Experimental Study on Vacuum Carburizing Process for Low-Carbon Alloy Steel

As a low-carbon alloy steel, 20Cr2Ni4A steel has an excellent mechanical properties. It has been used for producing heavy-duty gears, which require good wear and fatigue resistance. The vacuum carburizing process can improve the quality of gears and extend the service life. In this article, a complete heat-treatment process for 20Cr2Ni4A, with carburizing, tempering, quenching and cryogenic steps involved, was proposed. A numerical method was employed to design the carburizing step. The carburized samples were characterized by analysis of carbon profile, surface-retained austenite content, microstructure, and hardness profile. A good microstructure was obtained with acicular-tempered martensite, less-retained austenite, fine granular-dispersed carbides, and was oxide free. The final surface hardness was 64.2HRC, and the case depth was 0.86 mm, which meet the requirements of products. The relationships among process, performance, and microstructure were investigated to understand the inner connection.     

工业机器人用SCM420钢行星齿轮热处理工艺的优化

针对工业机器人用SCM420钢制行星齿轮热处理畸变问题,采用改进的正火工艺以调整渗碳前的预备组织,并设计合理的装料方案和冷却方式等措施,同时在渗碳过程中采用阶梯升温的工艺,有效地控制了渗碳淬火过程中齿轮畸变。结果表明,采用优化正火后可得到均匀一致的铁素体+珠光体的组织,硬度为175 ~180 HBW。随后经渗碳淬火回火后,批量生产的行星齿轮表面硬度、心部硬度和有效硬化层深度均值分别为59.74 HRC、40.44 HRC和0.530 mm。渗碳层中的马氏体级别为1级,残留奥氏体和碳化物级别为1~2级;心部组织级别为1~2级。齿轮精度、平面翘曲、齿沟振幅和齿形齿筋等全部满足技术要求。     

AISI 316L奥氏体不锈钢低温离子-气体渗碳工艺优化

目的将低温离子-气体乙炔渗碳应用于AISI 316L奥氏体不锈钢表面硬化处理,同时探讨其硬化处理的最优工艺参数及优化效果。方法采用离子轰击去除不锈钢表面钝化膜并活化其表面,再进行低温气体乙炔渗碳,实验过程使用脉冲式供气循环处理方式。进行温度梯度实验,寻找渗碳处理的临界温度。并采用正交试验法设计3因素3水平共9组实验,分析气体比例、离子轰击时间、保温压强3个因素对渗碳层硬度和厚度产生的影响,以期得到不锈钢低温离子-气体乙炔渗碳优化工艺。通过对经过最优化工艺处理过后的不锈钢硬化层组织、成分、厚度、硬度、耐磨性、耐蚀性能的研究分析,验证此工艺对AISI 316L奥氏体不锈钢硬化处理的适用性。结果处理温度为540℃时渗碳层有碳的铬化物析出;离子轰击时间对渗碳层硬度影响最大,保温压强对硬化层厚度影响最明显。在硬化处理温度为520℃,V(H2)∶V(C2H2)=1∶1,渗碳压强为-0.02 MPa,离子轰击时间为20 min时,316L奥氏体不锈钢离子-气体乙炔渗碳效果最优。经优化工艺处理后不锈钢硬化层厚度达到30μm左右,表面硬度达到838HV0.05,耐蚀性和耐磨性能等都显著提高。结论低温离子-气体乙炔渗碳硬化处理适用于AISI 316L奥氏体不锈钢,其处理最合适温度为520℃。经优化工艺处理后的不锈钢具有较高的硬度、厚度,良好的硬度梯度,高耐蚀性能及高耐磨性能。     

航空轴承钢M50NiL真空低压渗碳热处理工艺研究

为探究渗碳全流程工艺对航空轴承用钢M50NiL渗层组织性能的影响规律,对M50NiL钢开展了真空低压渗碳热处理研究,分析了渗碳、淬火、冷处理和回火等工艺对渗层的组织演变及其对应硬度梯度分布的影响。结果表明,经渗碳淬火后,实验钢有效渗层深度为1.25 mm,随着碳浓度的降低,从渗层表面到芯部碳化物的体积分数和析出尺寸逐渐减小,显微硬度呈现逐渐下降趋势。冷处理工艺促使部分残余奥氏体组织转变为马氏体组织,进一步提高渗层整体硬度。经回火处理后,表面硬度有所降低。实验钢表面碳化物主要为Cr、V、Mo、Ni的碳化物。     

