大型铝电解槽母线配置的计算机仿真

母线配置对于铝电解槽的电磁场与MHD(磁流体动力学)稳定性有着非常大的影响,在设计新的较大电流强度的铝电解槽时尤其重要,本研究通过运用商业软件ANSYS并结合自定义程序,对于各种不同母线配置参数下的500kA铝电解槽物理场进行了大量的仿真模拟,重点研究了母线的配置参数如立柱进电比,立柱连接的阴极棒数,大面阴极母线垂直位置,端头母线垂直位置,列槽间距,邻槽数目以及槽底补偿电流配比等,同时结合自定义的稳定性评估函数展开了计算分析与讨论。     

大型铝电解槽的安全设计优化

铝电解系列的本质安全设计对企业的安全生产至关重要,随着铝电解系列的大型化发展,大容量槽的安全生产更是尤为关键,合理的铝电解槽设计对电解系列的安全稳定生产起着决定性作用。本文从大型铝电解槽的本质安全设计入手,分析总结了近年来发生安全事故的大型槽的经验,对大型槽的槽壳结构、电热场、磁流体稳定性及母线风险点进行了优化设计,通过对合理的电解槽结构设计、先进磁流体稳定性计算平台及新型绝缘材料的使用,有效消除了铝电解槽生产过程中的安全隐患,确保了大型铝电解系列的安全生产,为大型铝电解系列的安全、稳定、高效生产提供了有力保障。     

现代大型铝电解槽内复杂物理场的仿真计算与优化

总结了国内外在铝电解槽电热场、热应力场及电磁流场方面的研究进展,指出当前多物理场仿真计算算法的不足,介绍了最新开发的液(电解质)-液(铝)-气和液-气-固(颗粒)两类三相流模型、多物理场(电、磁、热、流、力、浓度分布场等)、磁流体稳定性和电流效率三维耦合仿真模型与算法,并提出基于多相-多场耦合仿真的大型铝电解槽结构与生产工艺综合优化方法,发现大型铝电解槽在3.7~3.9 V低电压下高效、低电耗、低排放、稳定运行的状态空间,并确立相应的工艺实现条件。     

论大型节能铝电解槽的设计-母线、阴极结构与磁流体稳定性

本文从大型节能铝电解槽的设计出发,介绍了大型化与磁流体稳定性的关系,归纳总结了提高磁流体稳定性的的两个途径,重点分析了阻流技术、降低铝液中水平电流技术、新概念母线设计技术对磁流体稳定性的影响,对超大型节能槽设计标准提出了建议。     

底部出电型铝电解槽母线结构与电磁流场仿真优化

从减小槽内水平电流和垂直磁感应强度进而改善磁流体稳定性的角度出发,提出一种底部出电型结构铝电解槽,该种电解槽采用阴极垂直出电方式代替传统水平出电方式.在ANSYS软件平台上,建立400 kA级该槽型的电磁场模型并进行求解,根据计算结果对母线配置进行优化,得到一种可使磁场分布最优的母线结构,在该母线配置下,垂直磁感应强度最大值为1.658 mT,平均值为0.401 mT,远低于同规格普通电解槽,磁流体稳定性计算结果进一步表明该槽能在低极距下稳定运行,具有较大的节能潜力.     

静流式铝电解槽磁场仿真及设计

通过对槽内磁场、电流场的分析和研究,提出一种静流式铝电解槽的概念,采用阴极垂直出电的方式代替目前的水平出电方式,从而大幅度降低铝液层中的水平电流,大幅度削弱电磁力对槽内熔体的影响,进而减小铝液的流动和波动,将电磁影响削弱到最低程度以实现熔体界面高稳定性,并依此原理设计开发新型高效节能型铝电解试验槽。同时对母线配置进行设计,在最优化母线配置下,磁场数值仿真计算结果表明,该电解槽垂直磁场最大值为0.896 3 mT,平均值为0.360 2 mT,远低于同规格普通电解槽的垂直磁场,从而可获得电解槽超稳定运行条件,为大幅度降低极距,实现大幅度节能创造条件。     

论现代大型铝电解槽的母线设计

本文通过大型铝电解槽母线设计实例,从磁场补偿、母线配置、母线断面选择及短路等方面,较全面地论述了大型铝电解槽的母线设计方法。     

铝电解槽母线设计指标探讨

铝电解槽母线电平衡受多种因素的影响,要实现高度的电平衡难度很大。本文通过理论分析,结合实例计算以及文献资料,探讨了设计母线电平衡可以遵循的基本指标以及实际生产中可以允许的指标,并对部分电解槽进行物理场的模拟测试。     

铝电解槽电磁流场的数学建模与应用

研究了铝电解槽复杂开域的媒质接触、结构化网格划分、磁场边界条件施加、场耦合等建模问题。运用标量电位法、标量磁位法和有限体积法在商业软件平台上开发了铝电解槽电一磁一流场的计算模块,并与工业电解槽上的测量数据对比验证其可靠性。在此基础上提出一种母线设计方法,获得较优的母线配置方案SG2。仿真结果表明：SG2水平电流小,磁场分布对称性好：熔体平行大面流动有助于氧化铝输运。磁场分析结果表明：立柱母线中的电流可大幅度抵消非均匀阴极母线电流对磁场分布的影响,决定最终磁场分布。     

某500kA大型铝电解槽设计和测试情况概述

文章介绍了500 kA级大型铝电解槽的设计思路。母线设计采用了新型抗扰动稳流母线配置技术，解决了生产过程中当台槽不稳定时对上下游电解槽的扰动问题，并大幅度提高了端头槽的稳定性；内衬设计采用双平衡电解槽技术，采用区域保温，优化内衬结构，使电解槽形成了良好炉帮形状；槽壳采用整体焊接直角槽壳技术，明显改善了应力集中，槽壳变形小。并与测试和生产数据作比较，生产与设计形成了一个闭环，支撑了设计。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.