不同峰值压力下压缩比对柴油机热效率的影响

应用三维数值模拟软件CONVERGE研究了压缩比变化对重型直喷柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响,并在不同峰值压力限制下研究了压缩比耦合过量空气系数提高热效率的潜力.结果表明,当过量空气系数较低时,随压缩比提高,指示热效率呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,当压缩比为21.5时可获得最高指示热效率.提高缸内峰值压力可显著改善热效率,与原...     

进气温度对汽油直喷压燃发动机燃烧及排放性能影响的试验

通过一台改装的单缸直喷式柴油机,在不同进气温度条件下实现汽油直喷压燃(GCI)燃烧方式的燃烧特性、工况范围以及排放特性的试验.结果表明:在进气温度为323 K时,汽油GCI燃烧方式即可实现稳定运转,燃烧表现为单阶段放热,整体放热集中,燃烧持续期短;在保持过量空气系数一定、发动机正常运转条件下,随着进气温度提高,着火时刻提前,最高爆发压力和峰值放热率均升高,指示热效率提高,HC和CO排放降低,NO排放升高;同一进气温度下,随着过量空气系数的增大,缸内混合气变稀,平均指示压力减小,指示热效率减小,CO排放先升高后降低,HC排放显著增大,NO排放减小;进气温度对汽油GCI燃烧方式正常工况范围影响很大,随着进气温度升高,负荷上限和下限均明显下降,表明进气温度是向小负荷范围拓展的重要边界条件.     

燃烧边界条件对乙醇均质压燃燃烧的影响

在一台由CA6110柴油机改造而成的单缸发动机上进行了燃烧边界条件对乙醇燃料均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧过程影响的试验研究。结果表明，在转速和进气温度一定时，随着过量空气系数的增加，着火始点推迟，燃烧持续期变长，缸内的最大燃烧压力降低，放热率降低，φ50（50％乙醇燃烧放热量所在的曲轴转角）位置推迟，燃烧效率降低；在发动机转速、进气温度和过量空气系数一定时，随着EGR率的升高，着火始点推迟，燃烧持续期延长，φ50位置推迟，放热速率降低，压力升高率变小，缸内最大燃烧压力减小，燃烧效率降低。在转速和供油量一定时，随着进气温度的升高，着火始点提前，燃烧持续期变短，压力升高率变大，缸内的最大燃烧压力变大。得到了发动机转速、过量空气系数和对应于最大指示热效率点的进气温度间的MAP图。     

进气温度和过量空气系数对乙醇均质压燃燃烧过程的影响

在一台经过改进的CA6110发动机上,进行了进气温度和过量空气系数对乙醇燃料均质压燃燃烧过程影响的试验研究．结果表明,在转速和供油量一定时,随着进气温度的升高,着火始点提前,燃烧持续期变短,压力升高率变大,缸内的最大燃烧压力变大,指示效率提高,平均指示压力升高．当进气温度一定时,随着过量空气系数的减小,着火始点提前,燃烧持续期逐渐变短,压力升高率变大,缸内的最大燃烧压力变大,指示效率增加．     

船用天然气-柴油双燃料发动机燃烧仿真计算

基于数值模拟计算方法,对淄柴6230型中速船用柴油机燃用天然气的燃烧系统进行优化。结果表明：在压缩比为11～14时,功率和热效率随压缩比递增且趋势不变,但受最高燃烧压力的限制,最佳压缩比取12.5。适当增大过量空气系数和提前喷油时刻都有助于NOx排放的减少,最低NOx排放可达0.817 g/（kW·h）,但当过量空气系数超过2.0、喷油时刻早于-20°时燃烧会急剧恶化。引燃油量对燃烧过程影响较小,在研究范围内,指示热效率增幅仅为0.85%,但过富的喷油量会造成额外的NOx和HC排放,因此取1%为最佳喷油量。     

过量空气系数对燃煤电站锅炉热效率和脱硝的影响

建立模型研究过量空气系数对锅炉热效率和污染物控制的影响。结果表明,各工况下锅炉热效率最高时,对应不同的最佳过量空气系数。1 000MW超超临界机组负荷从550MW增加到950MW时,最佳过量空气系数从1.18增加到1.35。烟气温度和流量、排烟热损失和炉内对流换热均随过量空气系数增大而增大,锅炉热效率、NOx生成量、炉膛和火焰温度均随过量空气系数先增大后减小。较低负荷下维持一定程度偏大的过量空气系数不仅能提高锅炉热效率,还能增加烟气温度,维持SCR脱硝系统正常投运。     

柴油均质压燃燃烧(HCCI)的计算模拟研究

通过可模拟均质压燃燃烧(HCCI)的计算程序分析了进气温度、压缩比、过量空气系数、EGR率等参数对柴油机HCCI的影响,同时确定HCCI可行的工况范围。计算所得出的HCCI可行范围和优化工况对相应燃烧试验具有指导作用。     