一种定子产品的渗碳热处理工艺开发

本文采用渗碳正火+二次加热+限形淬火+低温回火工艺生产一种定子产品,通过优化热处理工艺时间、碳势等,调整空气通入量,确定渗碳正火工艺;通过设计压淬模具、压淬工艺参数、淬火油流量等,开发出相应的压淬工艺。通过该热处理工艺的实施,最终开发出金相组织、硬化层深、表面硬度等均满足客户要求的产品。     

航空轴承钢的真空低压渗碳工艺

利用洛氏硬度计、维氏硬度计及光学显微镜等研究了真空低压渗碳工艺对航空轴承钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明:试验钢经渗碳后产生了大量连续的粗大网状碳化物,但在渗碳后热处理工艺中碳化物形貌逐渐变为非连续的网状;有效硬化层由渗碳后的0.45 mm逐步增加到设定值附近(0.77 mm);渗层硬度梯度中的“低头”现象也逐步消除,从渗层到心部硬度平缓降低;相较于原始硬度,试验钢的表面硬度经渗碳后增加了11 HRC,经过全工序真空低压渗碳后提高了16~18 HRC。     

硬质合金热处理研究进展

综述了硬质合金热处理研究进展,普通硬质合金可通过淬火回火处理,渗硼碳及硼－镧共渗化学热处理,双重淬火回火处理,真空热处理,离子注入,激光热处理来提高其抗弯强度,表面硬度和耐磨性,断裂韧性等力学性能,钢结硬质合金可通过选择合适的淬火回火工艺,渗硼和硼－硫共渗化学热处理来提高合金的表面硬度,耐磨性和热疲劳抗力,从而达到提高硬质合金产品使用寿命的目的。     

矿钻轴承摩擦副EX30钢与55SiMoV钢渗碳淬火后的耐磨性能

矿用牙轮钻头牙爪和轴承滚柱组成的滚动摩擦副的低耐磨性是轴承系统早期失效的主要原因。分别对牙爪大滚道用钢EX30和滚柱用钢55SiMoV设计不同的渗碳表面碳含量及淬火表面硬度,通过摩擦副的正交磨损试验和显微组织观察分析剥落磨屑的形貌,确定影响摩擦副耐磨性的主次因素和最佳耐磨性的渗碳淬火质量指标匹配。结果表明,影响摩擦副耐磨性的主次因素依次为EX30钢表面碳含量,55SiMoV钢淬火硬度,EX30钢淬火硬度;最佳耐磨性的匹配为EX30钢表面碳含量为1.0%~1.1%且表面硬度为58~59 HRC,55SiMoV钢表面碳含量为0.80%~0.90%且表面硬度为59~60 HRC;磨损形式为表面接触疲劳浅层剥落。     

Effect of WC/C PVD coating on fatigue behaviour of case carburized SAE8620 steel

Case carburizing steels, such as SAE8620, are generally employed in manufacture of automotive components viz. gears and shafts. These components are often subjected to a combination of wear and fatigue loads. Though a number of coatings are available that can enhance performance under such loadings, but high processing temperatures forbid their application to heat-treated components. On the other hand, the low processing temperature for the WC/C coating permits its application to heat-treated parts. The coating exhibits favourable tribological properties, but its influence on fatigue behaviour is yet unexplored. The present work is aimed at investigating the influence of WC/C coating on the fatigue behaviour of case carburized SAE8620 steel, wherein performance of uncoated and coated specimens is compared by subjecting them to four point rotating bending fatigue tests. The results point out that the coating leads to 7% gain in endurance limit without considerably affecting the hardness and tensile strength.     

