以纳米SO_2粒子为模板由不同炭前躯体制备中孔炭(英文)

以纳米SO2粒子为模板,酚醛树脂、中间相沥青和聚丙烯腈为炭前躯体制备中孔炭。利用氮气吸附、元素分析和X-射线光电子能谱等分析了不同种类炭前躯体对中孔炭的影响。结果表明:在炭化温度和纳米粒子添加量相同的情况下,不同炭前躯体所制中孔炭的孔结构和表面化学性质不同。中间相沥青基中孔炭中微孔和中孔含量最少,酚醛基中孔炭中含有丰富的微孔和中孔,聚丙烯腈基中孔炭中含有大量的含氮官能团。     

介孔炭材料及介孔炭/氧化硅复合材料对大分子有机污染物的吸附

介孔炭材料与活性炭相比具有较大的孔体积和孔径,高的比表面积以及规则的孔道结构,而介孔炭/氧化硅复合材料兼顾了活性炭与介孔材料的优点,因此在吸附大分子有机污染物方面有很好的应用前景。笔者综述了近年来介孔炭,负载/修饰后的介孔炭,介孔炭/氧化硅复合材料的制备和最新研究进展。在制备方面,根据其制备机理的不同可分为硬模板法和软模板法,制备出有序的介孔炭与介孔炭/氧化硅复合材料。在应用方面,重点介绍了介孔炭材料和介孔炭/氧化硅复合材料对大分子有机污染物的吸附性能。进而对介孔炭/氧化硅复合材料在吸附方面的应用进行了展望。     

介孔碳负载铂催化剂的制备及降解甲醛的研究

以嵌段共聚物F127为软模板,低分子量酚醛树脂为前驱体,通过溶剂挥发诱导自组装(EISA)方法制得介孔碳(OMC),经浸渍还原法制备介孔碳负载铂催化剂(Pt/OMC)。采用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附等温线等对其进行了表征。Pt/OMC对甲醛的催化性能结果表明,反应7h甲醛的去除率可达92.5%,甲醛可矿化为CO2。还研究了甲醛的降解机理,甲醛首先被氧化成甲酸,然后再矿化为CO2和H2O。     

介孔炭作为加氢脱硫催化剂载体材料的研究

以介孔硅SBA-15为模板,焦糖和呋喃醇为碳源,通过多种浇注法制备介孔炭材料.采用低温氮吸附、透射电镜和X射线小角衍射分析模板及介孔炭的织构.结果显示合成的介孔炭成功地复制了SBA-15的结构.以制备的介孔炭作载体担载钴钼合成了加氢脱硫催化剂,利用X射线能谱、透射电镜能量分布谱及一氧化氮化学吸附评估了催化剂的活性及活性点分布,结果表明介孔炭担载的催化剂活性高于活性炭担载的同类催化剂.     

Synthesis of carbon microspheres from urea formaldehyde resin

Carbon microspheres were synthesized through polymerization of urea/formaldehyde in the presence of formic acid as catalyst, followed by drying and carbonization in an inert atmosphere. The samples were characterized by SEM, XRD, HRTEM, elemental analysis and XPS. The obtained carbon microspheres were amorphous indicated by the results of XRD and HRTEM. The changes of nitrogen functionalities at 400-1000 °C were determined by XPS. The fraction of pyridine nitrogen and pyrrole/pyridone nitrogen decreased with increasing temperature, whereas the amount of quaternary nitrogen increased.     

结构有序、双重孔隙中孔炭材料的合成与表征

采用纳米涂层技术,以介孔分子筛SBA 15为模板,在其纳米孔道内引入糠醇/草酸溶液,经原位聚合,炭化后制得炭/SBA 15复合物。采用化学法脱除模板后制得具有规则结构的中孔炭。高分辨TEM表征结果显示该中孔炭是由纳米炭管相互联接、堆积而成,且具有六方对称结构。氮吸附结果显示其比表面积高达2000m2/g,孔径呈双峰分布。孔径相对较大的孔隙来源于SBA 15孔道经纳米涂层后所保留的孔隙;孔径相对较小的孔隙来源于SiO2移除后遗留的纳米孔空间。该方法可应用于以其他多孔氧化硅为模板制备新型纳米复合物的研究过程。     

不同结构中孔炭材料的制备和热稳定性研究

利用溶剂挥发自组装的方法制备了2种不同孔结构中孔炭材料。低温N2吸脱附、SAXS、HRSEM和TEM测试表明,所制备的材料分别具有柱状结构和墨水瓶状的中孔结构。考察了不同炭化温度对2种结构中孔炭的影响,结果表明柱状结构的中孔炭材料具有较好的热稳定性。     

The effect of carbon precursor on the pore size distribution of mesoporous carbon during templating synthesis process

The starch and cyclodextrin were selected as the precursors and the mixture of surfactant and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as template to prepare mesoporous carbon. The result showed that a bimodal pore size distribution in mesoporous carbon derived from starch appeared; one was around 3.4 nm and the other ranged from 3.8 to 16.2 nm. However, there existed a concentrated pore size distribution from 3.2 to 4.2 nm in mesoporous carbon derived from cyclodextrin. The different molecular structure of starch and cyclodextrin and their polymerization process in the presence of sulfur acid were responsible for the resulted mesoporous carbon structure; the starch could polymerize by head to head or side by side, but the cycleodextrin was only polymerized by head to head.     

