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1.
When a strip is torn, energy is expended both in tearing it and in propagating a bend along each torn section. Estimates are given of the contribution of bending energy losses to the apparent tear energy. Experiments with highly-dissipative semi-crystalline polymers, torn with controlled amounts of bending, are then described. The bending energy losses ranged from 5 to 70 percent of the total tear energy, depending upon the degree of bending imposed, the thickness of the strip, and the extent to which it had been partly cut through before tearing. These results were in satisfactory agreement with approximate theoretical estimates. When the torn strips were allowed to take up naturally bent configurations under the action of the tearing force, then the contribution of bending energy losses to the apparent tear energy became rather independent of the strip dimensions and depended principally upon the dissipative nature of the material, represented by the fraction H of deformation energy that is not recovered. A general relationship is proposed between the apparent (G
c) and true (G
c) tear energies in this case: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaGqaciaa-Deada% qhaaWcbaGaa83yaaqaaiaa-DcaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWFhbWaaSbaaSqa% aiaa-ngaaeqaaOGaai4laiaacIcacaaIXaGaeyOeI0Iaa8hsaGqaai% aa+Lcaaaa!415E!\[G_c^' = G_c /(1 - H)\]. Values of H for the materials examined ranged from 30 to 70 percent. Thus, bending energy losses are expected to increase the tear energy by a factor of 1.4 × to 3.3 × for unconstrained tearing of these semi-crystalline polymers. Somewhat smaller increases were actually observed, ranging from 1.1× to 2×.
Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota 相似文献
Résumé Lorsque l'on déchire une bande, l'énergie est dépensée à la fois dans le déchirement et dans la propagation d'une flexion sur chacun des bords de la déchirure.On donne des estimations de la contribution des pertes d'énergie associées à ces flexions, à l'énergie apparente de déchirement. On décrit ensuite des expériences de déchirement de bandes en polymères semi-cristallins à haute dissipation, sous des conditions de flexion contrôlées. On a établi que la dissipation d'énergie associées à la flexion vaut de 5 à 70% de l'énergie totale de déchirement, selon le degré de flexion imposé, l'épaisseur de la bande, et la longueur de la coupe réalisée avant déchirure. Ces résultats ont été trouvés en accord satisfaisant avec les estimations théoriques. Lorsque les portions déchirées adoptent la configuration de flexion qui correspond à une situation naturelle sous l'effet des forces de déchirement, les pertes dues à l'énergie de flexion contribuent à l'énergie apparente de déchirement de manière relativement indépendante des dimensions de la bande, mais principalement dépendante de la nature dissipatoire du matériau, représentée par la fraction H de l'énergie de déformation non récupérée.Une relation générale est proposée dans ce cas entre l'énergie apparente (G c) et réelle (G c) de déchirement: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaGqaciaa-Deada% qhaaWcbaGaa83yaaqaaiaa-DcaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWFhbWaaSbaaSqa% aiaa-ngaaeqaaOGaai4laiaacIcacaaIXaGaeyOeI0Iaa8hsaGqaai% aa+Lcaaaa!415E!\[G_c^' = G_c /(1 - H)\]Les valeurs de H varieront de 0,3 à 0,7 selon les matériaux examinés. Dès lors, on s'attend à ce que les pertes par énergie de flexion accroissent l'énergie de déchirement d'un facteur 4,4× à 3,3× dans le cas d'un déchirement sans rétreint des polymères semi-cristallins étudiés.Dans la réalité, on a observé des accroissements un peu plus faibles, variant de 1,1× à 2×.
Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota 相似文献
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The one-TeV proton synchrotron which has been under construction at Fermilab is nearly complete and is now entering the commissioning phase. The assembly and testing of the ring of more than 1000 superconducting magnets with its associated cryogenic, vacuum, power, R.F., controls and safety systems has gone extremely well. 相似文献
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近年来我国能源消费增长快、利用效率低的问题比较突出,原有《节能法》已经不能适应当前节能工作的要求。为了推动全社会的节约能源工作,全国人大今年修订了这部法律。文章介绍了修订后的《节能法》基本思路、主要内容和实施后的初步效果。 相似文献
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Transforming the energy sector: the evolution of technological systems in renewable energy technology 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
This paper analyses the development and diffusion of technologiesthat utilize renewable energy sources in Germany, Sweden andthe Netherlands. The analysis enlarges the life cycle modelof industry evolution to one where the focus is on the formationand evolution of new technological systems. Particular focusis on explaining success and failures in shifting from a formativephase into one characterized by positive feedbacks. A set ofchallenges is identified for policy makers attempting to influencethe process of transforming the energy sector. 相似文献
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Paris A. Fokaides Irene-Chrysovalanto Miltiadous Marina K.-A. Neophytou Lia-Paschalia Spyridou 《Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy》2014,16(3):477-488
With the establishment of the first wind farm on the island, Cyprus has made progress to satisfy the European Union’s 2020 renewable energy targets. Operational since September 2010, the 174 M€ Orites wind farm is currently the largest wind project in the Mediterranean region. In this article, the main characteristics of the project with regard to Cyprus’s national action plan for the promotion of renewable energy sources are presented. The socio-economic impacts of the project and its feasibility in the context of an isolated energy system are also examined. The results of a public survey to identify the attitudes of surrounding households and neighbouring cities towards the wind farm are presented. The assessment was based on face-to-face interviews conducted with 50 households from the surrounding communities and 100 interviewees from neighbouring cities. According to the survey, the public opinion on the wind farm was generally positive, and the majority of the respondents considered the wind farm to be acceptable as of no considerable environmental impact. 相似文献
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V. M. Egorov V. V. Kaminskii M. M. Kazanin S. M. Solov’ev A. V. Golubkov 《Technical Physics Letters》2013,39(7):650-652
Direct measurements of the efficiency of the transformation of heat energy to electric energy on the basis of the thermovoltaic effect are carried out for the first time. Experiments are performed using samarium sulfide specimens. The values of efficiency vary from 7.5 to 28%. 相似文献
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This paper reviews some of the ways cryogenics can help solve the energy crisis.Five specific areas are covered: the use of LNG, the conversion of coal to fuel gas using oxygen from air separation plants, the use of superconductors in power plants and electrical transmission lines, superconducting instruments for geophysical exploration of new energy resources, and the Hydrogen Economy. 相似文献
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Until now, the standards framework for the energy‐related balancing of buildings has concentrated on the operating/use phase of the building by using energy consumption or demand values as the essential parameters. Energy used for the production of the building materials, the building of the building and finally any disposal required are not included. The German government therefore formulated the target in their climate protection plan 2050 [1], published at the end of 2016, to further the use of sustainable building and insulation materials. Climate protection aspects before and after the period of use, i.e. emissions caused by the production, processing and disposal or recycling of the building materials, were to be taken into account on the basis of freely available eco‐balance data. In addition, instruments for the greater integration of the lifecycle (”Cradle to Grave“ or ”Cradle to Cradle“) of building materials were to be investigated and included more in building design practice. 相似文献
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Bychkov AV Bychkov VL Abrahamson J 《Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences》2002,360(1790):97-106
A compilation of 17 observations of ball lightning showing the most energetic effects is presented along with estimates of their energy content. These observations were chosen from several thousand for the much stronger interaction of each ball lightning on its surroundings, and the method of energy estimation outlined. The case is put that some of the observations show a higher energy than self-contained chemical energy could provide. Comments have been added to the paper, arguing that the energy estimations themselves should be consistent with whatever model is used for ball lightning. For example, the presence of reacting nanoparticles releasing chemical energy may bring about the same observed effects with lower estimated energy. 相似文献
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V. B. Bobrov 《High Temperature》2016,54(3):447-450
The free energy of simple liquid metal in the approximation of the integral smallness of the electron–ion interaction has been found on the basis of the model of single-component plasma as the initial system. The result obtained holds at the equivalency of correlation functions determined within Gibbs canonical and large canonical distributions. 相似文献
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M. D. Kalennikov 《Measurement Techniques》1961,3(12):1078-1079
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I. Tüttő 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》1973,11(1-2):77-92
The temperature dependence of the roton energy is examined considering its collision with another thermally excited roton and the interaction between one excitation and two rotons. The strong final state interaction strongly modifies the two-roton density of states, and therefore the Hartree-Fock approximation is not valid for the roton-roton scattering. Using the point interaction model for the roton-roton coupling and examining only the self-energy processes for the one-particle Green function linear in the number of rotons, it is shown that the amplitude of this temperature dependence changes sign as the roton-roton coupling strength is increased and an upper bound is obtained for the temperature dependence of the roton energy. As this upper bound is only one-seventh of the experimental result, they can be interpreted only by assuming more than seven independent channels with different angular dependence.This work is based on part of the author's Ph.D. thesis (Roland Eötvös University, Budapest). The support of the Central Research Institute for Physics is acknowledged. 相似文献