三门峡水利枢纽建设的经验与教训

阐述了黄河三门峡水利枢纽工程兴建、改建过程的经验与教训。教训产生于兴建过程中在规划上的失误，在指导思想上急于求成，要黄河清，但对泥沙运动规律认识不足，在处理中、下游关系和国民经济各部门关系上缺乏辩证的观点。经验积累于改建过程，不仅使水库发挥出综合利用效益，而且总结出一套在多泥沙河流上修建水库应遵循的原则和须采取的措施。     

水权理论与南水北调工程水权分配

南水北调是一项跨流域、跨省市的远距离调水工程，由于沿线各省（市）的自然地理、人口、资源、社会、经济等状况各不相同，因此必然存在流域、城市之间用水矛盾和利益协调问题。通过对国内外水权现状进行研究，根据水权基本理论，从我国社会主义市场经济体制、水资源状况和南水北调工程实际出发，提出了南水北调工程水权分配的基本思路、原则和程序。     

国家水网的理论内涵与战略策略关系

全面总结国内外水网建设实践与相关研究进展，系统分析国家水网概念内涵、体系构成、功能结构、优势特 点，提出国家水网构建的基础理论与遵循原则。从普适含义和方法论角度，分析总体目标与基本策略的深刻涵义 和二者的辩证关系。在此基础上，从国家水网构建的建设任务与技术路线、基本理念与具体举措、水网“纲、目、 结”结构、水网层次体系、水网功能任务等角度，分析推进国家水网建设中需要重点把握的几方面关系，以期为国 家水网建设提供战略支撑及策略储备。     

Management of International Waters: Opportunities and Constraints

Global water demands are likely to increase steadily in the foreseeable future due to increases in population growth in the developing world and changes in per capita demand as a result of changing lifestyles in nearly all parts of the world. Since all exclusively national sources of water that could be used economically have already been developed, or are in the process of development, there would be tremendous pressure to develop international water bodies, which are often the only new sources of water that could be used cost-effectively. These international water sources have not been developed in the past, primarily because of absence of agreements on water allocations between the countries concerned. Thus, the potential for conflicts in the 21st century between the countries on various international water bodies is likely to be much higher than at present. International organizationscan play an important role as mediators in conflicts on international water bodies. However,except for Eugene Black, President of the World Bank, who played a critical role in the 1950s on the formulation of the Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan, their contributions have been somewhat marginal. These organizations have become increasingly risk-averse during the past three decades, and their leaderships have given the potentially thorny issue of development of international rivers a wide berth. In 1970, the United Nations decided to take up the case of the law of the non-navigable uses of international watercourses. Some 27 years later, the UN General Assembly approved, on 8 July 1997, a convention on this subject. The convention, though a useful step, is very broad, general and vague, and thus is likely to be of only limited help to the negotiators on the various international watercourses.Even when the convention is ratified, agreements on the development and management of international water bodies are likely to be achieved only through protracted negotiations between the countries concerned, as has been the case in the past.     

做好初始水权分配促进水资源优化配置

客观的市场经济规律决定了水权交易的基本流向是:不断地从弱势经济向强势经济转移,在转移过程中逐步提高水资源的承载力和使用效率.坚持在水权的初始分配中保证农业用水的使用权,符合初始水权分配的基本原则,有利于水权交易的顺利进行.通过水权市场交易,可以逐步实现水资源的优化配置,达到以水资源的可持续利用支持国民经济和社会的可持续发展.     

基于蛋白质分泌机制的水污染扩散问题的演化博弈计算分析

通过对水污染扩散的时空演化的分析,对水污染演化过程中迁移扩散运动的复杂行为进行了研究,建立了流域污染物扩散演化规律的数学模型。借鉴蛋白质分泌过程产生的信号肽在细胞基质中指引分泌蛋白合成的自组织演化序列行为,提出一种基于蛋白质分泌调节机制的生物情智学习行为的演化博弈算法。该系统的情智选择行为具有较高的自组织、自调节能力,保证算法搜索寻优行为的决策具有有效性。仿真计算结果表明:本文算法具有较强的自适应求解能力,为分析水资源的污染提供了定量的分析工具。     

Interaction between Stakeholders and Research for Integrated River Basin Management

