理想情况下氡及其子体在大气中运动的探讨

在氡运移的团簇理论的基础上,本文利用热力学中的相关定律对氡团簇在理想情况下的速度、时间和位移进行了简单的推导。目的是建立理想情况下氡及其子体在大气中运移的理论模型,给进一步研究提供理论基础。     

氡运移实验研究与氡团族运移机理

设计了一套可以在理想条件下观测氡气运移的装置，通过多次实验发现：在理想条件下，虽然氡及其子体的比重比空气大，却具有明显向上运移能力，存在一种比扩散和重国沉降大得多的“上浮”运移机制。本文提出了氡团簇运移模型对这一现象进行解释，该模型认为：He核及He可以与氡及其子体结合成团簇，由于He很轻，当这一团簇的重量小于空气对它的浮力时，导致团簇自行上升。     

氡运移实验研究与氡团簇运移机理

设计了一套可以在理想条件下观测氡气运移的装置 ,通过多次实验发现 :在理想条件下 ,虽然氡及其子体的比重比空气大 ,却具有明显向上运移能力 ,存在一种比扩散和重力沉降大得多的“上浮”运移机制。本文提出了氡团簇运移模型对这一现象进行解释 ,该模型认为 :He核及He可以与氡及其子体结合成团簇 ,由于He很轻 ,当这一团簇的重量小于空气对它的浮力时 ,导致团簇自行上升     

室内氡子体有效剂量转换系数的影响因素分析

室内氡子体有效剂量转换系数受室内环境参数的影响。为了理解和评价室内氡子体有效剂量转换系数随换气率、气溶胶浓度和气溶胶粒径分布的变化关系,从室内氡子体模型出发,结合前人实测的室内环境参数,计算了典型室内环境氡子体剂量转换系数值,并重点分析了室内环境参数中换气率、气溶胶浓度、气溶胶粒径分布对室内氡子体剂量转换系数的影响。在换气率为0.55 h-1,气溶胶浓度1.0×104 cm-3,AMTD为1.0 nm,AMAD为200 nm的典型室内环境,氡子体有效剂量转换系数为28.4 nSv.(Bq.h.m-3)-1,考虑到室内环境参数的变化范围,该值可以在19.9~33.9 nSv.(Bq.h.m-3)-1范围内变化。     

氡室中气溶胶行为规律的实验研究北大核心CSCD

在静态密闭氡室中,结合气溶胶的沉降和凝并理论以及气溶胶浓度的变化实测结果,实验测定了不同粒径处气溶胶粒子的沉降系数和凝并系数。研究表明,随着气溶胶粒子的粒径从58.7 nm增加至436.4 nm,沉降系数从2.11×10-5s-1减小至1.55×10-5s-1(285.2 nm),再逐渐增加至1.72×10-5s-1;凝并系数从2.12×10-9cm3·s-1减小至3.82×10-10cm3·s-1。沉降系数、凝并系数变化规律同以往研究规律类似,测量值与其它实测值范围较为接近。综合考虑氡室中气溶胶的沉降和凝并规律,在氡室模拟正常环境(气溶胶浓度10 000 cm-3)情况下,"最稳定"粒径出现在252.6 nm,其浓度减小5%的时间约为40 min,该值对于氡室中气溶胶浓度的稳定控制及氡子体浓度的控制具有重要意义。     

氡室中气溶胶行为规律的实验研究

在静态密闭氡室中,结合气溶胶的沉降和凝并理论以及气溶胶浓度的变化实测结果,实验测定了不同粒径处气溶胶粒子的沉降系数和凝并系数。研究表明,随着气溶胶粒子的粒径从58.7 nm增加至436.4 nm,沉降系数从2.11×10-5s-1减小至1.55×10-5s-1(285.2 nm),再逐渐增加至1.72×10-5s-1;凝并系数从2.12×10-9cm3·s-1减小至3.82×10-10cm3·s-1。沉降系数、凝并系数变化规律同以往研究规律类似,测量值与其它实测值范围较为接近。综合考虑氡室中气溶胶的沉降和凝并规律,在氡室模拟正常环境(气溶胶浓度10 000 cm-3)情况下,"最稳定"粒径出现在252.6 nm,其浓度减小5%的时间约为40 min,该值对于氡室中气溶胶浓度的稳定控制及氡子体浓度的控制具有重要意义。     