通过再活化浸渍金属盐的活性炭来发展中孔结构

研究了在椰子壳活性炭上浸渍金属盐（硝酸铁和硫酸铁）后，在二氧化碳气氛中催化活化对中孔结构的影响。发现硝酸铁对活性炭比表面积（-1930m^2／g）的增加和中孔结构（-10nm）的发展更有效。改性活性炭具有发达的中孔结构，显示了更大的维生素B12吸附容量（是改性前的5倍～8倍）和更快的吸附速度。中孔结构的发展基于三个方面的原因：（1）在活化过程中，浸渍在活性炭微孔内的金属盐分解所释放的氧化性气体与微孔碳壁反应，扩大了孔径；（2）在高温下，来自于金属盐的金属氧化物被碳还原，扩大了孔径；（3）在金属铁存在下，碳壁被催化活化，大大提高了活性炭的中孔率。由此提供了一种廉价的从商业活性炭制备中孔活性炭的有效途径。     

Highly mesoporous carbon with high capacitance from carbonization of phenol-formaldehyde resin

Porous carbon material with high surface area and highly mesoporous structure has been successfully prepared from phenol-formaldehyde resin by combining Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and ZnCl₂ as activation agents. The as-prepared carbon material exhibits large specific double layer capacitance of 122 F g^− 1 at 120 mA g^− 1 in the electrolyte of 1 M Et₄NBF₄/PC, which is attributed to its high specific surface area and well-developed mesopores. Moreover, it can retain as high as 86.88% of its initial specific capacitance, when the specific current increases from 120 mA g^− 1 to 2 A g^− 1. It is also found that the energy density of this material still maintains up to 21.2 Wh kg^− 1 at the power density of 2400 W kg^− 1.     

双模板结构导向剂制备有序介孔炭

以间苯二酚/甲醛制备的酚醛树脂为碳前躯体,三嵌段共聚物F127和P123作为主辅结构导向剂,采用有机-有机自组装的方法制备有序介孔炭(Ordered mesoporous carbons,简称OMCs)。采用X射线衍射仪、透射电镜和N2吸/脱附手段对所制OMCs进行表征,研究了反应时间以及主辅模板剂的比例对介孔孔道结构的影响。结果表明,随着反应时间从24h延长至72 h,介孔炭有序性先增后减;当主辅模板剂F127/P123摩尔比为0.002 7∶0.002 7时,所得介孔炭有序性较好,为P6mm型孔道结构,介孔孔容和比表面积分别为0.59 cm3/g和640.34 m2/g,平均孔径为3.68 nm.     

不同环境中秸秆/SPI改性脲醛树脂复合材料花盆降解行为

为研究不同环境中秸秆/大豆分离蛋白(SPI)改性脲醛树脂复合材料花盆的降解性能,采用土壤掩埋(SB)和户外曝露(OE)2种方式对试样进行降解处理,通过力学性能、质量损失和吸水性测试,热重-红外联用(TG-FTIR),SEM和EDS能谱对花盆的结构和性能进行了研究。结果显示: 与对照组(US)相比,经SB和OE降解处理12个月后,花盆的抗拉强度分别下降了36.51%和19.92%,抗拉弹性模量分别下降了9.38%和3.92%,断裂伸长率分别减少了41.36%和36.61%,质量损失率分别为13.74%和4.69%,且试样吸水性均增强。 TG-FTIR联用分析表明: 降解处理后花盆的热解脱气条件变得温和,最大热解峰延后。SEM扫描观察发现: SB处理后花盆表面腐蚀度及形貌变化大于OE处理后的,两者表面C和N含量均显著下降,表明秸秆/SPI改性脲醛树脂复合材料花盆经SB和OE处理后均发生不同程度降解,SB处理后花盆的降解速率高于OE处理后的 。     

Application of three-dimensionally reinforced carbon–carbon composites to dovetail joint structures

In development of an air-turbo-ramjet engine with an expander cycle (ATREX) for a space plane, application of carbon–carbon (C/C) composites plays an important role to achieve high performance. Above all, dovetail joints are one of the key structures to realize the turbine system made of C/C composites. In this study, the feasibility of dovetail joints made of three-dimensionally reinforced C/C composites was investigated. Tensile tests were carried out on simplified dovetail joint models. The shoulder angles of the dovetail joint and fiber volume fractions of the C/C composites were taken as parameters to optimize the shape of the dovetail joint. Finite element analyses were also carried out for various cases. Comparison between the experimental and the calculated results suggests that fracturing of the dovetail joint was controlled by the average shear stress, which implies that the shear stress concentration on the shoulder was relaxed during the fracture process. It was also shown that the dovetail joint made of C/C composites is feasible for use in the ATREX engine.     

