酶催化合成高分子量聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)及其材料特性

建立了以固定化南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B(Novozym-435)作为催化剂,以丁二酸二乙酯和1,4-丁二醇作为原料,酶催化合成聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)的工艺。在95℃,真空条件下经过25 h反应,得到重均分子量44000的PBS,分子量分布为1.64。通过红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析等分析了合成PBS的组成及分子结构。对酶催化聚合反应过程的动力学,以及反应过程中固定化酶的热稳定性进行了研究。通过对PBS材料性能的表征,证明其具有良好的耐热性能、力学性能和生物降解性能。     

脂肪酶N435催化合成PBS

采用多级酶催化法在无溶剂和有机溶剂中,用脂肪酶N435催化丁二酸二乙酯和1,4-丁二醇(1,4-BDO)聚合,得到聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS),Mw分别达到2009和5295.研究结果表明:在80℃时脂肪酶具有最好的催化活性;70℃,合成的PBS的Mw/Mn最佳,并且Mw随反应时间的增加而增加.同时二苯醚是获得较高Mw和低Mw/Mn的PBS的优良溶剂.在二苯醚中合成PBS,影响Mw的因素是水含量、酶浓度;影响Mw/Mn的因素是反应物浓度;影响产率的因素是酶浓度.     

聚丁二酸丁二醇酯的合成及工艺研究

以丁二酸(SA),1,4-丁二醇(BDO)为原料,通过熔融聚合法合成聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)。通过对催化剂筛选及用量、缩聚反应温度、总反应时间和酸醇比等因素对产品粘均分子量影响的探讨,优化出了熔融法合成PBS的最佳工艺条件:选择SnCl2做催化剂,用量在2%(以催化剂加入SA的质量比表示),缩聚反应温度在230℃,总反应时间5h,在酸醇配比为1∶1.1时,反应得到的PBS产品的粘均分子量最大,粘均分子量为5.14×104g/mol,产品颜色为白色。用IR、TG、1H-NMR等表征证明产品合成成功。     

几种合成聚丁二酸丁二酯用催化剂的催化效果比较

以1,4-丁二酸和1,4-丁二醇为原料,分别以SnCl2,异辛酸亚锡[Sn(Oct)2],ZnCl2,乙酸锌[Zn(OAc)2],Sb2O3和SO42–/ZrO2固体超强酸为催化剂,采用直接熔融缩聚法合成了聚丁二酸丁二酯(PBS)。通过测试酯化反应阶段的出液量、PBS的收率及其特性黏度、数均分子量和熔融温度等性质,比较了6种催化剂在PBS聚合反应中的催化效果。以SnCl2为例,利用傅立叶变换红外光谱和热重分析研究了由其催化合成的PBS的结构和热稳定性能。结果表明,实验合成的产物为羟基封端PBS;6种催化剂都能促进1,4-丁二酸和1,4-丁二醇分子间的脱水酯化反应,除Sn(Oct)2外,其它几种催化剂均能有效减少四氢呋喃副产物的生成;锡类化合物的催化效果总体上最好,其中SnCl2作催化剂时所合成的PBS的收率、特性黏度、数均分子量和熔融起始温度最高,其热分解温度为280℃。以PBS分子量为指标,6种催化剂的催化效果高低顺序为:SnCl2Sn(Oct)2Sb2O3SO42–/ZrO2ZnCl2Zn(OAc)2。     

溶液熔融法合成聚丁二酸丁二醇酯的工艺研究

该研究采用溶液熔融聚合法对聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)进行合成,采用控制变量法进行反复实验,以反应后的出水量及合成产物的颜色为实验指标分别讨论了合成聚丁二酸丁二醇酯的影响因素:即反应温度、时间及催化剂对合成条件的影响,分析得出了最优的合成工艺条件。     

酯交换合成PBS用催化剂的研究

利用酯交换法合成了较高分子量的聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS),并对反应中所用催化剂的种类以及用量等进行了研究比较。研究发现,丁二醇钛做为催化剂的催化效果最佳,催化剂用量(摩尔分数)为0.05%时产物颜色好,分子量较高,并且反应中的副产物较少。     

酶催化一步法制备高分子质量PBSA共聚酯及其性能

聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)是一种具有广阔发展前景的生物基聚酯品种,但由于其分子链段柔性较高并且结晶度高,在实际应用过程中仍然面临热性能、力学性能、降解性能不足的弊端。选用条件更为温和的酶催化体系,以丁二酸二乙酯、己二酸二乙酯、丁二醇为原料,Novozym-435(固定化CALB酶)为催化剂,甲苯为溶剂,合成制备了一系列高分子质量的聚(丁二酸丁二醇-co-己二酸丁二醇)(PBSA)三元共聚酯。在反应温度80℃、酶的质量分数为10%的条件下,所制备的PBS与PBSA共聚酯的数均分子质量在18 400～21 200 g/mol,多分散性指数在1.7～2.0之间。采用核磁共振谱仪对制备的共聚酯产物的化学结构进行了表征。TGA结果表明,酶催化体系下的PBSA共聚酯的热稳定性要高于熔融体系下的产物。DSC与WAXD的结果表明,引入己二酸链段后,PBS的结晶能力下降。酶催化反应避免了重金属催化剂的使用,进一步拓宽了PBS在生物医药领域范围的潜在应用。     

