基于水资源对社会的约束和管理研究的探讨——以重庆市为例

从分析水资源承载能力着手,重点考虑有限的水资源如何约束、承载城镇社会经济的布局和发展规模,如何以有限的水资源支撑城镇建设目标的最优化、最大化。开展基于水资源对社会的约束和管理研究不仅理论意义重大,且更具有紧迫的现实与重大战略意义。     

浙江基层水利工程质量监督能力建设初探

近年来,浙江民生水利工程建设兴起,大量小微型水利工程正在大范围实施,这对基层水利工程质量监督机构而言,面临着艰巨任务和新的挑战,如何加强基层水利工程质量监督管理能力建设成为重要课题。笔者结合当前浙江实际,对基层质量监督监管能力建设提出了自己的意见和建议。     

The Need for Gender Analysis in Strategic Planning for Effective Water Management in Sri Lanka

With diminishing investments both the irrigation and water supply sector in Sri Lanka has had to resort to participatory management with enhanced stakeholder interaction. The use of gender participation in capacity building varies in the two major state agencies involved in water resources management:the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB) and the Dept of Irrigation (ID). The differing gender needs and contributions are recognized to a considerable extent and incorporated into planning, operation and maintenance of rural water supply, but the same recognition is not accorded to gender considerations as an issue affecting capacity building in the irrigation sector.     

Water Quality in the Future Alcolea Reservoir (Odiel River,SW Spain): A Clear Example of the Inappropriate Management of Water Resources in Spain

The Odiel River is located in southwestern Spain; the greater portion of its basin is composed of materials from the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IBP), an area with numerous massive sulfide deposits that have been highly exploited since the third millennium BC. As sulfides come into contact with the atmosphere due to mining activity, oxidation occurs, generating a highly toxic acidic leachate with large concentrations of sulfates and metals, a process which is known as acid mine drainage (AMD). As a result, the Odiel River and most of its tributaries are severely contaminated. The construction of two large dams in the Odiel River basin is planned. The most advanced project is that of the Alcolea reservoir, with a storage capacity of 274 hm³, whose construction has already begun, with a total budget of around €164 million. There are reasonable doubts about the final quality of the reservoir water, as this dam will regulate a river with a mean pH close to 3.5 and large concentrations of toxic elements. This paper analyzes the data of water quality in the Alcolea reservoir. The results show that the reservoir water will be acidic and not useful at all, although more specific studies are necessary to obtain the exact estimation of its hydrochemical characteristics. It seems unwise to start building the dam, which requires a large economic investment and will have a vast environmental impact, without first conducting these studies. This proves that water management in Spain is still based on political motivation rather than on technical criteria and good management of natural and economic resources.     

张家港市探索水资源全面节约、有效保护和科学管理的途径

江苏省张家港市经济发达,水网密布,客水资源丰富,但存在水质型缺水等严重问题.近年,张家港认真落实最严格水资源管理制度,探索出一套符合实际的水资源管理模式.在用水总量控制方面,完善取用水基础管理,以定额管理调控用水总量;在用水效率方面,完善节水管理,提高用水效率;在水功能区限制纳污方面,强化水资源保护,加强控制和监管;此外,通过强化能力建设,提升现代化管理水平.张家港市将进一步创新工作思路,为经济发达、水环境压力较大的平原河网区水资源“三条红线”管理探索典型经验.     

The Role of the Sahara in Food Production

ABSTRACT

Capacity building is foremost a global concept and a strategic element in the sustainable development of the water sector. This is a long-term continuing process that needs to permeate all activities in the sector. In developing countries, experience shows that institutional weakness and malfunctions are a major cause of ineffective and unsustainable water services. Urgent attention needs to be given to build institutional capacity at all levels. Pressure for improved local delivery of water services suggests that development of institutional capacity should be more demand-responsive. The need to better manage overall water resources coherently and to facilitate allocation of water among all users requires an expansion of national integrated planning. The critical institutional challenge is the development of policies, rules, organizations and management skills which address both needs simultaneously without constraining the major aims of each. It must be recognized that each country and region has its specific characteristics and requirements with respect to its water resources situation and its institutional framework. Therefore, operational strategies for water sector capacity building must be tailor-made. Such strategies should be long term, having the main objectives of improving the quality of decision making, and sector efficiency of managerial performance in the planning and implementation of water sector programmes and projects. This paper covers the capacity building issue for water resources development and management. The institutional and human resources issues as well as building marginal capabilities in developing countries receive particular emphasis.     

