Blind Adaptive Suppression of Narrowband Digital Interferers from Spread Spectrum Signals

The application of the minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) multiuser detection technique to the problem of suppressing the digital narrowband interference (NBI) from spread-spectrum signals is considered. The MMSE multiuser detector can be implemented using a blind adaptive method, which is ideally suited for use in the NBI suppression framework. The optimal linear filter for the recovery of the spread-spectrum signal is derived, and its performance is analyzed in terms of probability of error and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). It is shown that the performance of this optimal filter is very close to the situation when there is no narrowband interference present, even at the presense of very strong interference. This application requires the treatment of a single narrowband digital signal as a group of related, virtual spread-spectrum signals with very simple spreading codes. This model gives a special structure to the matrices appearing in the optimization problem implied by the MMSE criterion, and this structure is exploited herein to develop and analyze a practical adaptive algorithm. The major contribution of this paper beyond the previous work in the field of NBI suppression is the development of this adaptive algorithm that can exploit the advantages of multiuser detection in suppressing narrowband digital interference from spread-spectrum networks.     

Iterative (turbo) soft interference cancellation and decoding forcoded CDMA

The presence of both multiple-access interference (MAI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) constitutes a major impediment to reliable communications in multipath code-division multiple-access (CDMA) channels. In this paper, an iterative receiver structure is proposed for decoding multiuser information data in a convolutionally coded asynchronous multipath DS-CDMA system. The receiver performs two successive soft-output decisions, achieved by a soft-input soft-output (SISO) multiuser detector and a bank of single-user SISO channel decoders, through an iterative process. At each iteration, extrinsic information is extracted from detection and decoding stages and is then used as a priori information in the next iteration, just as in turbo decoding. Given the multipath CDMA channel model, a direct implementation of a sliding-window SISO multiuser detector has a prohibitive computational complexity. A low-complexity SISO multiuser detector is developed based on a novel nonlinear interference suppression technique, which makes use of both soft interference cancellation and instantaneous linear minimum mean-square error filtering. The properties of such a nonlinear interference suppressor are examined, and an efficient recursive implementation is derived. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed low complexity iterative receiver structure for interference suppression and decoding offers significant performance gain over the traditional noniterative receiver structure. Moreover, at high signal-to-noise ratio, the detrimental effects of MAI and ISI in the channel can almost be completely overcome by iterative processing, and single-user performance can be approached     

Adaptive space-time feedforward/feedback detection for high datarate CDMA in frequency-selective fading

We investigate linear and nonlinear space-time minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) multiuser detectors for high data rate wireless code-division multiple-access (CDMA) networks. The centralized reverse-link detectors comprise a space-time feedforward filter and a multiuser feedback filter which processes the previously detected symbols of all in-sector users. The feedforward filter processes chip-rate samples from a bank of chip-matched filters which operate on the baseband outputs from an array of antennas. We present an adaptive multiuser recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm which determines the MMSE adjusted filter coefficients with less complexity than individual adaptation for each user. We calculate the outage probabilities and isolate the effects of antenna, diversity, and interference suppression gains for linear and nonlinear filtering and for CDMA systems with varying levels of system control (e.g., timing control, code assignment, cell layout). For eight users transmitting uncoded 2-Mb/s quadrature phase-shift keying with a spreading gain of eight chips per symbol over a fading channel with a multipath delay spread of 1.25 μs, the performance of a three-antenna feedforward/feedback detector was within 1 dB (in signal-to-noise ratio per antenna) of ideal detection in the absence of interference. By training for 10% of a 5-ms frame, RLS adaptation enabled the same detector to suffer less than a 0.5-dB penalty due to the combined effects of imperfect coefficients and error propagation. The advantage of nonlinear feedforward/feedback detection over linear feedforward detection was shown to be significantly larger for a CDMA system with enhanced system control     

Successive noise enhancement reduction

The capacity of direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems is limited by multiple access interference (MAI). Commercial CDMA systems regarded MAI as additive noise and employed the matched filter detectors. This technique limits the number of users that can be supported in a DS-CDMA system and causes an increase in the bit error rates for active users in the system as the number of users increases or as the spreading factor decreases. Thus, advanced signal processing solutions for interference suppression are necessary. In this paper, we propose a new multiuser detector (MUD) detector technique and compare between its performance to other popular MUD detectors for the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) physical layer.     