A new kind of mesoporous Fe7Co3/carbon nanocomposite and its application as magnetically separable adsorber

A new kind of magnetic mesoporous Fe₇Co₃/carbon nanocomposite has been successfully synthesized for the first time via a simple cocasting method. By introducing Fe₇Co₃ alloy nanoparticles into mesoporous carbon, the magnetic property of the nanocomposite is greatly improved compared to using a single metal Fe or Co nanoparticles, which makes the porous carbon easily separated from solution by an external magnetic field. The nanocomposite is successfully applied to magnetically separable adsorber and exhibits excellent performance of adsorption for bulk dyes due to its high surface area (up to 1429 m²/g) and pore volume (up to 1.93 cm³/g).     

酚醛树脂为前驱体制备多孔碳泡沫材料

以液态酚醛树脂为前驱体,正戊烷为发泡剂,吐温80为匀泡剂,在高压釜中通过卸压发泡的方法制备了酚醛树脂泡沫,然后将其经1000℃碳化后得到碳泡沫.研究结果表明,所得的典型碳泡沫样品是一种以无定形碳结构为主的轻质多孔碳材料,密度约为0.15g/cm3.碳泡沫的微结构可以通过调节卸压速率而得到有效控制,当卸压速率为0.05MPa/min时,可以得到孔洞相互贯穿、平均孔径约为300μm且分布较为均匀、接点完好,韧带光滑的多孔碳泡沫.     

湿热环境下介质因素对CF/UPR复合材料的影响

研究了45℃几种介质环境中碳纤维/不饱和聚酯树脂(CF/UPR)复合材料的吸湿特性和静态力学性能的变化规律,对湿热老化前后CF/UPR复合材料进行了IR和SEM分析。结果表明,CF/UPR复合材料在5%NaCl和5%H2SO4的吸湿行为符合菲克第二定律,浸泡720h后,复合材料弯曲强度保留率均发生下降,且以碱性条件下的弯曲强度保留率下降最为严重;IR和SEM结果表明,湿热环境导致该复合材料发生基体的水解反应、界面脱粘以及基体塑化、溶胀并由此产生裂纹等缺陷。     

不同湿热条件下碳纤维/环氧复合材料湿热性能实验研究

对比研究了环氧5228A树脂及碳纤维/环氧5228A树脂复合材料层合板在3种湿热环境(水煮、70℃水浸,70℃85%相对湿度)下的湿热性能,考察了湿热条件对复合材料层间剪切性能的影响规律,并从吸湿特性、物理化学特性、树脂力学性能、湿应力等方面分析了不同湿热环境下复合材料性能衰减的机制。研究表明,碳纤维/高温固化环氧树脂复合材料层间剪切性能主要是由吸湿率决定,相同吸湿率不同湿热条件下性能的下降幅度基本相同;3种湿热条件下该树脂及其复合材料未发生化学反应、微裂纹等不可逆变化,复合材料层合板湿热老化机制主要是吸入水分后基体增塑和树脂、纤维湿应变不一致导致的湿应力对复合材料性能的负面作用。     

不同环境下宽径比对碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料开孔层压板压缩失效的影响

复合材料结构强度的参数影响研究是结构设计的必要内容,然而还缺乏在不同湿热环境条件下结构尺寸对其强度的影响研究。采用数值和试验方法研究了宽径比（W/D）对不同湿度、温度时T800/X850碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料（CF/EP）开孔层压板压缩强度的影响。设计了参数影响研究试件,通过试验获得了不同湿热条件下的开孔层压板压缩失效结果;并利用现有的考虑湿热影响的复合材料渐进损伤方法,建立了湿热及几何参数影响的渐进损伤模型,通过将预测结果与试验结果对比验证了模型正确性。进一步结合试验和数值分析,揭示了不同湿热条件下几何参数的影响规律。研究表明:湿热环境对T800/X850 CF/EP开孔板的压缩失效载荷影响显著,相比于室温干态（RTD）,室温湿态（RTW）和高温湿态（ETW）压缩失效载荷分别下降了7.75%和14.68%; RTW和RTD失效形式接近,ETW失效形式不同且失效面积更大; RTW和RTD时压缩失效强度随W/D的增大而增大,增大速度相似,ETW增大速度比前两者慢。