美国用氡、氦和汞找铀的方法试验

1967年12月,美国原子能委员会完成了一项测定土壤气体中氡和氦的试验工作,用以验证用氡法和氦法找铀矿的有效性。在进行上述工作时,还选取部分土样分析汞含量。取样地点为亚利桑那和新墨西哥州的二个氦生产区以及怀俄明州的气山铀矿。用α计数法测氡。在氦生产区8公里范围内,土壤气样中的氢含量无明显变化。气山地区的氡浓     

钨中氦泡融合条件的分子动力学模拟研究

在托卡马克聚变装置中,钨偏滤器会受到低能高束流的氦等离子体冲刷,导致材料表面形成绒毛状纳米结构或针孔状表面损伤,使钨材料使用性能发生退化,影响等离子体的稳态运行。目前普遍认为,氦致表面损伤的形成与钨表面下氦泡的生长密切相关。钨受到氦等离子体辐照后会在材料的近表层形成高密度的小氦泡,它们可通过融合的方式长大,氦泡的融合是近表层大氦泡形成的关键环节。为了解氦泡的相对位置、温度、氦空位比(He/V)、氦泡初始间距对氦泡融合的影响,本文采用分子动力学方法模拟氦泡在金属钨中的融合过程。结果表明：氦泡的相对位置、温度、He/V、氦泡初始间距都会影响氦泡的融合,但影响的机理并不相同。其中,氦泡的相对位置是影响氦泡融合的关键因素,当氦泡沿〈100〉方向排列时,氦泡易发生融合,而沿 〈111〉方向排列则不易发生融合,其原因是氦泡附近存在各向异性的应力场。温度升高有利于氦泡体积得到更快、更充分的弛豫,进而促进氦泡发生融合。高He/V的氦泡具有较高的压力,更易发生融合。当温度为1 500 K时,2个He/V为3、半径为1 nm的氦泡之间的相互作用距离可达1.28 nm甚至更远,但它们发生融合的最大初始距离为0.96 nm。本研究可促进对钨中氦泡融合机理的理解,为钨中大氦泡的形成提供可能的解释。此外,本研究结果可为大尺度模拟（如动力学蒙特卡罗、团簇动力学）提供相关输入参数用于研究高密度氦泡的长时间演化。     

建材制品中测定氡的影响因素及其在防氡建材分析中的应用

粒度对建材制品的氡释放水平影响较大,当粉碎的粒径为5 mm时氡的释放量最大,粒径变大或减小时氡的释放水平都逐渐减小.温度对建材制品中氡的释放也有显著的影响,从20℃开始几乎每升高5℃,氡浓度就会增加一倍,尤其是在25℃以后,氡的浓度上升更快.测得温度对粉煤灰试块氡释放影响的活化能Ea=77194.19 Jmol-1,指前因子为A=4.54×1015 s-1.氡的浓度随时间延长而逐渐增大,36 h后,氡的释放和衰减达到平衡,这时氡浓度波动值的相对标准偏差为2.1%.本方法应用于防氡涂料的防氡率测定时相对标准偏差为3.8%,用于功能基元材料防氡砂浆和防氡腻子的影响研究,结果是可靠的.     