Integrated Water Management calls for basin-wide coordination of activities related to land and water use. The need for multi-stakeholder involvement, the necessity to integrate scientific approaches and local information, the process of mutual communication, the results of discussions on integrated water and river management at the basin scale and decisions for further action are reviewed and illustrated. In the Pantanal, Brazil, stakeholders have had an essential role in developing knowledge for decision-making in river management. Integrated knowledge was generated by combining different types of scientific knowledge with visions, information and solutions developed in cooperation with local, regional and national stakeholders. The process showed that this integrated knowledge was essential for involvement of stakeholders in problem formulation, identification of solutions and decision-making on preferred developments. Stakeholders have helped to direct the research process by bringing in ideas about causes and solutions and adding local and regional knowledge to the research process. Once involved in the process, stakeholders took on board new ideas and visions, and were critical about solutions. Research is important in gaining insight in complex processes (climate, hydrology, geology, ecosystems and politics); stakeholders display a wide knowledge of the regional history that generally is not documented and inaccessible to scientists. The conclusion is that cooperation between stakeholders and researchers in this case has started a chain of actions that is still continuing.     

“Good Dredging Practices”: The Place of Traditional Eco-livelihood Knowledge

Residents of most rural communities in developing countries depend on surface water resources for their livelihoods. The development and management of this vital resource should as much as possible take into consideration local socio-economic priorities if sustainable development is to be achieved at local levels in these countries. Inland river dredging is a water resource management strategy usually aimed at improving water courses for navigation, land reclamation and or mitigate flood in the dredged catchment. Dredging operations like most development projects have impacts that are often localised, and benefits that could be local, regional or national. “Good dredging practices”, GDP, in industrialised countries have been aimed at balancing national/regional economic benefits, technical feasibility and environmental protection. These practices rely heavily on the quality, and quantity of available relevant base-line data. In most developing countries there is a dearth of baseline data, and often national/regional economic gains do not necessarily translate into local livelihood benefits. Hence, the basis of GDP should be extended to incorporate local livelihoods priorities, without ignoring the relevance of scientific data when it is available, the issue of technical feasibility, environmental sustainability and economic viability. This approach is relevant to the demand for equitable development in the developing world; could be used in conjunction with traditional eco-livelihoods knowledge in developing or determining appropriate approaches for sustainable surface water resources management, as well as reducing environmental conflicts between stakeholders.     

Hydraulic bureaucracies and Irrigation Management Transfer in Uzbekistan: the case of Samarkand Province

Since the 1990s, Irrigation Management Transfer has been considered the world over to be a policy aimed at rolling back state influence in water management according to a neo-liberal approach. The initiative was endorsed by international organizations as a way of reforming the water sector in developing countries. Reflecting on this process, the role of hydraulic bureaucracies in driving reforms oriented towards IMT has often been neglected in academic debate. This article discusses the logic of IMT implementation and the establishment of Water Users' Associations (WUAs) in Uzbekistan, specifically in Samarkand province. These dynamics have been analysed over the last 10 years showing different trajectories within Uzbekistan. Data were collected through extensive fieldwork in three districts in Samarkand province. The evidence acquired shows that, on the one hand, WUAs were established to be a new structure for state control over water and agriculture, in conflict with IMT rationale, and, on the other, that WUAs were created in the province as a result of a local initiative promoted by the hydraulic bureaucracy and accepted by the national authorities due to influential power relations.     

欧亚草原跨流域调水与内河航道工程技术分析

简要回顾了人类水利工程建设史和全球跨流域调水工程进展现状;根据自流调水、就近调水、技术可行原则,利用地理信息系统空间分析功能规划设计了欧亚草原9项跨流域调水工程和欧亚运河网络,并对关键工程进行了技术分析,对调水工程进行了技术经济评价,阐述了欧亚草原跨流域调水和内河航运工程的多重间接效益。本研究得出的主要结论是欧亚草原调水和运河工程技术可行,国力可承受,直接效益和间接效益明显,可以大大促进丝绸之路沿线国家的经济发展,具有深远的历史意义和重大的现实意义。     

