基于神经网络的树脂基摩擦材料摩擦因数的预测模型

为了预测不同成分的树脂基摩擦材料的摩擦性能，建立了摩擦材料成分与摩擦因数之间的人工神经网络（ANN）预测模型。用收集到的30种不同组分的摩擦材料在100℃时的摩擦因数数据作为训练样本对网络进行训练，然后进行拟合，结果表明，网络拟合值与实验数据吻合很好。最后利用该模型对不同成分的4种摩擦材料进行摩擦因数的预测，并研究单一成分对树脂基摩擦材料因数的影响。结果表明，预测值与实测数据基本相符，100℃时预测的摩擦因数最小值μmin.p。与实验中实测的摩擦因数最小值μmin.m的相对误差小于13％，相应的摩擦因数最大值μmin.p与μmin.m的相对误差小于9％。     

影响冲压过程中钢板摩擦行为的因素

研究了不同试验条件下对两种毛化钢板冲压摩擦行为的影响,结果表明,润滑条件将影响冲压过程中的摩擦行为,润滑油种类对凹模圆角处摩擦因数影响不大,而对冲头圆角处摩擦因数的影响较大;一般随冲程的增加,钢板的凹模、冲头圆角处摩擦因数都降低,而且凹模处的摩擦因数低于冲头圆角处的摩擦因数;在同一润滑条件下,激光板的表面具有较低的摩擦因数。     

硼铁含量和粒度对铁铜基摩擦材料性能的影响

研究了硼铁含量和粒度对铁铜基摩擦材料性能的影响.研究发现,当硼铁粒度为<300μm时,摩擦因数随硼铁质量分数(0～10％)的增加而增加;摩擦材料的磨损在制动压力为0.6MPa时,摩擦因数随硼铁的增加而有所下降,当压力增加到1.1MPa时,材料的磨损随硼铁的增加而增加;当硼铁量为2.5％时,摩擦因数和磨损随细粒度(<45μm)硼铁的增加而下降.研究还发现,摩擦材料中的硼铁在烧结过程中与铁反应形成了Fe_2B,这种Fe_2B,起到提高摩擦因数,降低材料磨损的作用.     

摩擦组元对粉末冶金摩擦材料摩擦性能的影响

实验研究了不同种类摩擦组元对粉末冶金摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明摩擦组元的显微硬度对摩擦因数和摩擦因数稳定度影响显著。随着摩擦组元显微硬度的提高，摩擦材料的耐磨性提高，而对偶材料的磨损量增大；摩擦材料的表观硬度主要取决于基体组元，摩擦组元的显微硬度对其影响不人。单独依靠一种摩擦组元不能使摩擦材料取得较佳的摩擦性能，综合使用几种摩擦组元，才能得到满意的效果。     

制动速度对铜基粉末冶金闸片材料摩擦学性能的影响

以Sn+SiO_2+Al_2O_3+CaF_2作为摩擦组元,石墨+Pb作为润滑组元,制备铜基粉末冶金列车闸片材料,在MM-1000Ⅱ型摩擦试验机上进行摩擦试验,测定制动速度在120~200 km/h范围内材料的摩擦因数、磨损量与表面温度,并观察摩擦表面形貌,研究制动速度对该材料摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明:在制动速度180 km/h时,随制动速度增加,闸片材料的摩擦因数在0.41~0.46之间波动,但制动速度达到200 km/h时,摩擦因数显著减小至0.32,摩擦因数稳定性总体较好。材料的磨损量随制动速度增大而增加,但在制动速度达到180 km/h时磨损量趋于稳定,为119 mg。低速制动下材料的磨损机理主要为疲劳磨损,高速制动时主要为磨粒磨损和氧化磨损。     

Fe和SiO2对铜基摩擦材料摩擦学行为的对比研究

对比研究了两种摩擦组元Fe和SiO2对铜基摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果发现：Fe和SiO2作为摩擦组元，二者的增摩效果不同。SiO2能较大的提高摩擦因数，却增加了材料的磨损量；Fe对提高摩擦因数的作用较小，但能有效地提高材料的耐磨性；当摩擦表面形成工作膜层后，SiO2提高摩擦因数的能力大大减小，表面膜填补了摩擦表面间的凹坑，减弱了SiO2磨粒的作用；Fe能参与表面工作膜的形成，铁氧化物的存在，改变了材料的摩擦磨损性能。     

含炭纤维湿式铜基摩擦材料的性能

采用粉末冶金方法制备含短炭纤维的湿式铜基摩擦材料,研究炭纤维含量对湿式摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能和力学性能的影响,以及制动条件对动摩擦因数的影响。结果表明:随着炭纤维含量及材料的孔隙率增加、硬度及密度均降低,摩擦因数呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,磨损量呈先减小后增大的趋势。炭纤维含量为(质量分数)1%时材料的摩擦磨损性能最好,摩擦因数最大且最稳定,磨损量最小。材料摩擦因数随着载荷增大而增大,随炭纤维含量增加磨损率呈先减小后增大的趋势。炭纤维的加入提高了材料的能量许用值。     