氡子体气溶胶活度粒径分布监测系统的研制

重点探讨了基于金属筛网扩散组理论来测量氡子体活度粒径分布的Twomy非线性迭带算法、EM最大期望值算法,并据此给出一个氡子体活度粒径分析监测系统的实现方案;该系统通过筛网参数计算画出透过率曲线;然后,根据扩散组数据用这两种算法估算氡子体活度粒径分布,并给出氡子体活度粒径分布的直方图;还用标准的泊松粒径分布数据来验证这两种算法,并用该监测系统对室内空气、煤油灯燃气进行放射性活度粒径分布的测量和分析。实验结果表明两种算法得出的氡子体活度粒径分布呈双峰分布,其未结合态氡子体活度粒径范围、结合态氡子体活度粒径范围都与其它的研究相吻合;但在测量精度方面还有待进一步研究。     

反应堆压力容器模拟钢中富Cu原子团簇对材料力学性能的影响

采用淬火和时效处理方法诱发压力容器模拟钢中的微量杂质元素Cu以富铜原子团簇析出。力学性能试验结果表明,富铜原子团簇的出现导致压力容器模拟钢韧脆转变温度出现明显变化,而屈服强度和抗拉强度增长较小,塑性也只有较小程度下降。三维原子探针分析结果表明,富铜原子团簇的数密度为1023 m-3数量级,富铜原子团簇直径为1～3 nm。     

Nanoscale characterisation of ODS-Eurofer 97 steel: An atom-probe tomography study

Laser-pulsed atom-probe tomography has been used to study the nanoscale features present in an ODS-Eurofer 97 alloy. A core/shell structure was found for particles 5-10 nm in diameter. The particle cores were primarily Y and O, enriched with Mn and Si resulting in a metal (Y, Mn and Si) to oxygen ratio of M:O ∼2:3. The ∼2 nm thick outer-shell region of the particles exhibited partitioning of V, Cr, Ta, C and N together with the core elements in many cases. Detailed compositional measurements have also been made on the smallest of the yttria-based oxide clusters down to 2 nm in diameter. The 2 nm clusters were found to have a non-stoichiometric oxide composition, enriched in oxygen compared to Y₂O₃, and evidence for the existence of a shell around these smaller particles was found.     

CuS亚微米空心结构γ辐照制备及表征

在常温常压下,利用γ射线辐照CuCl2、Na2S2O3和SDS水溶液,制备出CuS亚微米空心球结构。利用XRD、FESEM、TEM对其进行了表征。分析结果表明,CuS空心球结构外径约为600nm,内径约为400nm,壁厚约100nm。初步研究了辐照吸收剂量率及表面活性剂对产物形貌的影响,并探讨了CuS空心球结构可能的形成机制。     

Scanning transmission ion microscopy tomography at the Leipzig nanoprobe LIPSION

Scanning transmission ion microscopy (STIM) of joint cartilage could visualise single collagen fibrils. Thus, answers to the controversial questions of their alignment could be given. However, the fibrils form three-dimensional structures that are not yet fully disclosed. STIM tomography is needed to give more detailed information. The size of the structures requires a challenging resolution of about 100 nm. The first STIM tomographic experiment has been performed at the Leipzig nanoprobe LIPSION. 360 projections of a cartilage sample (30 μm×32 μm×10 μm) were taken. The pixel resolution was 250×250 pixels for each projection. The data set was reconstructed at MARC Melbourne using the backprojection of filtered projections technique. The data show the feasibility of STIM tomography in cartilage research. However, experimental inaccuracies (rotational displacement and magnetic stray fields) have limited the resolution thus far. Improvements in the experimental set-up will lead to higher resolution.     