On the performance of linear parallel interference cancellation

This paper analyzes the performance of the linear parallel interference cancellation (LPIC) multiuser detector in a synchronous multiuser communication scenario with binary signaling, nonorthogonal multiple access interference, and an additive white Gaussian noise channel. The LPIC detector has been considered in the literature lately due to its low computational complexity, potential for good performance under certain operating conditions, and close connections to the decorrelating detector. In this paper, we compare the performance of the two-stage LPIC detector to the original multistage detector proposed by Varanasi and Aazhang (1990, 1991) for CDMA systems. The general M-stage LPIC detector is compared to the conventional matched filter detector to describe operating conditions where the matched filter detector outperforms the LPIC detector in terms of error probability at any stage M. Analytical results are presented that show that the LPIC detector may exhibit divergent error probability performance under certain operating conditions and may actually yield error probabilities greater than 0.5 in some cases. Asymptotic results are presented for the case where the number of LPIC stages goes to infinity. Implications of the prior results for code division multiple access (CDMA) systems with random binary spreading sequences are discussed in the “large-system” scenario. Our results are intended to analytically corroborate the simulation evidence of other authors and to provide cautionary guidelines concerning the application of LPIC detector to CDMA communication systems     

Adaptive detection in asynchronous code-division multiple-accesssystem in multipath fading channels

In code-division multiple-access systems transmitting data over time-varying multipath channels, both intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple-access interference (MAI) arise. In this paper, we address interference suppression, multipath diversity and processing gain protection for multiuser detection with less noise enhancement by using a parallel cancelling scheme. The proposed detector consists of a RAKE filter, forward filter, and feedback filter with different functions for each filter. The RAKE filter increases the signal-to-noise ratio by taking the advantage of multipath and code diversities. The forward filter is proposed, in combination with the feedback filter, to remove the effects of MAI and ISI by parallel cancellation. In order to avoid performance deterioration due to unreliable initial estimation in the parallel cancellation, a cost function with proper weighting is introduced to improve the performance of the proposed detector. In the proposed design method, a recursive least square algorithm is employed to update the tap-coefficients of all filters for MAI and ISI cancellation. Finally, the performance of the proposed detector is analyzed and compared with other detectors     

Optimal adaptive multiuser detection in unknown multipath channels

An optimal multiuser detector in the weighted least squares (WLS) sense is derived. This detector, which includes the maximum likelihood multiuser detector as a special case, consists of two parts: a bank of linear fractionally chip spaced minimum mean squared error (MMSE) filters, and a nonlinear WLS metric minimizer. It is shown that the symbol spaced samples at the output of the MMSE filter bank provide a set of sufficient statistics for WLS detection. The relationship between the taps of a centralized decision feedback detector and the MMSE filter bank is derived. It is proven that all the necessary parameters for implementing the WLS detector can be realized by adaptively training a centralized decision feedback detector. Therefore, the WLS detector achieves optimal joint synchronization and data detection even in the presence of colored noise, such as narrowband interference, without any a priori knowledge of the users' signatures, multipath channel taps or statistics of the colored noise. Significant features of the WLS detector are that: (1) the WLS detector is a generalization of the maximum likelihood multiuser detector that employs a bank of matched filters; (2) it is implemented adaptively; and (3) it has structural flexibility in terms of implementation complexity     

极小化互信息的独立分量分析方法应用于多用户检测

论文针对直接序列扩频码分多址（DS-CDMA）通信系统的远近效应,提出了一种将极小化互信息的独立分量分析（MMI—ICA）应用于多用户检测的方法。这种盲多用户检测方法能够有效地抑制远近效应,并能够成功地检测出期望用户信号。仿真结果表明,该算法的抗远近效应能力相对传统的匹配接收机有很大的提高,并能够有效地抑制多址干扰。     

Performance analysis of coded space‐time adaptive detection in DS/CDMA systems over Rayleigh fading channels

In this paper, we study the use of channel coding in a direct‐sequence code‐division multiple‐access (DS‐CDMA) system that employs space‐time adaptive minimum‐mean square‐error (MMSE) interference suppression over Rayleigh fading channels. It is shown that the employment of adaptive antenna arrays at the receiver can assist in attenuating multiuser interference and at the same time speeds‐up the convergence rate of the adaptive receiver. In this work, we assess the accuracy of the theoretical results developed for the uncoded and convolutionally coded space‐time multiuser detector when applied to the adaptive case. It is found that the use of antenna arrays brings the receiver performance very close to its multiuser counterpart. Using performance error bounds, we show that a user‐capacity gain of approximately 200% can easily be achieved for the space‐time adaptive detector when used with a rate 1/2 convolutional code (CC) and a practical channel interleaver. This capacity gain is only 10% less than the gain achieved for the more complicated multiuser‐based receiver. Finally, we perform a comparison between convolutional and turbo coding where we find that the latter outperforms the former at all practical bit‐error rates (BER). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Limited linear cancellation of multiuser interference in DS/CDMAasynchronous systems