脂肪酶N435对PBSA与PBSH的酶催化降解和分子模拟

分别采用2种酸1种醇和2种醇1种酸分别对聚丁酸丁二醇酯（PBS）改性,合成了不同化学结构的共聚酯聚（丁二酸丁二醇酯-co-己二酸丁二醇酯）（PBSA）和聚(丁二酸丁二醇-co-丁二酸己二醇酯)（PBSH）,并在磷酸缓冲液以它们为底物在磷酸缓冲液中,研究了对脂肪酶N435降解反应感受性的异同。采用质量损失率和凝胶渗透色谱评价了降解前后共聚酯相对分子质量的变化;广角X衍射仪和热重分析仪分析了酶降解前后共聚酯结晶度和热性质的变化;偏光显微镜对降解后的材料进行了形貌观测。结果表明,相比于PBS,PBSA和PBSH对脂肪酶的感受性有很大提高,24 h后降解率分别达到90 %和60 %以上,并且PBSA降解速率比PBSH快;降解后两种共聚酯相对分子质量变化不大,但相对分子量分布系数变宽,结晶度增大;降解3 d后PBSA的热稳定性降低,而PBSH的热稳定性提高。     

聚丁二酸丁二醇酯产业现状及技术进展

分析了国内外聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)及其原料丁二酸、1-4-丁二醇的生产现状;介绍了PBS的合成及改性技术,包括直接酯化法、酯交换法、扩链法、共聚改性和共混改性的研究进展;展望了我国PBS产业的发展趋势,预计到2020年我国PBS需求量将达3 000 kt,市场前景广阔;指出开发环保的丁二酸技术、优化PBS聚合工艺及低成本改性是今后我国PBS产业的研究重点。     

生物可降解聚丁二酸己二酸丁二醇共聚酯的合成

通过控制1,4-丁二醇(B)与丁二酸(S)和己二酸(A)的投料比,经过酯化和缩聚制备了高摩尔质量的聚丁二酸己二酸丁二醇共聚酯.通过研究缩聚反应的时间、温度和催化剂用量对反应酯化率的影响,确定了制备聚丁二酸己二酸丁二醇共聚酯的最佳工艺.在最佳的反应条件下,反应酯化率最高为96.2%,PBSA(Mn=40 280g/mol,Mw/Mn=1.056 640).红外光谱的结果表明PBSA为一个高摩尔质量的聚酯.     

(Ba_(1-α)Sr_α)_(4.8)(Sm_(0.7)La_(0.3))_(8.8)Ti_(18)O_(54)陶瓷的微波介电性能

采用固相合成法制备了(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54(α=0.1～0.5)系陶瓷,表征了该陶瓷的相组成和显微结构,测试了微波介电性能.结果表明:α=0.3时,(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54系陶瓷为单相的新钨青铜结构固溶体.α>0.3时,相继出现了第二相BaLa2Ti4O12和La0.66TiO2.993.随α的增加,(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54系陶瓷的相对介电常数(εr)先增大后有所波动,品质因数(Qf)先增大后减小,谐振频率温度系数(τf)单调减小.α=0.3时,在1 350℃烧结的陶瓷的微波介电性能最佳:εr=98.77,Qf=5184GHz,τf=10.9×10-6/℃,优于不掺杂的BaO-Sm2O3-TiO2陶瓷的.     

Fe~(3 )、Zn~(2 )、Mn~(2 )、Cu~(2 )、Ca~(2 )、Mg~(2 )等离子共存体系中Ca~(2 )、Mg~(2 )的测定

叙述了Fe3 、Zn2 、Mn2 、Cu2 、Ca2 、Mg2 等离子共存体系中采用六次甲基四胺 -铜试剂沉淀除去Fe3 、Zn2 、Mn2 、Cu2 等干扰离子 ,用EDTA滴定钙镁的方法 ,该方法钙的回收率在 99.7%～ 10 0 .3 % ;镁的回收率在 10 0 .0 %～ 10 0 .4% ,标准偏差为 0 .0 2 2。     

Ternary Complexes of cis-(NH(3))(2)PtCl(2) (cis-DDP) With Guanosine (guo), Cytidine (cyd) and the Aminoacids Glycine (gly), L-Alanine (ala), L-2-Aminobutyric Acid (2-aba), L-Norvaline (nval) and L-Norleucine (nleu)