潜江市创建农村水利长效机制的探索

潜江市在进行农村水利管理体制改革的过程中,创立了“按流域设水管机构、强自身造血功能、建发展长效机制”的改革模式,将改革的重点放在建立农村水利事业良性发展的长效机制上．现已取得明显成效。针对潜江市农村水利管理工作中存在的问题,提出了进一步完善农村水利事业发展长效机制的建议。     

关于进一步推进水功能区管理工作的思考

水功能区划是水资源管理和保护的重要基础,国务院批复《全国重要江河湖泊水功能区划(2011-2030年)》为强化水功能区管理提供了重要契机.从管理理念转变、政策立法、技术体系完善、基础能力保障等方面,提出了进一步推进水功能区管理工作的意见和建议.     

Capacity Building for the Water Sector in Mexico An Analysis of Recent Efforts

Abstract

Present and future improvements in efficiency of the water sector in Mexico depend on the development of a cadre of well-trained professional managers in the public and private sectors, as well as on the strengthening of the private and public sector institutions. Considerable investments are needed, but the efforts will pay back in terms of more rational policy-making and management practices. This paper analyzes several important exercises on capacity building in Mexico, which took place between 1990 and 2000. Present efforts on capacity building, achievements, and concerns are also considered in terms of the training and education needed to build a new generation of water professionals who can meet the current challenges and the needs of the coming decades. The needs of the water sector in terms of capacity building have been assessed in Mexico several times in the past. The conclusions and the results have always been the same: there is an urgent need to develop better educated managers and water professionals, both in terms of numbers and skills. Even though the needs have been identified repeatedly for over a decade, and despite continuous official rhetorics on the importance and urgency of capacity building, no long-term country-specific program on capacity building has yet been developed, let alone implemented.     

安徽省淮河水利工程科学管理研究与实践

安徽省淮河通过国家14项治淮工程建设,泄洪能力、工程防洪标准明显提高,水资源综合利用进一步提升,工程面貌得到了显著改观。安徽省淮河河道管理局结合工程管理工作实际,积极开展工程管理研究与实践,通过坚持发展理念、完善运行管理机制、依靠水利科技创新以及加强基层单位能力建设等,工程管理水平得以快速提升,工程效益得以充分发挥。     

River basin water resources management in China: a legal and institutional assessment

China's rivers face major challenges arising from social and economic development, particularly associated with pollution and over-abstraction. Although these issues vary significantly across the country, China has adopted a national, unified approach to manage water resources in a river basin context. This paper assesses the legal and institutional arrangements for river basin management in terms of decentralization and centralization. It considers the appropriate roles for the different levels of government, including providing for participation and integration across these levels. It proposes strengthening institutional development and capacity building in the future.     

对小型水利工程加强质量管理的建议

基层水利部门组织建设的水利工程多以小型为主,由于基层水利组织技术力量单薄、技术资质不具备、设计施工不规范、监控措施不完善,小型水利工程质量管理存在很多问题。应从加强质量教育、提高工程人员综合素质、加强工程建设、改进监控方法、实施科学管理等方面加强。     

Optimal Land-Use Management for Surface Source Water Protection Under Uncertainty: A Case Study of Songhuaba Watershed (Southwestern China)

The water supply to Chinese cities is increasingly degrading from pollution due to watershed activities. Consequently, water source protection requires urgent action using optimal land-use management efforts. An inexact linear programming model for optimal land-use management of surface water source area was developed. The model was proposed to balance the economic benefits of land-use development and water source protection. The maximum net economic benefit (NEB) was chosen as the objective of land-use management. The total environmental capacity (TEC) of rivers and the minimum water supply (MWS) were considered key constraints. Other constraints included forest coverage, government requirements concerning the proportions of various land-use types, soil loss, slope lands, and technical constraints. A case study was conducted for the Songhuaba Watershed, a reservoir supplying water to Kunming City, the third largest city in southwestern China. A 15-year (2006 to 2020) optimal model for land-use management was developed to better protect this water source and to gain maximum benefits from development. Ten constraints were involved in the optimal model, and results indicated that NEB ranged between 893 and 1,459 million US$. The proposed model will allow local authorities to better understand and address complex land-use systems and to develop optimal land-use management strategies for balancing source water protection and local economic development.     

Experiences From Indonesia and Malaysia

Abstract

Indonesia and Malaysia are facing serious political and economic problems. In that context, both countries also are striving to implement sustainable water management practices. Selected initiatives of water management from both countries are described and analyzed. The implications of their experiences are considered with reference to concepts of integrated management, participation of users and stakeholders, environmental protection, impacts of water policy, capacity building, external assistance, and emergencies and conflict reduction.     

