种混合土体临界黏性颗粒含量的范围。随黏性颗粒含量的增加混合土体的冲刷行为逐渐由无黏性变为黏性,基于这一特点,提出冲刷黏性度的概念,作为衡量混合土体是否具有黏性冲刷行为的度量,考虑无黏性颗粒粒径和黏粒含量对混合土体冲刷特性的影响,给出冲刷黏性度表达式,根据本文冲刷试验数据确定了表达式参数的取值,通过已有其他试验数据,验证了冲刷黏性度表达式的合理性和准确性。     

基于Flow-3D的水平射流冲刷泥沙数值模拟

为了模拟分析闸口水平射流对下游泥沙冲刷的全过程,基于水工模型试验,采用Flow-3D软件中的泥沙冲刷模型结合RNG模型和FAVOR方法,进行了水平射流冲刷固定底板下游泥沙的模拟试验。根据原水工模型条件,结合模型试验结果,对冲刷过程中的水面线、流速分布、冲坑深度和堆丘高度进行了对比分析。结果显示,数值模拟与原试验结果中水面线和流速分布吻合度很高,冲刷过程中的冲坑深度与堆丘的高度也很接近。分析了冲刷过程中的泥沙运动,模拟了不同粒径泥沙的冲刷过程并将结果进行对比,发现达到冲刷平衡阶段时冲坑深度与堆丘高度随泥沙粒径的增大而减小,该结论符合理论分析,证明该软件中泥沙模型可用于物理试验中的有关变量分析。     

桥墩振动对其局部冲刷的影响

为了探究桥墩振动对其局部冲刷的影响,以圆柱型桥墩为例,开展了不同泥沙底床条件下的振动桥墩局部冲刷水槽试验。结果表明,在振动载荷下,对于中值粒径分别为14.42μm、31.75μm和85.92μm的细颗粒底床,当振动强度从0增大至3.72,最大冲刷深度和最大冲刷半径均随之增大;中值粒径为14.42μm的泥沙底床最大冲刷深度增幅最大达910%,且粒径越大,增幅越小。对于中值粒径为260μm的粗颗粒底床,当振动强度从0增至2.31,最大冲刷深度降低了37.50%,而最大冲刷半径增加了38.37%。因此,桥墩的振动对其局部冲刷有着重要影响,且对细颗粒底床和粗颗粒底床的影响不同。桥墩振动导致有黏性的细颗粒泥沙发生流变从而加剧了其局部冲刷;而无黏性的粗颗粒泥沙受到振动作用而加密,其局部冲刷削弱。提出了考虑桥墩振动的局部冲刷深度计算公式,其理论计算值与实测值相对误差在±20%的数据达87.5%,能够为涉水桥梁基础埋深的设计提供更合理的计算依据。     

Critical velocities for local scour around twin piers in tandem

Experiments of the local scour around twin piers are carried out under steady clear-water conditions, including 95 tests to observe the influence of the pier spacing and the flow velocity on the local scour characteristics of the twin piers. It is shown that the start of the transition region is synchronous with the sediment transport from the upstream scour hole to the downstream one. The equations for the critical velocities are derived to quantify the velocity range of each of four different scour regions. Finally, a prediction formula of the downstream pier scour depth in the radical-deviation region is established.     

波流作用下淹没圆柱局部冲深影响因素分析

淹没圆柱在海洋工程中运用广泛,局部冲刷对此类建筑物的安全有较大影响。为掌握该类型建筑物在波流作用下的冲刷特性,在波流水槽内开展了一系列试验研究。试验将圆柱模型安装在波流水槽中部的沙槽内,沙槽内铺设中值粒径0.22 mm的无黏性沙,形成平底海床。试验中圆柱处于淹没情况,改变入射波流条件,观测多种波流作用下,不同高度淹没圆柱周围的局部冲刷深度发展过程,分析了多种无量纲参数对局部冲刷深度的影响。结果表明:当KC数不变时,冲刷深度s/D随着相对流速U_cw和Fr的增大而增大,当Fr增大到一定程度时(Fr>0.80),冲刷深度s/D趋于稳定; U_cw在固定范围内时,冲刷深度s/D随KC数的增加而增加,增长速率逐渐变慢; 引入淹没因子K_s,得到了淹没圆柱与非淹没圆柱的冲刷深度计算关系式。     

Bed morphology, flow structure, and sediment transport at the outlet of Lake Huron and in the upper St. Clair River

An integrated multibeam echo sounder and acoustic Doppler current profiler field survey was conducted in July 2008 to investigate the morphodynamics of the St. Clair River at the outlet of Lake Huron. The principal morphological features of the upper St. Clair River included flow-transverse bedforms that appear weakly mobile, erosive bedforms in cohesive muds, thin non-cohesive veneers of weakly mobile sediment that cover an underlying cohesive (till or glacio-lacustrine) surface, and vegetation that covers the bed. The flow was characterized by acceleration as the banks constrict from Lake Huron into the St. Clair River, an approximately 1500-m long region of flow separation downstream from the Blue Water Bridge, and secondary flow connected to: i) channel curvature; ii) forcing of the flow by local bed topography, and iii) flow wakes in the lee side of ship wrecks. Nearshore, sand-sized, sediment from Lake Huron was capable of being transported into, and principally along, the banks of the upper St. Clair River by the measured flow. A comparison of bathymetric surveys conducted in 2007 and 2008 identifies that the gravel bed does undergo slow downstream movement, but that this movement does not appear to be generated by the mean flow, and could possibly be caused by ship-propeller-induced turbulence. The study results suggest that the measured mean flow and dredging within the channel have not produced major scour of the upper St. Clair River and that the recent fall in the level of Lake Huron is unlikely to have been caused by these mechanisms.     