氨燃料燃烧性能数值模拟与分析

研究了氨燃料在内燃机缸内的燃烧性能和正庚烷对氨燃料燃烧性能的提升作用。首先,将氨燃烧的化学反应机理与内燃机单区燃烧模型相耦合,分析压缩比、进气温度、过量空气系数等对氨燃料燃烧性能的影响,结果显示由于氨的燃点较高,压缩比为16时进气温度必须达到800K氨燃料才能被压燃;同时发现在此条件下氨燃料能在稀薄条件下(α=2)燃烧。其次,将简化的正庚烷氧化反应机理与氨燃烧氧化反应机理相结合,研究不同摩尔百分比的正庚烷对氨燃料的引燃作用,结果显示随着正庚烷含量的增加,当压缩比为18时氨的压燃对进气温度的要求可从800K降至360K;当进气温度为450K时,压缩比可从大于120降至10。研究表明使用引燃燃料可以显著降低氨燃料压燃对进气温度和压缩比的要求。     

主动预燃室式直喷汽油机稀薄燃烧性能研究

为明晰不同点火方式对汽油机稀薄燃烧特性的影响规律,在一款排量为0.5L的研究型单缸机上试验研究了传统火花塞和主动预燃室两种不同点火方式下发动机燃烧及排放特性,探索主动预燃室拓展稀薄燃烧极限的多种影响因素。研究结果表明,稀薄燃烧可有效降低油耗,提高发动机热效率。传统点火线圈的稀燃极限处于过量空气系数1.5附近,最高指示热效率为45.0%,而采用主动预燃室系统后,稀燃极限可进一步拓展,过量空气系数可达2.0,指示热效率提升至46.5%,氮氧化物排放比采用传统火花塞点火技术时降低约88%;主动预燃室匹配高压缩比14.80的燃烧系统,可进一步拓展稀燃极限至过量空气系数2.1,指示热效率可达48.0%,氮氧化物排放继续降低,在过量空气系数采用2.1时NOx排放最低可达58×10-6。     

均质压燃发动机燃烧特性的详细反应动力学模拟

应用CHEMKIN化学动力学软件包中的SENKIN模块模拟了正庚烷在HCCI发动机中的燃烧过程。通过修改SENKIN程序，加入了Woschni传热模型，并在正庚烷详细氧化机理中加入氮氧化物的生成机理，将此程序纳入发动机燃烧的零维单区模型。对多种工况参数下的HCCI燃烧和NOx排放进行了系统的计算，并分别讨论了进气温度、进气压力、压缩比、过量空气系数和转速等参数变化对HCCI发动机燃烧过程的影响。     

进气门早关对柴油机进气和燃烧特性的影响

在一台SD2100TA柴油机上安装了全可变液压气门机构,采用进气门早关(EIVC)的方式对进气量和有效压缩比进行调节,并对进气性能和燃烧性能进行了研究。试验研究结果表明:与节气门进气量调节方式相比,EIVC能有效降低泵气损失,且能够降低缸内工质温度,有利于实现低温燃烧。随进气门关闭时刻(IVCT)的提前,有效压缩比降低,压缩终点压力和温度下降,滞燃期增长,着火推迟,预混燃烧比例上升,扩散燃烧比例下降,由于工质总热容降低,燃烧后的缸内工质温度增加,导致排气温度显著提高。在保持指示热效率基本不变的前提下,EIVC可以有效地降低缸内峰值压力,拓宽柴油机负荷范围。在1 650r/min、平均指示压力(IMEP)为0.64MPa工况点,当IVCT从下止点后30°提前到下止点后-50°时,峰值压力降低了26%。     

异辛烷、乙醇及其混合燃料HCCI燃烧的试验研究和分析

在一台改制的发动机上进行了异辛烷、乙醇及其混合燃料HCCI燃烧的研究。发动机性能用缸内压力评估,研究用的参数包括放热率、平均指示压力和热效率。试验结果表明,乙醇着火时刻早于异辛烷;在乙醇中加入异辛烷可以推迟着火,并导致平均指示压力和热效率的降低;对某种特定燃料,HCCI燃烧的发生主要取决于进气充量温度,初始充量温度的增加将导致HCCI燃烧提前;充量温度低或发动机转速低时,混合气形成质量差,对HCCI燃烧有不良影响;指示热效率为30%~43%,其值高于火花点火发动机;预燃室的存在有利于稳定的HCCI燃烧;超稀充量运行可以显著降低NOx排放。     

进气道和燃烧室形状对大缸径天然气发动机缸内流动和燃烧的影响

为了提升采用当量燃烧的大缸径天然气发动机的指示热效率,提出了组织弱涡流、强滚流、高湍流强度的缸内气流运动的理念,据此设计了不同形状的进气道和燃烧室,并采用三维数值模拟的方法研究了进气道和燃烧室形状对缸内流动和燃烧的影响.研究发现:与原机相比,当将原螺旋进气道改为直进气道并配合原缩口型、新的直口型、敞口型和半球型燃烧室时...     