Visualized measurement of extremely high-speed droplets in Venturi scrubber

Venturi scrubbers for filtered venting have been installed in nuclear power plants worldwide. Venturi scrubbers can eliminate fission products from a polluted gas by interaction through gas–liquid interfaces. Therefore, droplet diameter is important from the viewpoint of decontamination. When Venturi scrubbers are used in severe accidents, the gas flow velocity might be extremely high. In these studies, the authors did not measure droplet diameter under extremely high gas velocity conditions. In the scenarios, experimental data pertaining to droplet diameter, under the extremely high gas flow velocity, are required. Therefore, this objective is to evaluate the diameter of extremely high-speed droplets. A visualization experiment was conducted using a Venturi scrubber. The droplet diameter distribution and the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) were determined. By comparing between the experimental value of SMDs and the one evaluated using Nukiyama–Tanasawa equation, it was confirmed that the Nukiyama–Tanasawa equation can be used to evaluate SMD with good accuracy in the gas velocity range of 82–250 m/s, except the highest gas velocity conditions. Furthermore, the droplet generation mechanism in the Venturi scrubber was considered to clarify the main reason why the Nukiyama–Tanasawa equation can be used to evaluate SMD droplet diameter.     

钛酸钡中极化团簇的特征弛豫时间随温度的变化规律

BaTiO3中存在极化团簇已经被大量实验所证明,并且极化团簇的空间、时间信息以及随温度的演化信息对介电性质有着重要影响。因此探测BaTiO3中极化团簇的相关信息对于理解其功能和揭示相变机理具有重要意义。本实验利用光子相关谱方法,在精确温控的条件下,观测到BaTiO3中300nm周期长程极化团簇微秒量级的特征弛豫时间τc,并揭示了该时间在TC附近4K温度范围内变化的细节特征。实验表明光子关联谱是研究铁电动力学的有效方法。     

Characterization of Carbon Plasma Evolution Using Laser Ablation TOF Mass Spectrometry

In this work, a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer has been used to investigate the distribution of intermediate species and formation process of carbon clusters. The graphite sample was ablated by Nd:YAG laser (532 nm and 1064 nm). The results indicate that the maximum size distribution shifted towards small cluster ions as the laser fluence increased, which happened because of the fragmentation of larger clusters in the hot plume. The temporal evolution of ions was measured by varying the delay time of the ion extraction pulse with respect to the laser irradiation, which was used to provide distribution information of the species in the ablated plasma plume. When the laser fluence decreased, the yield of all of the clusters obviously dropped.     

纳米聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺微凝胶的光引发聚合

选择具有温敏性的高分子单体N－异丙基丙烯酰胺（N－isopropylacrylamide，NIPAM）为主单体，N，N′－亚甲基双丙烯酰胺（methylenebisacrylamide，MBA）为交联剂，运用光引发无皂乳液聚合的方法合成出粒径小于100nm的高分子微凝胶，并研究了在改变体系组成和条件时微凝胶粒径的变化。结果显示，在乳化剂临界胶束浓度以下，随着乳化剂浓度的提高，微凝胶粒子的粒径不断关小且趋向稳定；相比于热引发，产生的微凝胶具有较高的单分散性而且粒径较小。     

Development of a soft X-ray microprobe for single cell radiobiology

An X-ray microprobe for radiobiological studies was developed which deliver precise doses of radiation to the selected individual cells. The facility used synchrotron radiation as soft X-ray source. A zone plate combining with a pinhole produced a fine probe from bending magnet for single cell irradiating with defined doses. The diameter of microprobe at the target position was about 2 μm by scanning a knife-edge with an AXUV photo diode. The fluxes of soft X-rays at 516.7 eV (2.4 nm) were about 5.4×104 photons/s.100mA measured with the photo diode. The absorbed dose rate for typical yeast cells was about 11.34 Gy/s with the storage current of 100 mA. A preliminary experiment for yeast cells irradiation has shown that the microprobe had a definite biological effect for radiobiological investigations. The soft X-ray microprobe at "water window" region has provided a useful tool for single cell irradiating damage and a capability of individually irradiating a certain numbers of cells each time.     

利用磁控溅射与液氮冷凝相结合产生金属及其化合物团簇

利用磁控溅射与液氮冷凝相结合的团簇产生设备成功地制备了多种金属及金属化合物等团簇，团簇尺寸大小为２－３０ｎｍ，其微结构为晶体结构。