粉末冶金Fe-5(Cu-10Sn)-石墨-P-MoS_2含油材料的摩擦性能

采用粉末冶金法制备Fe-5(Cu-10Sn)-石墨-P-MoS_2含油材料,研究石墨、P与MoS_2的添加量对材料摩擦性能的影响。摩擦实验在150℃(±10℃)条件下进行,线速度分别为0.25,0.50和0.75 m/s,逐级加载,每间隔10min增加10MPa,从10MPa加载至50MPa。结果表明:材料的摩擦因数随石墨添加量增加而减小,当石墨添加量达到1.5%后,摩擦因数基本稳定在一个较低值上;P添加量以0.3%为宜,较低和较高均导致摩擦因数不稳定;摩擦因数随MoS2添加量增加而减小,当MoS2添加量为1.5%时,材料具有稳定且较小的摩擦因数,随载荷和线速度增加,摩擦因数持续减小。     

连续低速刹车对航空C/C复合材料摩擦性能的影响

在HJDS-Ⅱ型动力模拟试验机上对某型号航空炭刹车副进行连续低速刹车试验,研究摩擦因数与连续刹车次数和刹车副体容温度三者之间的关系,并对摩擦性能进行分析。结果表明:在连续低速刹车条件下,炭刹车副的体容温度随刹车次数增加而缓慢均匀升高。根据航空C/C复合材料摩擦因数随体容温度的变化规律,可将摩擦过程分为4个区域:环境温度摩擦区(温度低于80℃,摩擦因数稳定并小于0.15)、突变摩擦区(温度为80~120℃,摩擦因数突增到0.3)、水解吸的粉尘摩擦区(温度为120~650℃,摩擦因数达到低温峰值0.33后小幅回落,然后缓慢上升)和氧解吸的粉尘摩擦区(温度高于650℃,摩擦因数超过低温峰值)。过多地使用连续低速刹车易导致炭刹车副温度过高和轮胎拖胎,严重威胁飞机安全。     

冷轧控制模型中摩擦因数模型的开发与应用

摩擦因数模型是冷轧的核心工艺模型之一,目前对其进行的大量研究多是在试验环境下进行的。基于经典摩擦因数模型的工艺原理,综合考虑了轧辊粗糙度、轧制速度等关键因素的影响,结合生产控制的实际情况及控制模型的整体设计,提出了适用的摩擦因数计算模型,进而简要介绍了摩擦因数模型关键参数的调试方式,并提出了一套间接评价模型精度的方法。通过现场测试和长期实际应用证明了模型的控制效果优异。     

Friction Factors for Spatially Varied Flow with Increasing Discharge

This paper describes an experimental investigation of how friction factors change for spatially varied flow in sloping channels receiving lateral inflow. The results are compared with those of Beij in 1934, and it is concluded that uniform flow resistance coefficients are not always appropriate for spatially varied flow. Moreover, the common technique of assuming a constant friction factor over the entire length of the channel has been found to have little theoretical justification. The method of Keulegan in 1952 for calculating friction factors in spatially varied flow gives a better estimate, but does not explicitly take account of the lateral inflow rate or velocity. Beij’s 1934 experimental data, which was used by Keulegan does not show a systematic variation of friction factor with lateral inflow rate for a constant Reynolds number although this may be due to the low flowrates used. The results of the present study indicate that the friction factor increases with lateral inflow rate for a constant Reynolds number in the experiments that included subcritical and supercritical flow conditions. A method for calculating friction factors which allows for lateral inflow is presented as a precursor to the development of a general method of evaluating friction factors for spatially varied flow with increasing discharge.     

A prediction of the friction factor for the forging process

A method is proposed to find the friction factor of the die/workpiece interface for the forging process without the need for measurement of the shape changes of the workpiece. This methodology is mainly based on the concept of the inverse analysis and requires only the defining of the problem inversely, without the need for mathematically inverting the problem. Comparison of the results of the proposed method with those obtained by the conventional calibration curve method shows good agreement between them, indicating that the proposed method is quite acceptable. Using the proposed model to predict the influence of die velocity on the friction factor shows that the friction factor decreases when the die velocity is increased, further confirming the validity of the proposed approach.     