奥氏体不锈钢低温离子渗氮工艺研究

对304、316 L奥氏体不锈钢进行了不同温度、不同时间的离子渗氮。研究了渗层的显微组织和耐腐蚀性,测定了渗层的硬度。结果显示,随着渗氮温度的升高,两种钢渗层的表面硬度和深度都增加,而耐蚀性降低。渗氮温度≥400℃时,随着渗氮时间的延长,两种钢渗层的表面硬度变化不大,但深度明显增加,渗层的耐蚀性降低。当渗氮工艺相同时,316 L钢渗氮层的硬度、深度和耐蚀性均比304钢的渗氮层高。     

渗氮处理在重载齿轮上的应用进展

目前重载齿轮常用的表面热处理工艺有渗碳淬火、感应淬火以及渗氮处理等,渗氮处理由于畸变小、工序简单等优点在工业生产上具有很大的优势和广阔的应用前景。通过增加渗层深度以及提高基体硬度能够有效提高渗氮齿轮的承载能力,从而扩大渗氮处理在重载齿轮上的应用。介绍了渗氮处理对齿轮的接触疲劳强度和弯曲疲劳强度的影响,以及基体性能对渗氮工艺的影响,回顾了渗氮齿轮的研究进展,如渗层可控离子渗氮、稀土催渗、时效硬化渗氮钢等,指出提高渗氮齿轮承载能力的途径为,深入进行渗氮齿轮的基础性研究,提高渗氮过程控制水平以及积极开发新工艺等。     

磨料水射流喷丸对渗碳GDL-1钢表面完整性及疲劳性能的影响

为研究后混合磨料水射流喷丸对渗碳后GDL-1钢表面完整性及疲劳性能的影响规律,利用X射线应力衍射仪、粗糙度仪、显微硬度仪、金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜等分析了水射流喷丸强化对试样表面残余应力场、粗糙度、硬度、形貌、组织的变化规律,并用升降法测定了抛光及抛光+水喷丸两种状态下渗碳GDL-1钢拉压疲劳性能。结果表明:试样经水喷丸处理后,表面粗糙度有所增加,并且有磨料撞击形成的小凹坑及在表面残留有玻璃磨料,但同时表层脱碳层大部分被去除,硬度得到显著提升、残留奥氏体含量降低,晶粒得到细化,并且在表面形成一定深度的残余压应力层。经水喷丸处理的试样,其较未经水喷丸的疲劳极限提高了19%,且疲劳源全部在远离表面接近1/2R位置形成,这说明水射流喷丸在表层产生的高残余压应力和晶粒细化可以显著提高渗碳钢的疲劳性能。     

AISI304奥氏体不锈钢低温离子渗碳工艺优化研究

用正交实验法研究了AISI304奥氏体不锈钢低温离子渗碳工艺。结果表明,优化后的奥氏体不锈钢低温离子渗碳工艺参数为渗碳温度500℃、C3H8：H2=1：30、氩气流量20ml／min、渗碳时间6h。用优化工艺参数处理的奥氏体不锈钢表面可获得单一的Sc相组织,硬度高达780HV0．05。     

Model based laser-ultrasound determination of hardness gradients of gas-carburized steel

Gas carburizing is a common industrial process utilized for case hardening of low carbon steels. However, there is a lack of non-destructive evaluation systems for the measurement of hardness-depth profiles. We propose a novel measurement method for the determination of hardness-depth profiles of two-step gas carburized steel specimens. The method is based on the measurement of broadband laser excited Rayleigh waves. Rayleigh waves were generated by a pulsed Nd: YAG laser in the thermoelastic regime and measured with a heterodyne Mach-Zehnder interferometer in the near-field. From two measurements with different source to receiver distances the dispersion diagrams were calculated by means of the phase spectral analysis method. In order to simulate the observed dispersive behavior of the Rayleigh waves, first the two-step gas carburizing process was simulated using solutions of the diffusion equation. The resulting continuous hardness profile was then discretized into up to 100 layers. Thereafter the Rayleigh wave dispersion diagram was calculated from the discretized stack of layers using a delta-matrix formulation of the Thomson-Haskell transfer matrix method. In order to obtain best fitting hardness profiles, the simulated dispersion diagrams were fitted to measurements with a curve fitting algorithm. Comparison of the Rayleigh wave inversion method with destructively obtained Vickers hardness profiles shows good quantitative agreement.     