This paper presents a linear cancellation detector for the Gaussian channel, operating over limited time intervals of the received signal, in a similar way to a multiinput multioutput finite-impulse response (FIR) filter. The parameters defining the detector become time invariant, and the conditions to be met by the signatures are stated. A bound for the multiuser interference due to the limited time correlation, and upper and lower bounds for the error probability are obtained. The theoretical bounds and numerical results show that the detector is adequate for systems intended for many users whose amplitudes can be restricted to a given range     

Randomly spread CDMA: asymptotics via statistical physics

This paper studies randomly spread code-division multiple access (CDMA) and multiuser detection in the large-system limit using the replica method developed in statistical physics. Arbitrary input distributions and flat fading are considered. A generic multiuser detector in the form of the posterior mean estimator is applied before single-user decoding. The generic detector can be particularized to the matched filter, decorrelator, linear minimum mean-square error (MMSE) detector, the jointly or the individually optimal detector, and others. It is found that the detection output for each user, although in general asymptotically non-Gaussian conditioned on the transmitted symbol, converges as the number of users go to infinity to a deterministic function of a "hidden" Gaussian statistic independent of the interferers. Thus, the multiuser channel can be decoupled: Each user experiences an equivalent single-user Gaussian channel, whose signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) suffers a degradation due to the multiple-access interference (MAI). The uncoded error performance (e.g., symbol error rate) and the mutual information can then be fully characterized using the degradation factor, also known as the multiuser efficiency, which can be obtained by solving a pair of coupled fixed-point equations identified in this paper. Based on a general linear vector channel model, the results are also applicable to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels such as in multiantenna systems.     

An asynchronous multiuser CDMA detector based on the Kalman filter

We introduce a multiuser receiver based on the Kalman filter, which can be used for joint symbol detection and channel estimation. The proposed algorithm has the advantage of working even when the spreading codes used have a period larger than one symbol interval (“long codes”), unlike adaptive equalizer-type detectors. Simulation results which demonstrate the performance advantage of the proposed receiver over the conventional detector, the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) detector and a recursive least squares (RLS) multiuser detector are presented. A thorough comparison of the MMSE detector and the proposed detector is attempted because the Kalman filter also solves the MMSE parameter estimation problem, and it is concluded that, because the state space model assumed by the Kalman filter fits the code division multiple access (CDMA) system exactly, a multiuser detector based on the Kalman filter must necessarily perform better than a nonrecursive, finite-length MMSE detector. The computational complexity of the detector and its use in channel estimation are also studied     

Genetically modified multiuser detection for code division multipleaccess systems

The problem of multiple access interference (MAI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) suppression in code division multiple access (CDMA) systems is considered. By combining the theory of multiuser detection (MUD) and evolutionary computation, a hybrid genetic engine is proposed, suitable for the detection of CDMA signals in the presence of MAI and ISI. The proposed hybrid detector structure can be extended to most multiuser detectors and used as the base detector within the structure. Using random selection, mutation and crossover operators and a unique chromosome structure, the genetic algorithm evolves the base detector to a group of more efficient detectors in terms of bit-error rate performance. First, a new packet-level genetic MUD technique, using a conventional single user detector as the base detector, is proposed for asynchronous CDMA (ACDMA) with negligible ISI. Then the signal-subspace-based minimum mean square error detector is chosen as a base detector and wrapped inside the hybrid genetic engine to evolve to a better structure nearly to eliminate both ISI and MAI. The novelty of the proposed structure is the way the deterministic closed-form solution of the base detector is mapped to a genetic engine resulting in a group of more efficient and adaptive detectors     

Robust multiuser detection based on variable loading RLS technique

A variable loading recursive least squares (VLRLS) multiuser detection based on the generalized sidelobe canceller is presented to realize the suppression of multiple access interference in code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. In conjunction with a subweight partition approach, the VLRLS detector demonstrates the advantages of insensitivity to dynamic estimate modeling error, less computational load, and more robust to against spreading code mismatches compared to the conventional VLRLS and RLS-based detectors. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed detector.     