基于圆环压缩和挤压–模拟法的Zr-4合金塑性成形摩擦因子测定

采用圆环压缩法和挤压–模拟法测定Zr-4合金有润滑条件下的摩擦因子,讨论了2种方法所测定摩擦因子存在差异的原因。研究结果表明,在模具（砧面）粗糙度Ra = 0.6 μm、实验温度700～800 ℃的条件下,采用圆环压缩法获得的Zr-4合金与模具的摩擦因子为0.18～0.27,摩擦因子随实验温度的升高而增大。挤压温度为750 ℃时,采用挤压–模拟法获得的热挤压平均摩擦因子为0.35。测试结果存在较大差异的原因,是由于挤压过程润滑剂的剪切速率较圆环压缩实验大得多,且挤压过程中润滑剂所受压应力约为圆环压缩实验中的两倍,从而导致润滑剂黏度的增大,表现为摩擦因子较高。圆环压缩法获得的摩擦因子更适合于Zr-4合金的锻造等热加工工况。      

宝钢2号板坯连铸机结晶器拉坯阻力在线监测系统的设计与应用

介绍了宝钢2号板坯连铸机结晶器拉坯阻力在线监测系统的硬件和软件设计。该系统通过监测振动电机的功率得到结晶器的拉坯阻力,具有结构简单、可靠有效等优点,实际运行效果良好。     

连铸结晶器内拉坯阻力在线监测方法的研究

提出通过振动电机功率监测结晶器内拉坯阻力的方法－功率法，对其原理和误差进行了分析，利用模拟装置对坯阻力与其消耗功率间的关系和电压的影响进行了实验研究，并对弧型小方坯连铸机进行现场监测，拉坯阻力与其消耗率间存在线性关系，功率法对连铸工艺与设备各参数的影响反应敏感，该方法简单，测试装置远离生产现场，精度可以满意生产在线监测要求。     

Investigations on the Transient Mould Friction Force in Slab Continuous Casting based on Fast Fourier Transformation

In continuous casting, the friction forces in the mould reflect the lubrication between the mould and slab, moreover, they affect the slab surface quality and caster productivity. In the present research the friction force is calculated by measuring the difference of working forces during HOT and COLD tests, which are carried out on the slab continuous caster equipped with hydraulic oscillators. Through analysing the mould friction using the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) method, the effects of mould oscillation mode and casting speed on the mould friction force are evaluated. The characteristics of the friction signal in the frequency domain are also investigated. Especially, the characteristics of friction force fluctuations before breakouts are discussed. The experimental and analytical results may contribute to more clearly understand the transient lubrication behaviour not only in the time domain but also in the frequency domain, which is also useful for the application of FFT in data analysis of mould processes.     

JKD-Φ1750*6多绳摩擦式提升机钢丝绳张力不平衡的调绳方法

对酒钢集团宏兴股份有限公司镜铁山矿黑沟矿区JKD-Φ1750*6多绳摩擦式提升机钢丝绳张力不平衡因素进行了研究,提出采用基准线绳槽深度测量法和振波法可以对钢丝绳张力做较为全面的检测以达到解决钢丝绳受力不均匀的问题,促使提升机运行平稳。     

Two Methods for the Computation of Commercial Pipe Friction Factors

Two methods are proposed for the computation of friction factors of commercial pipes. The first method applies the mean value of the zero velocity point (MZVP) to a theoretical friction factor equation, and the other directly computes the mean friction factor (MFF) by averaging the friction factor of both the smooth and rough walls while considering their relative contribution. The MFF method is preferred, because it is simple but covers all the flow characteristics of commercial pipes. Both MFF and MZVP methods consider two parts of a wall with different roughness heights: One part is rough and the other is smooth. A regression analysis was performed to determine optimum values of the roughness height and probability of encountering each part, using several sets of field data, including galvanized iron, wrought iron, cast iron, concrete, riveted steel, and concrete. The analysis showed that both the roughness height and the relative contribution of the rough part are strongly dependent on the pipe diameter. The MFF method gave an average error of less than 3%, whereas the traditional Colebrook–White equation gave an average error of more than 11% when compared with Colebrook’s data.     

Adjusted Average Correction Factors for Sprinkler Laterals

This paper is the fourth in a series on friction factors for sprinkler laterals. The widely used friction correction factor F was developed by Christiansen for the hydraulic analysis of sprinkler laterals. A significant modification to this factor was the adjusted friction correction factor Fa. The adjusted friction correction factor can be used when the first sprinkler is a fraction of a full spacing from the lateral inlet. To design laterals with outlets and outflow at the downstream end, friction correction factor G was developed with the corresponding adjusted friction correction factor Ga. To calculate the average pressure head along a lateral, the average correction factors FAVG and GAVG were developed. These average correction factors can be used where friction correction factors F and G are used to analyze a lateral. This paper introduces two final adjusted average correction factors FaAVG and GaAVG, which can be used to determine the average pressure head in laterals analyzed using Fa or Ga. Use of these factors is demonstrated in an example.     

MPV-1500型摩擦试验机在测量含油轴承摩擦系数和PV值中的应用

介绍了MPV-1500型摩擦试验机的结构,用它测量含油轴承摩擦系数和PV值的方法,以及摩擦表面温升与摩擦系数和pV值之间的关系,指出了含油轴承破坏的标志,还提出了测量中要注意的问题。