Management issues in the Lake Victoria watershed

Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa (68 800 km²) and is the eighth largest lake in the world by volume. The three East African countries of Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya share Lake Victoria and its resources. The total annual catch of fish from the lake ranges between 400 × 10⁶ kg and 500 × 10⁶ kg, bringing these riparian countries a combined annual income of approximately US$250 000–500 000 from exports alone. Approximately 30 million people live in the riparian region and the catchment, with about 2 million of these depending directly or indirectly on fishing activities. Tragically, Lake Victoria’s extremely diverse fauna was decimated in only 30 years following the introduction of non‐native Nile perch in the early 1960s. An estimated 200 endemic cichlid species became extinct. Dramatic increases in overfishing, pollution from various sources, effects of noxious water weeds and other associated problems threaten the sustainability of the lake’s resources and the economies of the riparian governments and peoples. Regulations governing Lake Victoria’s resources are different in each country. The laws concerning treatment of effluents from point sources in the three countries are not harmonized, neither are implementation or enforcement provisions. The governments of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania have begun to put in place regional mechanisms to address the lake’s many problems including the creation of a permanent regional international institution through the establishment of the Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (LVFO). A strategic vision document and action plans have been developed. Efforts are being made at local, national and regional levels to control the water hyacinth, including manual pulling, mechanical harvesting and introduction of weevils that weaken hyacinth root systems. To address the problem of overfishing, fishermen committees at landing beaches have been put in place. Each country has committed to take all necessary measures including legislation to implement the decisions of the LVFO governing bodies. All three countries have agreed to adopt and enforce legislation and regulations prohibiting the introduction of non‐indigenous species to the lake and to enforce existing regulations regarding fisheries. A Global Environment Facility project which provides funding to the Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization addresses land use management, catchment forestation, fisheries research and management, water hyacinth control, industrial effluent treatment and municipal waste treatment.     

层次分析法（AHP）在水环境承载力中的应用——以玛纳斯河为例

根据评价指标体系的指导思想、基本特征及内涵建立了水环境承载力评价指标综合体系。介绍了层次分析法（AHP法）的基本原理和方法步骤,并对影响水环境承载力各指标的权重进行比较,获得评价指标的总排序性,说明层次分析法（AHP法）是一种简单而实用的多准则评价决策方法。     

国际水利水电工程移民政策综述及分析

水利水电工程具有供电、防洪、供水、航运等多种功能,在应对全球气候变化方面也可以发挥积极有效的作用。目前水利水电工程移民问题已经成为制约水利水电工程建设的主要因素之一,对于该问题的解决,移民政策发挥着基础和导向的作用。借鉴和吸收国际工程移民安置的政策经验,有助于为我国移民安置政策的完善和发展提供支持。以国际金融机构和典型发达与发展中国家的移民政策为研究对象,首先对其基本框架、原则和内容进行了综述,进而从基本原则、安置方式、组织实施、参与协商四个方面进行了比较和分析。通过比较发现：尽管世界各个国家的移民政策差异较大,但是总体原则是一致的;各国需要根据具体国情选择适当的补偿标准和安置方式;国际金融机构十分强调制定切实可行的计划并遵照实施,同时进行有效的监测和评估;在移民安置过程中,比较成功的国家和组织非常重视移民参与协商,建立有效的参与机制。     

基于博弈论组合赋权法的澜沧江-湄公河水量分配

为了合理分配澜沧江-湄公河的水资源,以公平合理利用基本原则为基础,充分考虑公平性和现状性,并兼顾效率性与可持续性,选择了相应的指标建立层次结构,基于结合主观性和客观性因素的思想,分别采用层次分析法和熵权法计算水量分配权重,并采用基于博弈论的组合赋权法对上述权重进行组合,最终得到各国的水量分配权重。以实际用水量占比和水量分配权重对比,结果表明:越南用水量约为其所得分配量的2倍,而其他国家用水量均小于分配量,为了保障各国对水资源的公平合理利用权益,越南应向其他国家进行补偿。结论可为我国在澜沧江-湄公河的水资源开发利用和水利益谈判提供科学支撑。     

国家水网基础认知与建构准则

现阶段对国家水网的基础理论认知与系统性研究还较为薄弱，在很大程度上制约了国家水网的科学规划和 建设。为此，从国家水网的基础认知入手，分析网、水网和国家水网的基本概念，从水网结构、承载物、演进规律、 功能作用、类型划分等主要特征初步探索水网的基础性问题；提出以实现健康水循环为核心目标，以促进六大均 衡为基本准则和“确有需要、生态安全、可以持续”为重大工程论证原则的水网建设目标准则；展望未来水网发展 “六化”新趋势，以期在理论层面为科学构建国家水网提供支撑。     