Experimental study of combustion and emission characteristics of ethanol fuelled port injected homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion engine

The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is an alternative combustion concept for in reciprocating engines. The HCCI combustion engine offers significant benefits in terms of its high efficiency and ultra low emissions. In this investigation, port injection technique is used for preparing homogeneous charge. The combustion and emission characteristics of a HCCI engine fuelled with ethanol were investigated on a modified two-cylinder, four-stroke engine. The experiment is conducted with varying intake air temperature (120–150 °C) and at different air–fuel ratios, for which stable HCCI combustion is achieved. In-cylinder pressure, heat release analysis and exhaust emission measurements were employed for combustion diagnostics. In this study, effect of intake air temperature on combustion parameters, thermal efficiency, combustion efficiency and emissions in HCCI combustion engine is analyzed and discussed in detail. The experimental results indicate that the air–fuel ratio and intake air temperature have significant effect on the maximum in-cylinder pressure and its position, gas exchange efficiency, thermal efficiency, combustion efficiency, maximum rate of pressure rise and the heat release rate. Results show that for all stable operation points, NO_x emissions are lower than 10 ppm however HC and CO emissions are higher.     

Simulation of the combustion process for a CI hydrogen engine in an argon-oxygen atmosphere

Hydrogen combustion in a noble gas atmosphere increases the combustion chamber temperature, and the high specific heat ratio of the gas increases the thermal efficiency. In this study, nitrogen was replaced by argon as the intake air along with pure oxygen to supply the engine. The objectives of this study are to determine the effects of different engine parameters on combustion and to analyse the emissions from hydrogen combustion in an argon-oxygen atmosphere. This research was conducted through simulations using CONVERGE 2.2.0 software, and the YANMAR engine NF19SK model was used to determine the basic parameters. Changing the injector location affects the pressure and temperature in the combustion chamber. With increasing compression ratio, the pressure increases more rapidly than the temperature. However, combustion at high compression ratios decreases the maximum heat release rate and increases the combustion duration. Hydrogen combustion at ambient temperatures below 1200 K follows the Arrhenius equation.     

Applying the multi-zone model in predicting the operating range of HCCI engines

In this paper, a multi-zone model is developed to predict the operating range of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. The boundaries of the operating range were determined by knock (presented by ringing intensity), partial burn (presented by combustion efficiency), and cycle-to-cycle variations (presented by the sensitivity of indicated mean effective pressure to initial temperature). By simulating an HCCI engine fueled with iso-octane, the knock and cycle-to-cycle variations predicted by the model showed satisfactory agreement with measurements made under different initial temperatures and equivalence ratios; the operating range was also well reproduced by the model. Furthermore, the model was applied to predict the operating range of the HCCI engine under different engine speeds by varying the intake temperatures and equivalence ratios. The potential to extend the operating range of the HCCI engine through two strategies, i.e., variable compression ratio and intake pressure boosting, was then investigated. Results indicate that the ignition point can be efficiently controlled by varying the compression ratio. A low load range can be extended by increasing the intake temperature while reducing the compression ratio. Higher intake temperatures and lower compression ratios can also extend the high load range. Boosting intake pressure is helpful in controlling the combustion of the HCCI engine, resulting in an extended high load range.     

Applying the multi-zone model in predicting the operating range of HCCI engines

In this paper, a multi-zone model is developed to predict the operating range of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. The boundaries of the operating range were determined by knock (presented by ringing intensity), partial burn (presented by combustion efficiency), and cycle-to-cycle variations (presented by the sensitivity of indicated mean effective pressure to initial temperature). By simulating an HCCI engine fueled with iso-octane, the knock and cycle-to-cycle variations predicted by the model showed satisfactory agreement with measurements made under different initial temperatures and equivalence ratios; the operating range was also well reproduced by the model. Furthermore, the model was applied to predict the operating range of the HCCI engine under different engine speeds by varying the intake temperatures and equivalence ratios. The potential to extend the operating range of the HCCI engine through two strategies, i.e., variable compression ratio and intake pressure boosting, was then investigated. Results indicate that the ignition point can be efficiently controlled by varying the compression ratio. A low load range can be extended by increasing the intake temperature while reducing the compression ratio. Higher intake temperatures and lower compression ratios can also extend the high load range. Boosting intake pressure is helpful in controlling the combustion of the HCCI engine, resulting in an extended high load range.     

Parametric study on combustion characteristics of virtual HCCI engine fueled with methane–hydrogen blends under low load conditions

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is an alternative combustion strategy employed for automotive systems. It has a higher thermal efficiency with lower nitric oxides and particulate matter emissions that are below current emission requirements. However, owing to difficulties associated with combustion control, HCCI engines have disadvantages in terms of combustion instability, such as low-speed-low-load or high-speed-high-load conditions.This study investigates the effects of different parameters on HCCI engine combustion using numerical methods. The parametric study is carried out at low loads (25% part load), and a reference intake temperature of 550 K is used to preheat the air–fuel mixture. The GRI-3.0 chemical reaction mechanism involving 53 species and 325 reactions is used for 1-D simulations describing the combustion process fueled with methane and hydrogen added methane. By changing the variables, including compression ratio, excess air ratio, and hydrogen content, the combustion behavior is investigated and discussed. The results show that an increase in compression ratio resulted in a faster start of combustion and caused higher in cylinder pressure and heat-release rate. When the excess air ratio was increased, the start of combustion was delayed and lower in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were observed. The results were similar for varying compression ratios.