Worldwide Prospects for Hydropower

ABSTRACT

Nigeria had no real water resources development management programme until 1976 when twelve River Basin Development Authorities (RBDA) were established and charged with functions that covered all the facets in the resources development, utilisation and conservation. Her immense natural water resources are evident in annual heavy rainfall, numerous large rivers and great ground water reserves. Many government agencies and mining companies are involved in the resources management of which RBDA play the largest part. Their greatest achievements are in irrigation agriculture. The achievements, however, have been limited by many factors including financial constraints, inadequate trained manpower and dependable data availability. Many Universities and Technical Institutes were established all over the country for manpower training of all cadres and a Water Data Bank is planned as a future source of dependable data. International cooperation with developed countries and expert assistance from United Nations Organisations will minimise the problems and multiply the achievements of the existing management authorities.     

Improvement of urban water environment of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, by ecotechnology

Kaohsiung City is the second largest city in Taiwan and suffers from serious floods during the wet season, but it also badly needs water during the dry season. As economic development advances and pollutants increase, water pollution and shortage of water resources become issues of concern for local people in Kaohsiung. A project has been proposed by the city government and executed by the authors to establish a system of sustainable water management in urban areas. In this system, the Caogong Canals, irrigation channels which were established 170 years ago during the Ching Dynasty of China and are still used today for irrigation, were renovated to bring stable and clean water to the urban areas. It is planned to pump clean water into the canal from a river near the city. In this project, 12 constructed wetland systems, functioning as wetland parks, stormwater storage tanks or eco-detention ponds, were built in the city, and the Caogong Canals are planned to connect all these urban constructed wetlands in the second stage of the project.     

深圳市近20 a水资源及其利用状况分析

根据1995—2017年深圳市水资源公报资料,分析了深圳市近20 a来的降水量、地表水资源量、用水量、用水结构、用水指标和废污水排放量变化情况,并与国内主要大城市进行比较。在此基础上,利用主成分分析法,把影响深圳市水资源承载力的13项主要指标归纳为2个独立的主成分,对深圳市水资源承载力进行了综合评价。结果表明:近20 a来,深圳市用水量急速上升,年均增长率4.64%;用水构成中以城市居民生活用水占比最高,所占比例多年均值为35.76%,工业用水或公共用水次之,其他用水最少;万元GDP用水量减少了89.3%,万元工业增加值用水量减少了85.5%;水资源承载力持续上升,水资源承载力水平受水资源开发利用水平及社会经济发展程度的影响更大,受本地水资源量的影响较小。深圳市短期内可通过建设新的引水工程解决供水矛盾,但从长期来看,更应积极优化用水结构、加快产业升级、充分挖掘城市节水潜力。研究成果可为深圳市水资源保护利用和管理决策提供参考。     

Public-Private Partnership in the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector: The Experience of the Republic of Yemen

The objective of this paper is to provide information on the institutional development of the water supply and sanitation (WSS) sector in Yemen, its achievements, challenges and constraints. In 1997 the government of Yemen approved its water supply and sanitation reform agenda in the form of a Council of Ministers decree and since then the implementation of the reform agenda has started with technical and financial assistance from Germany, the Netherlands, the World Bank and other donors in addition to the contribution from the government of Yemen. The main principles of the reform agenda are these: the separation of the executive from the regulatory functions; decentralization of service provision and corporatization through the establishment of autonomous WSS corporations; the establishment of a regulatory agency; capacity building and human resources development; and public-private partnership (PPP). This paper gives a summary of what has been achieved in the implementation of the reform agenda in general and concentrates on the pilot case of the first PPP initiative in Sana'a, the capital of Yemen. The paper takes us through the stages of PPP option study right through to the preparation of the request for proposals, which was completed in August 2002.     

流域水环境监测共建共管实验室建设回顾和思考

国家水资源监控能力建设项目是水利系统加强水量、水质监测能力建设的重要举措。为此,在长江流域片开展了水环境监测实验室共建工作,这也是实现流域片省(国)界及重要水功能区监测和管理目标的重要途径。从长江流域片共建实验室的遴选、建设、运行管理、信息管理以及潜在问题及其解决思路等方面进行了详细介绍和分析。分析结果表明:在当前的环境下开展实验室共建工作,能够实现社会、流域和地方的多赢结果,是贯彻落实最严格水资源管理制度在机制创新上的一次有益尝试。     

我国小型水库管理中的问题及对策

针对当前我国小型水库管理中普遍存在的重建轻管、管理制度不健全、管理模式和手段落后等问题,有针对性地研究提出了加强小型水库安全管理、加强小型水库管理队伍能力建设、加强小型水库调度应用和应急管理工作、巩固水管体制改革成果等对策,以促进我国小型水库管理工作走向制度化、科学化和规范化。