Multiuser detection in asynchronous CDMA frequency-selective fading channels

Multipath fading severely limits the performances of conventional code division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. Since every signal passes through an independent frequency-selective fading channel, even modest cross-correlations among signature sequences may induce severe near-far effects in a central multiuser receiver. This paper presents a systematic approach to the detection problem in CDMA frequency-selective fading channels and proposes a low complexity linear multiuser receiver, which eliminates fading induced near-far problem.We initially analyze an optimal multiuser detector, consisting of a bank of RAKE filters followed by a dynamic programming algorithm and evaluate its performance through error probability bounds. The concepts of error sequence decomposition and asymptotic multiuser efficiency, used to characterize the optimal receiver performance, are extended to multipath fading channels.The complexity of the optimal detector motivates the work on a near-far resistant, low complexity decorrelating multiuser detector, which exploits multipath diversity by using a multipath decorrelating filter followed by maximal-ratio combining. Analytic expressions for error probability and asymptotic multiuser efficiency of the suboptimal receiver are derived that include the effects of multipath fading, multiple-access interference and signature sequences correlation on the receiver's performance.The results indicate that multiuser detectors not only alleviate the near-far problem but approach single-user RAKE performance, while preserving the multipath diversity gain. In interference-limited scenarios multiuser receivers significantly outperform the RAKE receiver.This paper was presented in part at the Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Princeton, NJ, March 1992 and MILCOM'92, San Diego, CA, October 1992. This work was performed while author was with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA.     

Achieving near-optimum asymptotic efficiency and fading resistanceover the time-varying Rayleigh-faded CDMA channel

We study multiuser receiver design and analysis for synchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) channels with time-varying Rayleigh fading. Starting from an error probability criterion, we first derive a near-optimum receiver for this channel that admits a detector-estimator decomposition, has certain asymptotic optimality properties and a complexity which is independent of the length of the observation interval. The performance of this detector is analytically characterized and contrasted with that of the optimal multiuser detector for the time-invariant (or static) CDMA Rayleigh-fading channel when it is implemented over the time-varying channel. Notable among our conclusions is the fact that, unlike the static channel multiuser detector, the time-varying channel detector is able to withstand not only the estimated interference from the other system users, but also, the residual interference (that cannot be estimated) arising out of imperfect estimation of the interferer fading parameters. Using estimation error covariance information, this detector shows flexibility in accommodating a wide range of interferer fading conditions     

Multistage multiuser detector for DS-CDMA multipath fading channel

The proposed multistage multiuser detector for DS-CDMA communication over a multipath fading channel consists of a bank of matched filters and a linear equaliser whose outputs are diversity combined to produce initial data estimates. Using this data, multiuser interference is removed from the matched filter bank output. Diversity combining is then applied again, which produces the final decision statistics. Simulation results indicate that this detector is near-far resistant     

一种新的盲空时多用户检测器

多用户检测是DS-CDMA系统中的一项关键技术,而阵列天线也是一项减轻多用户干扰的方法.许多现存的多用户检测器需要知道很多系统参数,并且其自适应实现需要发送训练序列.在多径衰落信道下,这些参数是很难获得的.本文提出了一种新的基于Kalman滤波的盲空时多用户检测器(BSTKAL),这种多用户检测器不需要发送训练序列.研究结果表明,检测器具有较强的抑制多址干扰和克服"远-近"效应的能力,并且能快速收敛.     

Multiuser Detection for Out-of-Cell Cochannel Interference Mitigation in the IS–95 Downlink

This paper considers the application of multiuser detection techniques to improve the quality of downlink reception in a multi-cell IS–95 digital cellular communication system. In order to understand the relative performance of suboptimum multiuser detectors including the matched filter detector, optimum multiuser detection in the context of the IS–95 downlink is first considered. A reduced complexity optimum detector that takes advantage of the structural properties of the IS–95 downlink and exhibits exponentially lower complexity than the brute-force optimum detector is developed. The Group Parallel Interference Cancellation (GPIC) detector, a suboptimum, low-complexity multiuser detector that also exploits the structure of the IS–95 downlink is then developed. Simulation evidence is presented that suggests that the performance of the GPIC detector may be near-optimum in several cases. The GPIC detector is also tested on a snapshot of on-air data measured with an omnidirectional antenna in an active IS–95 system and is shown to be effective for extracting weak downlink transmissions from strong out-of-cell cochannel interference. The results of this paper suggest that the GPIC detector offers the most performance gain in scenarios where weak downlink signals are corrupted by strong out-of-cell cochannel interference.     

Blind adaptive multiuser detection

The decorrelating detector and the linear minimum mean-square error (MMSE) detector are known to be effective strategies to counter the presence of multiuser interference in code-division multiple-access channels; in particular, those multiuser detectors provide optimum near-far resistance. When training data sequences are available, the MMSE multiuser detector can be implemented adaptively without knowledge of signature waveforms or received amplitudes. This paper introduces an adaptive multiuser detector which converges (for any initialization) to the MMSE detector without requiring training sequences. This blind multiuser detector requires no more knowledge than does the conventional single-user receiver: the desired user's signature waveform and its timing. The proposed blind multiuser detector is made robust with respect to imprecise knowledge of the received signature waveform of the user of interest