扩散时间对20MnCrS5齿轮钢真空渗碳的影响

采用真空低压渗碳高压气淬工艺对20MnCrS5齿轮钢进行表面真空渗碳处理,分析扩散时间对硬度梯度、渗层深度、显微组织以及碳含量分布的影响,并优化真空渗碳工艺。结果表明,随着扩散时间的延长,C原子由表层向基体发生扩散,当扩散时间超过100 min后,C原子的扩散速度减缓;当C含量超过1.0%后,淬火后容易形成尺寸较大的残留奥氏体,随着C含量的降低,显微组织由孪晶马氏体向位错马氏体转变,硬度下降;在本试验条件下,20MnCrS5钢合适的真空低压渗碳高压气淬工艺为930 ℃强渗42 min,扩散140 min,0.6 MPa高压气淬至室温,并在160 ℃低温回火2 h。经该工艺处理后,组织中碳化物等级为1级,残留奥氏体等级为2级,马氏体等级为3级,表层无内氧化,渗碳层厚度约为0.91 mm,符合技术要求。     

Substrate Strengthening of CVD Coated Steels

CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION is successfullyused in production since decades to enhance the wearresistance of tools.Excellent coating properties areachieved with relatively simple equipment.The highdeposition temperatures used for CVD favor a goodadhesion of CVD coatings on the substrate,but alsonegatively influence the properties of the steelsubstrates.High coating temperatures followed byrelatively low cooling rates demand a subsequent heattreatment to restore the properties of the s…     

18CrNiMo7-6钢旋转弯曲疲劳试样磨削工艺优化

渗碳淬火可以提高材料的疲劳性能,但在对热处理后旋转弯曲疲劳试样的磨削加工中存在废品率高、效率低等问题,为了高效高质量磨削出标准疲劳试样,提出一种径向圆跳动变形量检测方法以衡量热处理后变形程度,基于国标GB/T4337-2015中尺寸、形位公差以及表面质量要求,提出两种磨削加工方案,并进行同轴度误差检测与比较,对渗碳淬火...     

复合化学热处理对G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢组织和硬度的影响

采用扫描电镜、洛氏硬度计和维氏显微硬度计研究了渗氮140 h对渗碳+淬火+回火G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢微观组织及硬度的影响。结果表明,渗碳+淬火+回火后G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢有效渗碳层深度为1.45 mm,渗碳层最高硬度为785 HV,心部硬度为420 HV,经渗氮处理后有效渗碳+渗氮层深度降为1.34 mm,渗氮层深度为0.22 mm,渗氮层最高硬度可达到948 HV,心部硬度为451 HV,较未渗氮试样硬度略有提高。渗碳+淬火+回火和添加渗氮处理后G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢的表面洛氏硬度相当,均在62~65 HRC 之间,但渗氮处理后试样的硬度波动性较大。添加140 h渗氮的渗碳+淬火+回火后G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢实现了“表面硬心部韧”的目标,渗氮层深度满足工程需要,但添加渗氮处理后G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢在渗碳层和渗氮层出现类网状碳化物,因此在渗氮过程中需要综合考虑渗氮层深度和微观组织,以获得良好的综合力学性能。     

17CrNiMo6钢渗碳淬火畸变特性及其控制的研究

采用正交试验方法,研究了预处理、渗碳温度、碳势、淬火温度及预热等材料和热处理工艺因素对17CrNiMo6钢热处理畸变的影响.针对17CrNiMo6钢渗碳淬火的畸变特性,可通过优化的工艺参数较好地控制17CrNiMo6钢的畸变.     

提高渗碳钢多冲接触疲劳抗力的研究

研究了渗碳钢20CrMo表面滚压强化工艺,结果表明,钢渗碳、淬火、低温回火后进行滚压,具有高的多冲接触疲劳抗力,在一定深度范围内,多冲接触疲劳抗力随滚压层深的增加而提高.