The ternary complexes of formulae cis-[(NH(3))(2)Pt(nucl)(amac)]NO(3), where nucl = guo and cyd (guanosine and cytidine) and amac = the deprotonated aminoacids glycine (gly), L-alanine (ala), L-2-aminobutyric acid (2-aba), L-norvaline (nval) and L-norleucine (nleu), were prepared from the reactions of the binary chelated ones cis-[(NH(3))(2)Pt(nucl)(amac)]NO(3) with the nucleosides.They were characterized by (1)H, (13)C and (195)Pt NMR and IR spectra, together with elemental analysis and conductivity measurements. The aminoacids coordinate with Pt(II) in the ternary complexes with their terminal -NH(2) groups, guo through N(7) and cyd through N(3). Ligand-ligand hydrophobic interactions were also observed in the ternary complexes and were stronger with longer aliphatic chains of the aminoacids. The (3)E sugar conformation increased by 5-7% in the ternary systems, as compared to the free nucleosides, while the percentage of the gg conformation remained almost constant and the one of the anti conformation of the sugar increased also slightly. Finally, the h conformer around the C(alpha)-C(beta) bonds of the aminoacids reached a maximum in the binary systems and decreased again considerably in the ternary ones.     

(K_(0.485)Na_(0.485)Li_(0.03))NbO_3-Pb(Zr_(0.53)Ti_(0.47))O_3压电陶瓷的压电性能与微观结构

采用传统电子陶瓷制备技术和工业原料制备了新型(1-x)(K0.485Na0.485>Li0.03)NbO3-Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3少铅压电陶瓷,研究了该体系陶瓷的压电性能及微观结构.X射线衍射分析表明:在1250℃烧结3h的条件下,所有陶瓷样品都具有纯的钙钛矿结构和高致密性,并且在室温下形成了正交相和四方相共存的结构.x=0.75时,陶瓷的压电性能达到最佳:压电常数d33=363 pC/N,机电耦合系数kp=63%,相对介电常数εr=1 590,介质损耗tanδ=1.70%.     

Adhesion of calcium phosphate coatings on polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA)

Calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings can be applied to improve the biological performance of polymeric medical implants. For clinical applications, a strong adhesion of the coating to the polymeric substrate is important. Therefore, the adhesion of rf magnetron-sputter-deposited CaP coatings on five polymers was studied: polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). To influence the adhesion, the interface was varied in six different ways, e. g. by a plasma or ion-beam pretreatment, or by using a Ti interlayer. The adhesion was determined by using scratch, tensile and 180^° bend tests. Especially the polymers PE and PS needed a bombardment by energetic particles prior to or during coating deposition, to enable the formation of chemical bonds between the coating and the polymer, which gave adhesion. On PLLA and PDMS, being oxygen containing polymers, it was easier to establish a strong interface. An overtreatment of the polymeric substrates gave worse adhesion, probably due to the formation of weak low molecular weight (LMW) layers on the polymer. On PTFE, the use of a Ti interlayer was necessary to prevent the PTFE from UV degradation during coating deposition, as this caused cohesive failure within the PTFE. The results showed that each polymer requires a different approach for obtaining optimal adhesion. The observed adhesion could often be explained in the terms of processes occurred during the pretreatment of the polymers or the deposition of the coating.     

EXTRACTION OF ACTINIDES(III), (IV), (V), (VI), AND LANTHANIDES(III) BY STRUCTURALLY TAILORED DIAMIDES

Eleven diamide extractants having the different backbones were synthesized and their extractability for lanthanides(III) and actinides(III), (IV), (V) and (VI) were measured and compared. The diamides investigated include (CH₂) _n ─(CONR₁,R₂)₂, (n = 0, 1, 2, 3), O─((CH₂) _n′─CONR₁,R₂)₂, S─((CH₂) _n″─CONR₁,R₂)₂, and SS─((CH₂)_n′″─CONR₁,R₂)₂, (n′, n″, n′″ = 1, 2). The diglycolamide introducing an ether oxygen into the main frame, O─(CH₂─CONR₁,R₂)₂, exhibited the highest extractability for An(III), (IV) and (VI), as compared with the other bidentate diamides. It is clear from the present results that the thiadiglycolamide, TDGA, which substitutes ether sulfur atom for oxygen in DGA molecule, also enhances the extraction of actinides. The lanthanide pattern, the distribution ratios versus the atomic number, by diglycolamide in HNO₃-n-dodecane system exhibited a gradual increase of distribution ratio with increase in the atomic number, the opposite trend to that obtained by the other diamides.     

La掺杂(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_(0.82)(K_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_(0.18)TiO_3系统无铅压电陶瓷的制备工艺探讨

采用传统陶瓷工艺,研究了制备[(Na0.5Bi0.5)0.82(K0.5Bi0.5)0.18]1-xLaxTiO3(x=0.00,0.01,0.03,0.05,0.10)无铅压电陶瓷的工艺条件对陶瓷的物相组成、显微结构和压电性能的影响。利用XRD、SEM等技术分析结果表明,合成温度的提高有利于主晶相的形成,且此系统烧成温度范围较窄,故需控制在合适的烧成温度下才能得到高致密度的陶瓷。同时,研究了极化工艺条件对材料压电性能的影响,结果表明,提高极化电场强度、控制适当的极化温度有利于提高材料的压电性能。