Estimation of Scour Downstream of a Ski-Jump Bucket Using Support Vector and M5 Model Tree

Estimation of scour downstream of a ski-jump bucket has been a topic of research among hydraulic engineers. For estimation of scour downstream of ski jump bucket, several empirical models are in use. In recent years, there has been emphasis to develop models which are capable of producing scour with high accuracy. Use of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach to model depth, width and length of scour hole indicates that performance of ANN models is far better than existing empirical models. At present, use of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and M5 Pruned Model Tree are being considered in different disciplines to further improve upon the performance of ANN models as a potential alternate. With this in view, the present study deals with the development of regression models for computing various parameters of scour hole using SVMs and M5 Model Tree. A comparative evaluation of the performance of ANN versus SVMs and M5 Model Tree clearly shows that SVMs and M5 Model Tree can prove more useful than ANN models in estimation of scour downstream of a ski jump bucket. Further, M5 model tree offers explicit expressions for use by design engineers.     

On stability of MHD flows located on the surface of axisymmetric torus

The erosion process of a cohesive sediment after consolidation was studied experimentally in a closed conduit system.The test samples investigated in this study are mixtures of sand and clay with variable compositions and different consolidation times.The main concern of this study is the effects of the dry density of the consolidated sediment on scour rate.A scour rate formula is derived and further interpreted based on the experimental results.     

三峡工程泄洪坝段下游动床冲刷形态演变过程研究

为验证模型试验坝下动床冲刷坑形态与原型之间的差异,探讨下游冲刷演变过程,用散粒料模拟冲刷岩基,选取3组典型工况复演三峡枢纽蓄水以来泄洪坝段下游冲刷情况。研究表明不同阶段的典型试验工况与相对应条件的原型实测地形整体形态基本相似,说明冲坑形态演变与岩基地质特性有关。     

Effect of side slope of main channels on formation and penetration of scour hole in confluences

In an open‐channel confluence, deep scour holes and depositional point bars are usually formed due to high bed‐shear stresses and secondary circulations. In the present study, presuming the effectiveness of channel geometry on the flow dynamics at the confluence, some variables including different side slope angles of the main channel (θ = 45°, 60°, 75°, 90°), lateral to downstream discharge ratio (Q_r), and downstream densimetric Froude number (Fr_g3) were experimentally studied under clear‐water condition for the confluence angle α = 90°. According to the results, the increase of θ led to a greater penetration of scour hole across the main and tributary channels, whereas a little scour development was observed along those channels. Meanwhile, an increase in Q_r and Fr_g3 caused further scouring, but their effects on the dimensions of scour hole diminished with increase of θ. Thus, with increase of Q_r from 0.194 to 0.552, the mean penetration rate of scour hole to all directions for θ = 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90° was obtained 42.8%, 32.4%, 25%, and 20.5%, respectively. In addition, considering the effect of θ, Q_r, and Fr_g3, some empirical relationships were obtained for estimating the penetration length of scour hole. The derived relationships show that Fr_g3 plays more important role on the dimensions of scour hole than θ.     

圆柱桥墩局部冲刷机理试验研究

为进一步探索圆柱桥墩局部冲刷机理,分别从桥墩附近水流流速分布特性、桥墩冲刷特性以及冲刷与流速相互关系对圆柱桥墩顺水流向不同布置方式的局部冲刷水力学特征进行了模型试验研究.结果表明:两排10桥墩顺水流(桥墩轴向与水流方向夹角分别为90°,60°,30°,0°)均匀布置时,桥墩轴向与流向夹角越小,流速在桥墩上下游紊动越小,对下游影响范围越大,且流速越大,冲刷深度和范围越大.顺水流布置0°夹角时,冲刷程度最小,在相同流量下,冲刷稳定历时最短;垂直布置(90°夹角)时,冲刷程度最严重,所需冲刷稳定历时最长,且随着流量的增大,桥墩墩前冲刷坑最深位置逐渐向水槽中间偏移.     

侧向水流作用下均匀沙休止角变化的试验研究

散体沙动水休止角是表征沙丘、沙洲等散体沙堆积体稳定形态的重要特征参数,在岸坡稳定分析、坝前冲刷漏斗形态研究中有着广泛的应用。采用室内试验的方法研究了侧向水流作用下不同粒径天然均匀散体沙水下休止角的变化规律。结果表明:在水流流速超过泥沙颗粒起动流速后,天然散体沙水下休止角随流速增大而减小,且减小的速度随着流速的进一步增加而更加迅速;相同流速条件下,粗颗粒泥沙的水下休止角大于细颗粒,其对流速变化的敏感度也低于细颗粒。基于侧向水流边坡上泥沙颗粒的受力分析,引入相对流速概念,初步建立了侧向水流作用下均匀散体沙动水休止角计算公式及其简化形式。