Economic and Social Adaptations to Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources: A Case Study of Egypt

Literature is em erging on the adaptation of water resource systems to climate change (Stakhiv, 1995; Strzepek & Sm ith, 1995). These adaptations are generally discussed at either the sectoral or at the micro-economic level. However, little has been said about the macro-economic adaptation to shifts in water resources due to climate change. This lack of discussion is primarily due to the fact that very few countries have been able to make a com prehensive national assessment of climate change im pacts on water resources at the same scale as a macro-economic modelling analysis. W here macro-economic m odelling has been done, the water resource systems are highly regional and difficult to aggregate to a single national im pact. W here homogenous water resources systems exist, m acro-econom ic impact modelling has not incorporated water resources. This paper examines the macro-economic adaptations to climate change im pacts on national water resources. Because of the problems listed above, a 'laboratory' country was chosen. Egypt has a single water resource- the Nile- and a substantial portion of Egypt's economic activity is related to this river. Changes in Nile discharges can be directly linked to macro-economic accoun ts, yet obviously more strongly linked to the agricultural sector. For this reason, a macro-economic m odel has been used which contains a disaggregated agricultural sector and a highly aggregated non-agricultural sector. A discussion of technical adaptations to climate change-induced reductions in Nile flows is presented. W hile these technical adaptations of the N ile are important, the macro-economic impacts of decreases or increases in Nile River discharge are shown to be minor compared with fu ture socioeconomic development and domestic policy strategies. The paper concludes with a discussion of anticipatory econom ic and policy adaptations that appear to be more significant than technical adaptations for Egypt.     

水利普查与信息化

水利普查是一项重大的国情国力调查,是国家资源环境调查的重要组成部分。水利普查总体方案所确定的普查内容、采集方法、填写规定、录入要求和分析策略,都离不开充分利用当今信息化方面所取得的进展,如何利用信息化技术提高水利普查数据成果质量,水利普查成果如何促进水利信息化发展,都是水利普查工作中面,临和需要解决好的问题。     

Globalizing Integrated Water Resources Management: A Complicated Option in Southern Africa

There is empirical evidence to show that global water resources management paradigm shifts, guided by neo-liberal principles, have played a significant role in the emergence of the integrated water resources management school of thought. In turn, this school of thought has guided most water sector reforms in Southern Africa. Using case studies from South Africa and Zimbabwe, the paper explores the structural influence of integrated water resources management discourses and mainstream development theories promoted at the global level on developing economies. It further explores the utility of the integrated water resources management framework at the local levels. The paper goes beyond theory and articulates some of the key processes that took place in the Mazowe catchment in Zimbabwe and the Inkomati catchment in South Africa where the water reform programmes were piloted. Some insights on the application of neo-liberal principles in the water sectors of Southern African countries begin to emerge from the paper.     

浮桥式治漂浮排在三峡坝前的应用研究与实践

水面漂浮物直接影响工程泄洪、发电、航运、水质、景观等,现有工程治漂方式不适应大规模治理要求,治理漂浮物是当前工程环保难题。为改善工程被动低效治漂方式,提出水力一体化治漂方案,在河道水力与结构自身提供的水力共同作用下,将漂浮物引导至指定部位拦、导、清(排)漂达到整体治漂效果,降低作业强度和清漂成本,形成长效治漂机制。2014年汛期长江科学院在三峡坝前通过浮桥导流式浮排开展水力一体化治漂生产试验,取得了在运行过程中拦漂、导漂的预期效果,为定位、集中、可控清漂提供有利条件。设施经船舶撞击、风浪、水位变化、水面反恐演练等检验,适应各种极端状况,结构定位安全可靠,可为工程安全运行提供防护屏障。     

分级行使水资源资产所有权改革方案研究

水资源资产是自然资源资产的重要组成部分,是最重要、最基础、最活跃的自然资源资产之一,直接关系国计民生.全面分析了我国水资源资产管理现状,指出我国水资源资产管理存在着顶层设计有待完善、政策系统性有待加强、责任界定不够清晰、公众参与的范围和深度不足、市场化工具运用不充分等问题.在明确编制原则、划分标准的基础上,编制了中央直...